Which rating scale is used in the evaluation and monitoring of schizophrenia

The PANSS (Kay et al., 1989) is a generic scale, which was designed to measure symptoms in schizophrenia and is commonly used in clinical trials of antipsychotic agents.

From: International Review of Neurobiology, 2017

1. Crow TJ. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: More than one disease process? Br Med J. 1980;280:66–68. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Andresen NC, Flaum M, Arndt S, Alliger R, Swayze VW. Positive and negative symptoms: Assessment and validity. Negative vs Positive Schizophrenia. 1991:28–51. [Google Scholar]

3. Crow TJ. The two-syndrome concept: Origins and current status. Schizophr Bull. 1985;11:471–486. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Andresen NC. The scale for the assessment of positive symptoms. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press; 1984. [Google Scholar]

5. Andresen NC. The scale for the assessment of positive symptoms. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press; 1985. [Google Scholar]

6. Andresen NC, Flaum M, Arndt S, Alliger R, Swayze VW. Positive and negative symptoms: Assessment and validity. Negative versus positive schizophrenia. 1992:28–51. [Google Scholar]

7. Johnstone EC, Owens DGC, Firth CD, Crow TJ. The relative stability of positive and negative features in chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1986;150:60–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Malia AK, Norman RM, Williamson P. Stability of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 1993;38:617–621. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Klimidis S, Stuart GW, Minas IH, Copolov DL, Singh BS. Positive and negative symptoms in the psychoses. Re-analysis of published SAPS and SANS global ratings. Schizophr Res. 1993;9:11–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Minas IH, Stuart GW, Klimidis S, Jackson HJ, Singh BS, et al. Positive and negative symptoms in the psychoses: Multidimensional scaling of SAPS and SANS items. Schizophr Res. 1992;8:143–156. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Miller D, Flaum M, Nopoulos P. Correlational studies of the scale for the assessment of negative symptoms and the scale for the Assessment of positive symptoms: An overview and update. Psychopathology. 1995;28:7–17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Rabinowitz J, Harvey PD, Eerdekens M, Davidson M. Premorbid functioning and treatment response in recent-onset schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:31–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Mortimer AM. Symptom rating scales and outcome in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2007;50:S7–S14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Obermeier M, Schennach-Wolff R, Meyer S, Möller HJ, Riedel M, et al. Is the PANSS used correctly? A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11:113. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Alphs LD, Summerfelt A, Lann H, Muller RJ. The negative symptom assessment: A new instrument to assess negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1989;25:159–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Axelrod BN, Goldman RS, Alphs LD. Validation of the 16-item negative symptom assessment. J Psychiatr Res. 1993;27:253–258. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Velligan DI, Alphs L, Lancaster S, Morlock R, Mintz J. Association between changes on the negative symptom assessment scale (NSA-16) and measures of functional outcome in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2009;169:97–100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Kane JM. Tools to assess negative symptoms in schizophrenia 2013 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Portilla MPG, Alvarez LG, Saiz PA. Psychometric evaluation of the negative syndrome of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;265:559–566. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Alphs L, Morlock R, Coon C, Cazorl P, Szegedi A, et al. Validation of a 4-item negative symptom assessment (NSA-4): A short, practical clinical tool for the assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2011 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Haro JM, Kamath SA, Ochoa S. The clinical global impression-schizophrenia scale: A simple instrument to measure the diversity of symptoms present in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2003:16–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Guy W. Clinical global impression In: ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology (revised) Rockville, MD: National institute of mental health; 1976. pp. 217–221. [Google Scholar]

23. Spearing MK, Post RM, Leverich GS, Brandt D, Nolen W. Modification of the clinical global impressions (CGI) scale for use in bipolar illness (BP): The CGI-BP. Psychiatry Res. 1997;73:159–171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Haro JM, Edgell ET, Jones PB, Alonso J, Gavart S. The European schizophrenia outpatient health outcome (SOHO) study: Rationale, methods and recruitment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;107:222–232. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Kay SR, Abraham F, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1987;13:261–276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Strauss GP, Gold JM. A psychometric comparison of the clinical assessment interview for negative symptoms and the brief negative symptom scale. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42:1384–1394. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Kring AM, Raquel, Steven P. The clinical assessment interview for negative symptoms (CAINS): Final development and validation. Am J Psychiatry. 2013:165–172. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Velligan DI, Robertt D, Brown M. A randomized pilot study of motivation and enhancement training (MOVE) for negative symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2015;165:175–180. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Daniel DG, Alphs L, Cazorla P. Training for assessment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia across languages and cultures: Comparison of the NSA-16 with the PANSS negative subscale and negative symptom factor. Clin Schizophr Relat Psychoses. 2011;5:87–94. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Daniel DG. Issues in selection of instruments to measure negative symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2013;150:343–345. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Kay SR, Abraham F, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:261–276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Andreasen NC. Scale for the assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS) Iowa City: University of Iowa; 1984. [Google Scholar]

33. Andreasen NC (2013) Department of psychiatry, University of Iowa college of medicine 52242.

34. Andreasen NC. Scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS) Iowa City: University of Iowa; 1984. [Google Scholar]

35. Kring AM, Gur RE, Blanchard JJ, Horan WP, Reise SP. The clinical assessment interview for negative symptoms (CAINS): Final development and validation. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:165–172. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Kirkpatrick B, Strauss GP, Nguyen L, Fischer BA, Daniel DG, et al. The brief negative symptom scale: Psychometric properties. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37:300–305. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Axelrod BN, Goldman RS, Alphs LD. Validation of the 16-item negative symptomassessment. J Psychiatr Res. 1993;27:253–258. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Velligan DI, Alphs L, Lancaster S, Morlock R, Mintz J. Association between changes on the negative symptom assessment scale (NSA-16) and measures of functional outcome in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2009;169:97–100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Portilla MPG, Alvarez LG, Saiz PA, Al Halabi S, Bascaran, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the negative syndrome of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;265:559–566. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Alphs L, Morlock R, Coon C, van Willigenburg A, Panagides J. The 4-item negative symptom assessment (NSA-4) instrument: A simple tool for evaluating negative symptoms in schizophrenia following brief training. Psychiatry (Edgemont) 2010;7:26–32. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Alphs L, Morlock R, Coon C, Cazorla P, Szegedi A. Validation of a 4-item Negative Symptom Assessment (NSA-4): A short, practical clinical tool for the assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 2011 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Guy W. Clinical global impression In: ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology (revised) Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health; 1976. pp. 217–221. [Google Scholar]

43. Spearing MK, Post RM, Leverich GS, Brandt D, Nolen W. Modification of the clinical global impression (CGI) scale for use in bipolar illness: The CGI-BP. Psychiatry Res. 1997;73:159–171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Haro JM, Kamath SA, Ochoa S. The clinical global impression-Schizophrenia scale: A simple instrument to measure the diversity of symptoms present in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;107:16–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Kay SRF, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome Abraham scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1987;13:261–276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]