Show United States U.S. Military Indian Wars, 1780s-1890s Second Seminole War, 1835-1842 History[edit | edit source]The Second Seminole War, also known as the Florida War, took place between 1835 and 1842.[2] These wars were fought in what is now Florida between U.S. troops and the Seminole Indians. They resulted in the removal of most of the Seminoles to the Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma. Records[edit | edit source]States:
References[edit | edit source]Seminole Indians fire upon a military fortification in December 1835 during the Second Seminole War (1835–1842). The United States had acquired Florida in 1821 and signed several treaties with the Seminole Indians, including one in 1833 that would force the Indians to move out of the region. Many Seminoles repudiated the agreements and fiercely resisted white encroachment. Tensions grew, and in 1835 war broke out. Major Francis Dade led a detachment of 100 soldiers to stop minor incidents of violence that were being committed by the Seminole. Dade's entire party was wiped out, and, in response, the United States dispatched General Winfield Scott to Florida with one of the largest forces assembled since the War of 1812. Scott arrived in Florida in January 1836 and launched a military campaign in March which ended abruptly in failure. The general used conventional tactics—converging columns—against a foe well-schooled in guerrilla and irregular warfare. In the aftermath, Scott was brought before a court of inquiry. He indignantly told the court that he was "unable … to remember one blunder in my recent operations, or a single duty neglected" and proceeded to blame others for his failure. The press, having covered the campaign from the beginning, followed the acrimonious proceedings in great detail, and Scott took care to plead his own spirited defense to reporters. The court of inquiry generally agreed with Scott's assessment, finding "it difficult to come to a conclusion as to the real causes of the failure of the campaign." It did, however, note with distaste that Scott had conducted much of his defense publicly through the newspapers.
In 1835, the United States was engaged in the second of a series of three wars known as the Seminole Wars, fought against a group of Native Americans and blacks in Florida. While these military operations were conducted far from the borders of Arkansas Territory, they did have an effect upon the territory. When the federal government requested that the territorial governor of Arkansas provide troops, Arkansas citizens became engaged, for the first time, in organized military actions to defend the United States. By late 1835, it appeared that the first war with the Seminole of Florida was about to be concluded by treaty. When the well-known leader Osceola and other Seminole leaders repudiated this treaty, war broke out anew. Federal troops defending faraway posts on the western border of the United States were soon called back east. Once these troops were removed, the western border of Arkansas Territory was left unprotected from Indian—or even Mexican—incursions. On May 4, 1836, Territorial Governor William S. Fulton informed Brigadier General George Hill of the Arkansas militia that he had received intelligence that the government of Mexico was attempting to incite the Indians on the western border to violence. Hill was instructed to muster his troops and prepare for any emergency. On June 28, Fulton received a request from General Edmund Gaines to raise a regiment, one half to be mounted, to replace federal troops that had been removed from the western border. Fulton issued a proclamation on July 19, 1836, for the enlistment of the requested regiment. Within a few weeks, only six companies—from Conway, Hempstead, Pope, Pulaski, Saline, and Sevier counties—had been raised. Officers were selected, though the number of men mustered in was considerably smaller than what was necessary for a full regiment. Laban Howell, the captain of the Pope County force, was chosen as colonel. When it was determined that the number did not meet regimental strength, the companies were organized into a battalion. Howell stepped down and returned to his company. The elected lieutenant colonel, Absalom Fowler of Pulaski County, assumed command of the newly organized battalion. By October, the battalion had arrived at Fort Towson on the border between Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) and the recently organized Republic of Texas. For the next several months, they performed scout duty in the area. Disturbances between bickering factions of the Cherokee in northwestern Arkansas brought an additional call for troops. On September 5, 1836, Fulton issued a second proclamation. A second unit composed of men from Carroll, Crawford, Independence, Izard, Jackson, Johnson, Lawrence, Scott, Searcy, and Washington counties was mustered. This unit served independently in Benton and Washington counties, preserving the peace and protecting citizens. With the apparent conclusion of the war in the spring of 1837, Arkansas congressional delegate Ambrose Sevier was able to secure the return of federal troops to Fort Towson. With the arrival of six companies of United States infantry and two companies of dragoons, the battalion under the command of Lt. Col. Fowler was recalled to Arkansas. With the battalion’s return, Arkansas’s role in one of the United States’ most costly wars concluded. The Arkansas militia would not be called into federal service again until the war with Mexico in 1846. For additional information: ———. Centennial History of Arkansas. Vol. 1. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1922. Mike Polston CALS Encyclopedia of Arkansas Last Updated: 10/05/2021
After the American Revolution, Spain regained control of Florida from Britain as part of the Treaty of Paris. When the British evacuated Florida, Spanish colonists as well as settlers from the newly formed United States came pouring in. Many of these new residents were lured by favorable Spanish terms for acquiring property, called land grants. Even Seminoles were encouraged to set up farms, because they provided a buffer between Spanish Florida and the United States. Escaped slaves also entered Florida, trying to reach a place where their U.S. masters had no authority over them.  As soon as the United States acquired Florida, it began urging the Indians there to leave their lands and relocate along with other Southeastern tribes to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, in what is now present-day Oklahoma. Second Seminole WarIn the spring of 1832 the Seminoles were called to a meeting at Payne's Landing on the Oklawaha River. The treaty negotiated with the U.S. government called for the Seminoles to move west, if the land was found to be suitable. A delegation of seven chiefs toured the area for several months and, on March 28, 1833, signed what they believed to be a statement that the new land was suitable for consideration. Upon their return to Florida, however, there was disagreement as to the terms of the treaty. Many of the chiefs stated that they had not committed to move their people to the new territory and that they had been coerced, through force and misinterpretation into signing. Even some U.S. Army officers claimed that the chiefs had been "wheedled and bullied into signing." Others noted evidence of trickery in how the treaty was phrased. The refusal of most Seminoles to Under chiefs and warriors including Osceola, Jumper, Alligator, Micanopy, Arpeika, Halleck Tustenuggee, Coacoochee, and many others, the Seminoles as a nation never stopped resisting. The war was vicious and bloody, and often involved deception on both sides: on multiple occasions overwhelmed Seminole leaders would agree to emigrate, only to use the preparation time to gather supplies and ammunition and then disappear back into the impenetrable landscape. General Jesup captured many important Seminole leaders, including Osceola and Coacoochee, by seizing them while under a false white flag of truce. The Second Seminole War claimed the lives of over 1,500 U. S. soldiers and cost the government an estimated fifteen million dollars. At its conclusion in 1842, with no peace treaty or armistice declared, roughly 3,000 Seminoles had been removed to the Indian Territory. A handful – less than 500 – was left to die deep in the Florida Everglades. The Third Seminole War |
When was the Second Seminole War
zusammenhängende Posts
Urheberrechte © © 2024 frojeostern Inc.
