Who was the originator of the plan-do-check-act model of performance improvement?

1. Øvretveit J. Does improving quality save money. A review of evidence of which improvements to quality reduce costs to health service providers. London: The Health Foundation, 2009 [Google Scholar]

2. Walshe K, Freeman T. Effectiveness of quality improvement: learning from evaluations. Qual Saf Health Care 2002;11:85–7 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Schouten LMT, Hulscher MEJL, van Everdingen JJE, et al. Evidence for the impact of quality improvement collaboratives: systematic review. BMJ 2008;336:1491–4 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Nicolay CR, Purkayastha S, Greenhalgh A, et al. Systematic review of the application of quality improvement methodologies from the manufacturing industry to surgical healthcare. Br J Surg 2012;99:324–35 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Berwick DM. Developing and testing changes in delivery of care. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:651–6 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. McCormack B, Kitson A, Harvey G, et al. Getting evidence into practice: the meaning of context. J Adv Nurs 2002;38:94–104 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Kaplan HC, Brady PW, Dritz MC, et al. The influence of context on quality improvement success in health care: a systematic review of the literature. Milbank Q 2010;88: 500–59 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Oxman AD, Thomson MA, Davis DA, et al. No magic bullets: a systematic review of 102 trials of interventions to improve professional practice. CMAJ 1995;153:1423. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Department of Health . Report of the High Level Group (HLG) on clinical effectiveness. London: Department of Health, 2007 [Google Scholar]

10. Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, et al. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. Milbank Q 2004;82:581–629 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Plsek PE, Wilson T. Complexity science: complexity, leadership, and management in healthcare organisations. BMJ 2001;323:746. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, et al. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci 2009;4:50. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Powell AE, Rushmer RK, Davies HTO. A systematic narrative review of quality improvement models in health care: NHS Quality Improvement Scotland. 2009. Report No. 1844045242

14. Boaden R, Harvey J, Moxham C, et al. Quality improvement: theory and practice in healthcare. NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement, 2008 [Google Scholar]

15. Walshe K. Understanding what works—and why—in quality improvement: the need for theory-driven evaluation. Int J Qual Health Care 2007;19:57–9 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Shojania KG, Grimshaw JM. Evidence-based quality improvement: the state of the science. Health Aff 2005;24:138–50 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Auerbach AD, Landefeld CS, Shojania KG. The tension between needing to improve care and knowing how to do it. N Engl J Med 2007;357:608–13 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Ting HH, Shojania KG, Montori VM, et al. Quality improvement science and action. Circulation 2009;119:1962–74 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2725–32 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Benning A, Ghaleb M, Suokas A, et al. Large scale organisational intervention to improve patient safety in four UK hospitals: mixed method evaluation. BMJ 2011;342:d195. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Landon BE, Wilson IB, McInnes K, et al. Effects of a quality improvement collaborative on the outcome of care of patients with HIV infection: the EQHIV study. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:887–96 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Vos L, Duckers ML, Wagner C, et al. Applying the quality improvement collaborative method to process redesign: a multiple case study. Implement Sci 2010;5:19. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Grol R, Baker R, Moss F. Quality improvement research: understanding the science of change in health care. Qual Saf Health Care 2002;11:110–11 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Walshe K. Pseudoinnovation: the development and spread of healthcare quality improvement methodologies. Int J Qual Health Care 2009;21:153–9 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Deming WE. Out of the crisis, 1986. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Advanced Engineering Study xiii, 1991;507 [Google Scholar]

26. Øvretveit J. Understanding the conditions for improvement: research to discover which context influences affect improvement success. BMJ Qual Saf 2011;20(Suppl 1):i18–23 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Davidoff F, Batalden P, Stevens D, et al. Publication guidelines for quality improvement in health care: evolution of the SQUIRE project. Qual Saf Health Care 2008;17(Suppl 1): i3–9 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Ogrinc G, Mooney S, Estrada C, et al. The SQUIRE (Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence) guidelines for quality improvement reporting: explanation and elaboration. Qual Saf Health Care 2008;17(Suppl 1):i13–32 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Imai M. The key to Japan’s competitive success. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986 [Google Scholar]

30. Langley GJ. The improvement guide: a practical approach to enhancing organizational performance. 1st edn. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996 [Google Scholar]

31. Batalden P. Building knowledge for improvement-an introductory guide to the use of FOCUS-PDCA. Nashville, TN: Quality Resource Group, Hospital Corporation of America, 1992 [Google Scholar]

32. Moen R, Norman C.2006. Evolution of the PDCA cycle.

33. Speroff T, O'Connor GT. Study designs for PDSA quality improvement research. Qual Manag Health Care 2004;13:17–32 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 2009;6:e1000100. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Bader MK, Palmer S, Stalcup C, et al. Using a FOCUS-PDCA quality improvement model for applying the severe traumatic brain injury guidelines to practice: process and outcomes. Reflect Nurs Leadersh 2002;28:34–5 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Reid D, Glascott G, Woods D. Improving referral information in community mental health. Nurs Times 2005;101:34–5 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Lynch-Jordan AM, Kashikar-Zuck S, Crosby LE, et al. Applying quality improvement methods to implement a measurement system for chronic pain-related disability. J Pediatr Psychol 2010;35:32–41 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Varkey P, Sathananthan A, Scheifer A, et al. Using quality-improvement techniques to enhance patient education and counselling of diagnosis and management. Qual Prim Care 2009;17:205–13 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Moen R, Norman C. Circling back: clearing up the myths about the Deming cycle and seeing how it keeps evolving. Qual Progress 2010;42:23–8 [Google Scholar]

40. Tomolo AM, Lawrence RH, Aron DC. A case study of translating ACGME practice-based learning and improvement requirements into reality: systems quality improvement projects as the key component to a comprehensive curriculum. Postgrad Med J 2009;85:530–7 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Berwick DM. Developing and testing changes in delivery of care. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:651. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Benn J, Burnett S, Parand A, et al. Perceptions of the impact of a large-scale collaborative improvement programme: experience in the UK Safer Patients Initiative. J Eval Clin Pract 2009;15:524–40 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Parand A, Burnett S, Benn J, et al. Medical engagement in organisation-wide safety and quality-improvement programmes: experience in the UK Safer Patients Initiative. Qual Saf Health Care 2010;19:e44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Berwick D. Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine. Qual Saf Health Care 2005;14:315–16 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Speroff T, James BC, Nelson EC, et al. Guidelines for appraisal and publication of PDSA quality improvement. Qual Manag Health Care 2004;13:33–9 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Page 2

Description of the plan–do–study–act (PDSA) cycle method according to developers and commentators