Before 1860, the traditional policy of the federal government was to regard indians partly as

31.Before 1860, the traditional policy of the federal government was to regard Indians partly as

A.members of dependent states.

B.a natural enemy of the United States.

C.wards of the president of the United States.

D.non-humans.

E.citizens of the United States.

32.In the 1850s, the U.S. policy of “concentration” for Indians

A.set the basis for Indian policy for the rest of the century.

B.affirmed and continued the previous federal treatment of Indians.

C.had many benefits for both whites and Indians.

D.reduced conflicts between whites and Indians.

E.assigned all tribes to their own defined reservations.

33.The decimation of American buffalo herds in the late nineteenth century

A.destroyed the ability of Plains Indians to resist the advance of white settlers.

B.was accelerated by the eastern fad of owning a buffalo robe.

C.happened almost entirely in the space of a single decade.

D.was fostered by the railroad companies.

E.All these answers are correct.

34.The Sand Creek Massacre of 1864

A.involved the killing of Indian women and children.

B.saw the death of Chief Black Kettle.

C.was carried out by George Custer.

D.moved Colonel J. M. Chivington to denounce the U.S. Army.

E.All these answers are correct.

35.The 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn

A.took place in Wyoming.

B.saw the destruction of the entire Seventh Cavalry.

C.was a short-lived Indian victory.

D.marked the start of prolonged warfare in the Dakotas.

E.saw the Sioux united under Sitting Bull and Geronimo.

36.The Indian leader who said, “I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever,” was

A.Black Kettle.

B.Sitting Bull.

C.Chief Joseph.

D.Crazy Horse.

E.Cochise.

37.In 1886, the end of formal warfare between the United States and American Indians was marked by the surrender of

A.Cochise.

B.Wovoka.

C.Mangas Colorados.

D.Sitting Bull.

E.Geronimo.

38.In 1890, the “Ghost Dance”

A.was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians.

B.honored all the Indians who had died in battle with white Americans.

C.marked the resumption of hostilities by Plains Indians.

D.was a spiritual revival among Plains Indians, inspired by the Paiute prophet Chief Joseph.

E.All these answers are correct.

39.In 1890 at Wounded Knee, South Dakota,

A.Plains Indians mounted their last major attack on white Americans.

B.the U.S. Seventh Cavalry massacred more than 300 Indians.

C.the Sioux attempted to leave the reservation for Canada.

D.the U.S. Seventh Cavalry suffered no casualties.

E.All these answers are correct.

40.The Dawes Act of 1887

A.was intended to preserve traditional Indian culture.

B.denied U.S. citizenship to landowning Indian adults.

C.was designed to force Indians to become landowners and farmers.

D.ended the U.S. government’s effort to assimilate Indian tribes.

E.reaffirmed tribal ownership of western lands in the face of white claims to it.

41.In the late nineteenth century, the surge of farming settlement in the West

A.was composed of mostly settlers who had little to no experience with farming.

B.was brought to a dramatic halt by a major drought during the 1870s.

C.was primarily the result of federal subsidies for land ownership.

D.spurred the development of massive irrigation projects.

E.was a result of many factors, but the most important was the railroad.

42.In the late nineteenth century, fences for Plains farms were usually made from

A.barbed wire.

B.stones.

C.wood.

D.sod.

E.brick.

43.In the late nineteenth century, regarding western agriculture,

A.the prices paid for American farm goods rose after the 1880s.

B.the reality of farming was very much like its popular image with the public.

C.commercial farmers were not self-sufficient and made little effort to become so.

D.farmers increasingly owned the land on which they worked.

E.American farm families were relatively unaffected by the effects of world production.

44.The western farmers’ first and most burning grievance was against

A.the railroads.

B.state governments.

C.the banks.

D.eastern manufacturers.

E.crop speculators.

45.During the late nineteenth century, Plains farm life

A.was marked by active community life.

B.became increasingly profitable for most.

C.was generally admired by the growing urban public.

D.often lacked any access to the outside world.

E.All these answers are correct.

46.In his writings during the late 1800s, the popular author Hamlin Garland

A.romanticized agrarian life in the West.

B.criticized western farmers for failing to develop a stable industry.

C.reflected the growing disillusionment of western farmers.

D.argued the Plains should be abandoned by Americans.

Page 2