When to hold amlodipine blood pressure

1. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903–1913. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1291–1297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Levy D. Hypertension in adults across the age spectrum: current outcomes and control in the community. JAMA. 2005;294:466–472. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002;287:1003–1010. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Wang H, Zhang X, Zhang J, et al. Factors associated with prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among adults in Southern China: a community-based, cross-sectional survey. PLoS One. 2013;8:e62469. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2013;31:1281–1357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311:507–520. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:895–906. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Ogihara T, Kikuchi K, Matsuoka H, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2009). Hypertens Res. 2009;32:3–107. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet. 2000;356:1955–1964. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–1252. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009;338:b1665. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Ogihara T, Nakao K, Fukui T, et al. Effects of candesartan compared with amlodipine in hypertensive patients with high cardiovascular risks: candesartan antihypertensive survival evaluation in Japan trial. Hypertension. 2008;51:393–398. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Rothwell PM. Limitations of the usual blood-pressure hypothesis and importance of variability, instability, and episodic hypertension. Lancet. 2010;375:938–948. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, et al. Effects of beta blockers and calcium-channel blockers on within-individual variability in blood pressure and risk of stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:469–480. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Chaudhry KN, Chavez P, Gasowski J, et al. Hypertension in the elderly: some practical considerations. Cleve Clin J Med. 2012;79:694–704. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Lever AF, Ramsay LE. Treatment of hypertension in the elderly. J Hypertens. 1995;13:571–579. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Costanzo P, Perrone-Filardi P, Petretta M, et al. Calcium channel blockers and cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of 175,634 patients. J Hypertens. 2009;27:1136–1151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Cross BW, Kirby MG, Miller S, et al. A multicentre study of the safety and efficacy of amlodipine in mild to moderate hypertension. Br J Clin Pract. 1993;47:237–240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Takagi H, Umemoto T. Revisiting evidence of blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of amlodipine on the risk of stroke. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:781–782. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Angeli F, Verdecchia P, Reboldi GP, et al. Calcium channel blockade to prevent stroke in hypertension: a meta-analysis of 13 studies with 103,793 subjects. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:817–822. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet. 2004;363:2022–2031. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Daskalopoulou SS, Khan NA, Quinn RR, et al. The 2012 Canadian hypertension education program recommendations for the management of hypertension: blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, and therapy. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28:270–287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. National Clinical Guideline Centre. Hypertension: The clinical management of primary hypertension in adults. Clinical Guideline 127. Methods, evidence, and recommendations. Commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2011. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg127/resources/cg127-hypertension-full-guideline3. Accessed February 26, 2014.

26. Kloner RA, Sowers JR, DiBona GF, et al. Sex- and age-related antihypertensive effects of amlodipine. The amlodipine cardiovascular community trial study group. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:713–722. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Abernethy DR, Gutkowska J, Lambert MD. Amlodipine in elderly hypertensive patients: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1988;12(Suppl) 7:S67–S71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Payeras AC, Sladek K, Lembo G, et al. Antihypertensive efficacy and safety of manidipine versus amlodipine in elderly subjects with isolated systolic hypertension: MAISH study. Clin Drug Investig. 2007;27:623–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Duggan S, Aylett MJ, Eccles M, et al. Defining hypertension in older people from primary care case notes review. J Hum Hypertens. 1997;11:193–199. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Ford GA, Asghar MN. Management of hypertension in the elderly: attitudes of general practitioners and hospital physicians. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;39:465–469. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Kendall MJ. Hypertension in the elderly. Basic Res Cardiol. 1998;93(Suppl 2):43–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Ooi HH, Coleman PL, Duggan J, et al. Treatment of hypertension in the elderly. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1997;6:504–509. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA. 2013;310:959–968. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Messerli FH, Sundgaard-Riise K, Ventura HO, et al. Essential hypertension in the elderly: haemodynamics, intravascular volume, plasma renin activity, and circulating catecholamine levels. Lancet. 1983;2:983–986. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Ramsay LE, Williams B, Johnston GD, et al. British Hypertension Society guidelines for hypertension management 1999: summary. BMJ. 1999;319:630–635. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Wald NJ, Law MR. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ. 2003;326:1419. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Varrone J. A study of the efficacy and safety of amlodipine for the treatment of hypertension in general practice. Postgrad Med J. 1991;67(Suppl 5):S28–S31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Bittar N. Maintaining long-term control of blood pressure: the role of improved compliance. Clin Cardiol. 1995;18(6 Suppl 3):III12–III16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Elkayam U. Calcium channel blockers in heart failure. Cardiology. 1998;89(Suppl 1):38–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Hocht C, Bertera FM, Taira CA. Importance of blood pressure variability in the assessment of cardiovascular risk and benefits of antihypertensive therapy. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2010;3:617–621. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Weir MR. Incidence of pedal edema formation with dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: issues and practical significance. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2003;5:330–335. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Kario K, Robbins J, Jeffers BW. Titration of amlodipine to higher doses: a comparison of Asian and Western experience. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2013;9:695–701. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. ALLHAT. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288:2981–2997. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Omvik P, Thaulow E, Herland OB, et al. Double-blind, parallel, comparative study on quality of life during treatment with amlodipine or enalapril in mild or moderate hypertensive patients: a multicentre study. J Hypertens. 1993;11:103–113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Fujiwara T, Ii Y, Hatsuzawa J, et al. The Phase III, double-blind, parallel-group controlled study of amlodipine 10 mg once daily in Japanese patients with essential hypertension who insufficiently responded to amlodipine 5 mg once daily. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23:521–529. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Page 2

American Journal of Therapeutics