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Historical contributions of various disciplines to contemporary measures of physical activity environments

DomainHealth, behavioral science, exercise science fieldsCity planning, transportation, urban design, geography fieldsLeisure studies, parks, and recreation fields
Settings of interestRecreation facilities, schools, worksitesDesign of communitiesParks and recreation facilities
Physical activity behaviors of interestRecreational or leisure time physical activityWalking and cycling for transportationRecreational or leisure time physical activity
Key conceptsPhysical activity in specific settings, social environment, access to recreation facilities, home equipment, neighborhood attributes (function, safety, aesthetics, and destinations)Walkability, often defined by 3Ds of residential density, land-use diversity, and pedestrian- oriented designConstraints to leisure; biophysical, social, managerial aspects of recreation environments
Measurement approachesDirect observation, self-reportIntegration of data within GIS, self- reportRatings of aesthetics
Key contributionsMeasures of numerous social and built environment attributes; measured several types of settings; psychometric evaluation of measures; multiple measurement methodsGIS methods, walkability and other land-use conceptsConceptualization of recreation environment characteristics, measurement of aesthetics