In its early form, what was the burden of proof for verdicts handed down by the juvenile court?

Youth under the age of 18 who are accused of committing a delinquent or criminal act are typically processed through a juvenile justice system1. While similar to that of the adult criminal justice system in many ways—processes include arrest, detainment, petitions, hearings, adjudications, dispositions, placement, probation, and reentry—the juvenile justice process operates according to the premise that youth are fundamentally different from adults, both in terms of level of responsibility and potential for rehabilitation. Whereas sentencing for a serious crime following a guilty verdict in the criminal justice system often results in jail or prison time, the juvenile justice system seeks to avoid incarceration whenever possible.

The primary goals of the juvenile justice system, in addition to maintaining public safety, are skill development, habilitation, rehabilitation, addressing treatment needs, and successful reintegration of youth into the community. The juvenile justice system takes a significantly more restorative approach than the adult criminal justice system. A truly successful case for youth would result in the adolescent learning from the experience without exposure to the severity of an adult prison, altering their decisions and life course moving forward, and having no future contact with the juvenile or criminal justice systems.

Often, youth who are involved with or at risk of being involved with the juvenile justice system have co-occurring life difficulties or disabilities that lead them to cross paths with the justice system at a particular moment and/or that have significant impacts on their emotional, mental, physical, and behavioral well-being. The notion that children and youth are not innately violent or cruel is the driving force behind the juvenile justice system. There exists a firm belief that youth can and will lead healthy and constructive lives if given the opportunity to grow instead of being presumed irredeemable and segregated from their communities. Learn more about the juvenile justice process.

Footnote

1States, however, have the right to set lower age thresholds for processing youth through the adult system. In addition, some states automatically process any individual, regardless of age, through the adult criminal justice system for some serious offenses.

CRJU Polzer ch 13

Which 17th century English laws provided the appointment of overseers to indenture destitute or neglected children?

Which case is said to have established the theoretical basis for the chancery courts acting on the behalf of the crown?

When did the House of Refuge in New York first open?

Which 19th century program was similar to a modern foster home?

The Children's Aid Society

In its early form, what was the burden of proof for verdicts handed down by the juvenile court?

Beyond a preponderance of evidence

What was considered to be the main concern of the early juvenile court movement in America?

Furtherance of the best interests of the child

The approach of the early American juvenile court is best described as:

What impact did the Supreme Court have on the juvenile justice system in the 1960s and 1970s?

It radically altered the juvenile justice system through ruling that established due process rights for juveniles that rivaled those in the adult court system.

Which of the following statements is false?

Juveniles do not have the right to confront witnesses at trial.

The juvenile court labels ungovernable, habitually disobedient, and truant children to be:

Which of the following is a difference between juvenile and adult justice systems?

The constitutional right to a jury trial in all states- juveniles have no constitutional right to a jury trial, adults do. some states extend this right to juveniles by statute

About how many juvenile cases are processed and treated each year?

Which type of case is most likely to be referred to the juvenile court by the police officer?

What is considered to be the most difficult problem involving incriminatory statements made by juveniles during the course of police questioning?

Whether juveniles can intelligently waive their rights

What term refers to the screening of cases by the juvenile justice system?

What is the most common formal sentence for juveniles?

Release to parental custody

An adjustment for a juvenile is comparable to a(n) ____ for an adult.

Once a juvenile has been taken into custody, the child has the same ____ Amendment rights to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures as an adult does.

Which of the following best explains the recent surge in the number of juvenile detentions?

all of these:An increase in juvenile court casesA surge in the number of female violent offenders

A surge in the number of cases involving drugs and violence

In its most basic form, where does the decision to waiver to adult court take place?

During a transfer hearing

In which case did the Court hold that the waiver proceeding is a critically important stage in the juvenile justice process and that juveniles must be afforded minimum requirements of due process of law at such proceedings?

In which case did the Court hold that the prosecution of juveniles as adults in the California Superior Court violated the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment if they previously had been tried on the same charge in juvenile court?

Under what system does the prosecutor have the discretion of filing charges for certain legislatively designated offenses in either juvenile or criminal court?

What happens during the fact-finding hearing?

What was the legal standard for a warrantless search of a school locker in New Jersey v. TLO?

What is the most commonly used formal sentence for juvenile offenders?

Which of the following best describes a recent reform of juvenile sentencing?

all of these:Some jurisdictions have passed mandatory or determinate incarceration sentences for juveniles convicted of serious felonies.Making a concerted effort to remove status offenders from the juvenile justice system and restrict their entry into institutional programs

Effort to standardize dispositions in juvenile court

Deinstitutionalization efforts are principally focused on which type of offenses?

What stage in the juvenile justice process is designed to help youths make the transition from residential or institutional settings back into the community?

Most juvenile aftercare involves:

The child savers movement was made up of middle-class civic leaders who helped poor children.

Charles Loring Brace was the philanthropist who developed the Children's Aid Society.

The efforts of the child savers prompted the development of the first comprehensive juvenile court in 1899.

Early reform schools sought to rehabilitate juvenile offenders.

Acts such as truancy and running away from home are considered status offenses.

Schools may search student's possessions without a search warrant.

Federal courts have ruled that bail is guaranteed to juveniles.

Under the reverse waiver system, a judge can overrule a mandated waiver and decide that a youth shall be tried in juvenile court.

Incarceration in a public facility is the most common formal sentence for juvenile offenders.

Most incarcerated juvenile offenders are held for status offenses.

____________________ were middle-class civic leaders who influenced state and local governments to create institutions called reform schools.

Juvenile offenders who commit serious crimes may be ____________________ to adult court.

The term "agree to a finding" is used in place of ____________________ when plea bargaining juvenile cases.

The ____________________ is the term for first hearing in juvenile court.

An adjudication is also called a(n) ____________________ hearing.

The ____________________ is the proceeding in which the court decides on the most appropriate treatment for a delinquent.

When the juvenile court was first established in the United Sates, verdicts were based on __________ instead of on "beyond a reasonable doubt.

preponderance of evidence

__________ means removing non-criminal youths convicted on status offenses from institutions housing delinquents.

___________ marks the final stage of the formal juvenile justice process.

In the case of New Jersey v. T.L.O., the court determined that the ____________________ Amendment applies to school searches.