PSY 223 Chapter 16 Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood
Who conducted the "Grant Study," which involved Harvard University men in their early 30s and their late 40s who had initially been interviewed as undergraduates?
According to Erikson, stagnation develops when
middle-aged adults sense they have not done anything for the next generation.
Which two theorists conducted the Baltimore Study using a five-factor personality test?
Robert McCrae and Paul Costa
Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism make up the
big five factors of personality, according to one influential trait theory.
The three main styles of grandparenting are
fun-seeking, formal, and distant.
George Vaillant performed longitudinal studies of adult development and aging on which three groups?
Middle-SES, intellectually gifts women born about 1910Socially advantaged Harvard graduates born about 1920 Socially disadvantaged inner-city men born about 1930
Parents who live vicariously through their children and who report a decline in marital satisfaction when their children leave the home are experiencing
Romantic love is stronger in early adulthood, whereas
affectionate love increases in middle adulthood.
Which theorist headed the study of 132 women at Mills College in the late 1950s?
Because many middle-aged adults today are responsible for their children as well as for their aging parents, what names are given to this generation?
Sandwich, squeezed, overload
Two prominent theories that define stages of adult development in midlife are
Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation and Levinson's seasons of a man's life.
Grandparenting and longevity
In 1900, only 4% of 10-year-olds had four living grandparentsThe current trend in delaying childbearing is likely to offset the increasing longevity of grandparents somewhat In 2000, 40% of 10-year-olds had four living grandparents
Three major contexts that influence development in middle adulthood
Gender, historical, culture
Beliefs attributed to the contemporary life-events approach
Life events are mediated by things like physical health and family supportsThe impact of life events depends on the sociohistorical context of the event The impact of life events on development depends on a person's ability to adapt and cope
Jacob, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of
What is the name of Daniel Levinson's report on his extensive interviews with middle-aged men?
The Seasons of a Man's Life
Seasons of a Man's Life by Daniel Levinson was based upon the results of
extensive interviews with 40 middle-aged men.
According to Neugarten, the social clock is
the timetable on which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks.
The term "sandwich" generation refers to
a situation in which the middle generations alternates attention between the demands of grown children and aging parents.
George Vaillant's methods in his longitudinal study
Numerous assessments and extensive interviews
George Vaillant used data collected from individuals when they were 50 to predict whether they would end up in which of the following categories
Sad-sick, dead, and happy-well.
When adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward
The Berkeley Longitudinal Studies profiled
more than 500 children and their parents in the 1920s and early 1930s and then again as they entered midlife, resulting in the book Present and Past in Middle Life.
What are young adults who return to their parents homes to live sometimes called?
B2B (back-to-bedroom) kids and boomerang kids
Some main reasons middle-aged and older women give for initiating a divorce
Cheating, alcohol or drug abuse, and verbal, physical, or emotional abuse.
The contemporary life-events approach takes into account
support from family and friends, the type of life event experienced, and one's physical health.
A limitation of the contemporary life-events approach is that it
fails to address daily experiences that may also be a source of stress.
Married men were more likely to be involved with what family group?
Historical contexts are also known as
Which perspective of adult development argues that groups of individuals born during the same time period act and react according to a shared set of historical and social expectations?
The contemporary life-events approach
According to Levinson, what are the two major tasks to be mastered in early adulthood?
Developing a stable life structure and exploring the possibilities for adult living
George Vaillant's study, called the "Grant Study," involved
Harvard University men in their early 30s and their late 40s who had initially been interviewed as undergraduates.
Good predictors of being happy and healthy in late adulthood
getting regular exercise, avoiding being overweight, being well educated, having a stable marriage, being future-oriented, being thankful and forgiving, empathizing with others, being active with other people, and having good coping skills.
Which two areas are parents and their adult children most similar?
The Berkeley study found little to support the view that
personality universally changes or remains stable from early adolescence through a portion of midlife.
The Baltimore Study by Costa and McCrae assessed
personality in adulthood.
Parenting, teaching, and involvement in the community are examples of how middle-aged adults can
According to Levinson, what age most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?
According to Levinson, a person between the ages 28 and 33 is faced with what task?
The cultural context of adult development includes
the ways in which a society defines adulthood.
Which adult children are most likely to provide social support for their older parents?
Children who were given more financial support by parents earlier in their lives and children who spent more time in shared activities with their parents
The Mills College Study distinguished what main groups among the Mills College women?
Women without children who pursued low-level workFamily-oriented women Career-oriented women
What is not a daily hassle frequently reported by middle-aged adults?
Career concerns
Parents and their children are more similar in areas of politics and religions and less similar in
gender roles and work orientation.
What does recent studies suggest about middle-aged parents?
They are more likely to provide support to their grown children than to their parents.
At what age does Vaillant see an adult reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years?
The process by which, over time, people become more adept at interacting with the environment and in ways that promote increased stability in personality can be described as
the cumulative personality model.
The view that adults experience a midlife crisis was based on findings from
Levinson's The Seasons of a Man's Life
The finding of a recent study on divorce and relationships with grandparents revealed that when children's relationships with their father deteriorated after a divorce, their relationships with their paternal grandparents were
distant, negative, or nonexistent.
What are characteristics reported by women in their fifties as opposed to women in other age periods?
Greater financial securityA sense of better health Improved self-confidence
Some studies suggest that the role demands between work and family are
more intense for women than for men.
What are some criticisms about Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life?
Respondents may have distorted memories or forget parts of their pastLevinson's work included no statistical analysis The original Levinson data included no females
In what ways does immigration increase intergenerational stresses on Mexican families?
Separation of immediate and extended family membersRelocation to a new community without a social network Discrepancies between acculturation levels within the family
Grandparents who are full-time caregivers for grandchildren are at elevated risk for
depression, stress, and health problems.
According to the Mills College Study, what helped women control their impulses, develop interpersonal skills, become independent, and work hard to achieve goals in middle age?
Commitment to the tasks of early adulthood, whether to a career, a family, or both.
What was the most common response when 40- to 79-year-olds were asked "when you think of who you are, you think mainly of
By 2020, experts projects that 80% of children at 30 years of age will
still have living grandparents.
According to a recent meta-analysis of stability and change, the personality trait of conscientiousness showed a
continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood.
Friendships that begin in childhood and remain into adulthood are often
deeper than those than begin in middle adulthood.
Which theorist asserted that midlife is not a crisis for most people?
In the individual variations view middle-aged adults are seen as
taking an active role in understanding, changing, and giving meaning to their lives.
What are common reasons that grandparents are thrust back into the "parenting" role for their grandchildren
Divorce, teen pregnancy, and drug use by parents of grandchildren
In an AARP survey of 40- to 79-year-olds who were divorced at least once in their 40s, 50s, or 60s, what was the main reason they stayed married as long as they did before divorcing?
Compared to younger adults, most individuals in midlife who are married voice
considerable satisfaction with their marriages.
Which grandparenting style is associated with the avoidance of giving parenting advice?
The majority of single-grandmothers raising their grandchildren are
According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last?
Compared to grandfathers, grandmothers have
more contact with grandchildren.
What is considered to be a limitation of stage theories of adult development?
There is often individual variation in the way people experience the stages |
In which two of the following areas are parents and their adult children most similar?
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