Which empire ended the Byzantine Empire and came the closest to conquering Europe Group of answer choices?

Adapted from http://www.umich.edu/~marcons/Crusades/timeline/detailedtimeline.html

Map of Locations Important To Crusades

Date(s)	Event
1040 – 1055	Turks migrate from central Asia to southwest Asia, conquer Persia, and invade Armenia and Iraq, finally capturing Baghdad, the Abbasid capital city
1067 – 1070	Turks invade Byzantine territory in Asia Minor (today’s Turkey); Turkic forces take Jerusalem from the Fatimid dynasty of North Africa
1071	Turkic forces defeat Byzantine forces at the Battle of Manzikert and found the Sultanate of Rum in Asia Minor
1054	Schism (split) of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic centered in the Papacy in Rome, and Greek Orthodox centered in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople
1061 – 1091	Christian forces under the Normans invade and defeat Muslim ruled Sicily, but retain Muslim cultural influence under Norman rule.
1085	Antioch in northern Syria conquered by Turks; in Spain, the Muslim city of Toledo is captured by Christian forces under Alfonso VI
1096	Start of the First Crusade
March 1095	Byzantine Empire requests Pope Urban II's help against Turkic warrior tribes who have migrated into Asia Minor
November 27, 1095	Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade
1096	Fatimids retake Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks
Spring, Summer 1096	Crusaders massacre Jews in Europe
Spring 1096	People's Crusade leaves for Holy Land but most end the march near Hungary by August 1096
August 15, 1096	Official beginning of First Crusade set by Pope Urban II
October 6, 1096	Crusader armies under Peter and Walter destroyed at Nicaea by Kilij Arslan
Fall 1096	Crusaders of official First Crusade reach Constantinople; Alexius I Comnenus accepts their oaths of loyalty and pledges to return lands under Byzantine control
April 1097	Crusaders cross the Bosporus into Asia
Early June 1097	Crusaders arrive at Nicaea while Kilij Arslan is away fighting his opponent Danishmend
June 19, 1097	Nicaea surrenders to Byzantine forces
June 26–28, 1097	Crusaders invade Asia Minor
July 1, 1097	Turks under Kilij Arslan fail to defeat Crusaders at Dorlyaeum
October 21, 1097	Crusaders reach Antioch, ruled by Turkic leader Yaghi-Suyan
Early February 1098	Muslim relief force under the Turkish leadership moves toward Antioch
February 6, 1098	Baldwin reaches Edessa (al-Ruha in Arabic)
March 9, 1098	Edessa's ruler is killed in a riot
March 10, 1098	Edessa established as the first Latin settlement in the East under Crusade leader Baldwin after its Turkic leader flees
June 5, 1098	Muslim army relief force arrives and besieges Crusaders in Antioch
Mid-November 1098	Armies of Raymond of St. Gilles and Robert of Flanders arrive at Ma'arat en Nu'man, spurred on by ordinary soldiers
December 11-2, 1098	Ma'arat en Nu'man falls to the Crusaders
January/March 1099	Crusader armies force their leader Raymond to continue to Jerusalem
February/May 1099	Crusaders besiege 'Arqah but abandon siege and go on to Jerusalem
June 6, 1099	Crusader leader Tancred seizes Bethlehem
June 7, 1099	Main body of Crusaders arrives at Jerusalem
July 15, 1099	Crusaders seize and sack the city of Jerusalem and massacre Muslims, Eastern Christians, and Jews; Godfrey elected ruler of the city
July 19–22, 1099	Pope Urban II dies, never hearing news of capture of Jerusalem
August 11–12, 1099	Crusaders defeat Egyptian army at Ashdod
1099	Al-Harawi of Damascus leads group of refugees to Baghdad to plead for help (see poem)
1100	Baldwin chosen first Crusader king of Jerusalem
Summer 1100	Turkic leader Danishmend captures Crusader leader Bohemund
November 15, 1100	Pope Paschal II preaches new crusade, threatening excommunication for failure to fulfill their vows
1101	New wave of Crusaders defeated in Asia Minor
1104	Crusader leader Baldwin takes port city of Acre
1104	Muslims defeat Franks at Harran, preventing them from moving further east into Muslim territory
1109	Tripoli falls to the Crusader armies after a brutal siege of 2000 days
1110	Crusaders seize cities of Beirut and Saida
1111	Aleppo's chief judge Ibn al-Khashab organizes riot in Baghdad to force the government to send military help against the Franks
1112	Muslim forces keep Franks from seizing Tyre
1113	Hospitallers, knightly Order of St. John is founded as Crusader force
Spring 1115	Alliance of Muslims and Franks in Syria fight Seljuk Sultan Muhammad ibn Malikshah
1119	Ilghazi of Aleppo defeats Franks at Sarmada
1120	Order of the Knights Templar is founded as Crusader force
July 1124	Franks seize Tyre, giving them entire coastline up to Ascalon
1125	Beirut peasants revolt
1127	Zangi becomes the ruler of Mosul and leader of resistance to the Franks
1128	Franks fail to seize Damascus
1128	Zangi takes the city of Aleppo
1135	Zangi fails to take Damascus
1137	Zangi captures King Fulk of Jerusalem but releases him
1139	Zangi unsuccessfully besieges Damascus
1144	Zangi seizes Edessa, defeating the first crusader state
1146	Zangi dies, and his son Nur al-Din inherits Aleppo
1147-1149	The Second Crusade begins, which includes Crusades in parts of Muslim-ruled Spain, Eastern Germany and the East (Outremer in French)
1147	Spanish Crusaders take Lisbon from Muslim rule
1148	Crusader armies under Conrad of Germany and Louis VII of France besiege Damascus, but are turned back by Nur al-Din's forces
1154	Nur al-Din takes Damascus, unifying Muslim territories in Syria
1163 – 1169	Nur al-Din's general Shirkuh fights to deliver Egypt to Nur al-Din
1169	Shirkuh rules Egypt as vizier, but soon dies; Saladin, his nephew, becomes ruler of Egypt
1170	Nur al-Din's brother dies, giving him control of Mosul
1171	Saladin ends Fatimid rule in Egypt and establishes Ayyubid dynasty; Competition between Nur al-Din and Saladin ensues
1174	Nur al-Din dies; Saladin seizes control of Damascus
1183 – 1185	Saladin takes control of Aleppo, uniting Egypt and Syria under his rule, then takes control of Mosul
1185	Saladin officially controls Egypt and Damascus, Aleppo and Mosul
July 4, 1187	Saladin defeats Frankish Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin
October 2, 1187	Saladin retakes Jerusalem and lands under Frankish control; Franks retain only cities of Tyre, Tripoli, and Antioch
1189 – 1192	Third Crusade brings famous Crusader leaders Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I
June 1190	Frederick I dies en route to the Holy Land
Summer 1191	Kings Richard and Philip take the city of Acre and name Jerusalem's ruler; Philip leaves for home, while Richard takes Arsuf and Jaffa and fortifies Ascalon
September 2, 1192	Richard and Saladin end their fighting with a treaty, and Richard leaves for home in England
1193	Saladin dies, and after his succession is contested, Saladin's brother al-Adil rules.
Spring 1197	Frederick I's son Henry VI departs to join the Crusade, but dies in the same year.
July 1, 1198	Henry VI's supporters negotiate a treaty with Muslim rulers and return home
1198	Crusader Order of Teutonic Knights is founded with Acre as its base.
1202 – 1204	Fourth Crusade begins
July 17, 1203	Crusaders invade and sack Byzantine capital of Constantinople, naming Alexius IV as ruler
April 12, 1204	Crusaders take Constantinople and make Byzantine lands into a Latin Empire
1209-1229	Albigensian Crusade turns against heretics at home in southern France
1212	Children's Crusade begins and ends in tragedy
1213 – 1216	Pope Innocent III begins planning the Fifth Crusade; he dies, and Pope Honorius III continues his plan
1217 – 1221	Fifth Crusade begins; Invasion of Egypt under the rule of al-Malik al-Kamil is led by Cardinal Pelagius; Crusaders besiege Damietta and try to Crusaders try take Cairo; Al-Kamil's forces and rising Nile isolates and defeats Crusader army; Al-Kamil provides bread and supplies to save Crusader army from starvation
1219	Sultan al-Kamil receives Francis of Assisi at his court for interreligious discussion and allows Francis to preach; Francis's stay at court influences his views of Islam and faith practice
1228 – 1229	Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II crusades in Egypt without papal support; al-Kamil negotiates treaty with Frederick II over control of Jerusalem.
1235	Byzantines retake Asia Minor
1236 – 1238	In Spain, Ferdinand III of Castile attacks the city of Cordova, the Christian army of Aragon takes the city of Valencia from Muslim rule
1244	Franks lose Jerusalem for the final time
1245	Pope Innocent IV sends missionaries to Mongols to attempt alliance against Muslims in Asia and Near East
1247	Louis IX plans a Crusade, but contact with Frederick divulges his plans to al-Kamil's son, Ayyub
1248 – 1254	Sixth Crusade
1248-1250	Louis IX of France invades Egypt; he seizes Damietta, but is defeated and captured at the city of Mansurah; released for ransom and return of Damietta
1248 – 1250	Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt ends, Mamluk rule begins
February 1258	Mongols under Genghis Khan's grandson Hülegü invade and destroy Baghdad, massacre inhabitants and kill the last 'Abbasid caliph
January 1260	Mongols under Hülegü take Aleppo and Damascus; Mongol ruler dies and Hulegu returns to Asia, relieving invasion threat to Europe
September 3, 1260	Mamluk armies defeat Mongols at the Battle of 'Ayn Jalut (Goliath Spring), and take city of Damascus; Baybars becomes ruler of Egypt
July 25, 1261	Byzantines recapture Constantinople, ending the Latin Empire in the East
May 18, 1268	Baybars seizes Antioch and Jaffa
1270	Seventh Crusade begins with Louis IX forces attacking Tunis; death of Louis IX
April 26 or 27, 1289	Mamluk sultans Qalawun and son Khalil retake Tripoli and Acre from Franks
1291	Effective end of the Great Crusades; remaining Crusaders retreat to the island of Cyprus

Map of Eastern Mediterranean During the First Crusade

Map of Eastern Mediterranean During Crusades

Map of 5th Crusade In Egypt

Map Sources: “MedEurope Tutorial 2: Map of Medieval Europe.” MedEurope Tutorial 2 (blog). http://medeuropetut2.blogspot.com/p/map-of-medieval-europe.html; “Map of the First Crusade 1095-1099.” http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/first_crusade.htm; “The Battle of Al Mansourah and the Seventh Crusade, 1251.” http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/the-battle-of-al-mansourah-and-the-seventh-crusade-1251-2/; “http://Www.Mmdtkw.Org/CRUS-Unit8Images.Html.” http://www.mmdtkw.org/CRUS-Unit8Images.html.