Learning Outcomes
When conducting a hypothesis test that compares two independent population proportions, the following characteristics should be present:
Comparing two proportions, like comparing two means, is common. If two estimated proportions are different, it may be due to a difference in the populations or it may be due to chance. A hypothesis test can help determine if a difference in the estimated proportions reflects a difference in the population proportions. The difference of two proportions follows an approximate normal distribution. Generally, the null hypothesis states that the two proportions are the same. That is, H0: pA = pB. To conduct the test, we use a pooled proportion, pc. The pooled proportion is calculated as follows: [latex]\displaystyle{p}_{{c}}=\frac{{{x}_{{A}}+{x}+{B}}}{{{n}_{{A}}+{n}_{{B}}}}[/latex] The distribution for the differences is: [latex]\displaystyle{P}\prime_{{A}}-{P}\prime_{{B}}~{N}{\Bigg[{0},\sqrt{{{p}_{{c}}{\big({1}-{p}_{{c}}\big)}{\bigg(\frac{{1}}{{n}_{{A}}}+\frac{{1}}{{n}_{{B}}}\bigg)}}}\Bigg]}[/latex] The test statistic (z-score) is: [latex]\displaystyle{z}=\frac{(p\prime_{A}-p\prime_{B})-(p_A-p_B)}{\sqrt{p_c(1-p_c)(\frac{1}{n_A}+\frac{1}{n_B})}}[/latex]
Two types of medication for hives are being tested to determine if there is a difference in the proportions of adult patient reactions. Twenty out of a random sample of 200 adults given medication A still had hives 30 minutes after taking the medication. Twelve out of another random sample of 200 adults given medication B still had hives 30 minutes after taking the medication. Test at a 1% level of significance. Solution: The problem asks for a difference in proportions, making it a test of two proportions. Let A and B be the subscripts for medication A and medication B, respectively. Then pA and pB are the desired population proportions. Random Variable: P′A – P′B = difference in the proportions of adult patients who did not react after 30 minutes to medication A and to medication B. H0: pA = pB pA – pB = 0 Ha: pA ≠ pB pA – pB ≠ 0 The words “is a difference” tell you the test is two-tailed. Distribution for the test: Since this is a test of two binomial population proportions, the distribution is normal: [latex]\displaystyle{p_c}=\frac{x_A-x_B}{n_A-n_B}=\frac{20+12}{200+200}=0.08[/latex] 1 – pc = 0.92 [latex]\displaystyle{P}\prime_{{A}}-{P}\prime_{{B}}~{N}{\Bigg[{0},\sqrt {{{({0.08})}{({0.92})}{\bigg(\frac{{1}}{{200}}+\frac{{1}}{{200}}\bigg)}}}}\Bigg][/latex] P′A – P′B follows an approximate normal distribution. Calculate the p-value using the normal distribution: p-value = 0.1404. Estimated proportion for group A: [latex]\displaystyle{p}\prime_{{A}}=\frac{{x}_{{A}}}{{n}_{{A}}}=\frac{{20}}{{200}}={0.1}[/latex] Estimated proportion for group B: [latex]\displaystyle{p}\prime_{{B}}=\frac{{x}_{{B}}}{{n}_{{B}}}=\frac{{12}}{{200}}={0.06}[/latex] Graph:  Half the p-value is below –0.04, and half is above 0.04. Compare α and the p-value: α = 0.01 and the p-value = 0.1404. α <p-value. Make a decision: Since α < p-value, do not reject H0. Conclusion: At a 1% level of significance, from the sample data, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a difference in the proportions of adult patients who did not react after 30 minutes to medication A and medication B. Using a Calculator
Two types of valves are being tested to determine if there is a difference in pressure tolerances. Fifteen out of a random sample of 100 of Valve A cracked under 4,500 psi. Six out of a random sample of 100 of ValveB cracked under 4,500 psi. Test at a 5% level of significance. The p-value is 0.0379, so we can reject the null hypothesis. At the 5% significance level, the data support that there is a difference in the pressure tolerances between the two valves.
A research study was conducted about gender differences in “sexting.” The researcher believed that the proportion of girls involved in “sexting” is less than the proportion of boys involved. The data collected in the spring of 2010 among a random sample of middle and high school students in a large school district in the southern United States is summarized in the table. Is the proportion of girls sending sexts less than the proportion of boys “sexting?” Test at a 1% level of significance.
Solution: This is a test of two population proportions. Let M and F be the subscripts for males and females. Then pM and pF are the desired population proportions. Random variable: p′F − p′M = difference in the proportions of males and females who sent “sexts.” H0: pF = pM H0: pF – pM = 0 Ha: pF < pM Ha: pF – pM < 0 The words “less than” tell you the test is left-tailed. Distribution for the test: Since this is a test of two population proportions, the distribution is normal: [latex]\displaystyle{p}_c=\frac{x_F+x_M}{n_F+n_M}=\frac{156+183}{2169+2231}=0.077[/latex] Therefore, [latex]\displaystyle{P}\prime_{{A}}-{P}\prime_{{B}}~{N}{\Bigg[{0},\sqrt {{{({0.077})}{({0.923})}{\bigg(\frac{{1}}{{2169}}+\frac{{1}}{{2231}}\bigg)}}}}\Bigg][/latex] p′F – p′M follows an approximate normal distribution. Calculate the p-value using the normal distribution: p-value = 0.1045 Estimated proportion for females: 0.0719 Estimated proportion for males: 0.082 Graph: Conclusion: At the 1% level of significance, from the sample data, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of girls sending “sexts” is less than the proportion of boys sending “sexts.” Using a Calculator
Researchers conducted a study of smartphone use among adults. A cell phone company claimed that iPhone smartphones are more popular with whites (non-Hispanic) than with African Americans. The results of the survey indicate that of the 232 African American cell phone owners randomly sampled, 5% have an iPhone. Of the 1,343 white cell phone owners randomly sampled, 10% own an iPhone. Test at the 5% level of significance. Is the proportion of white iPhone owners greater than the proportion of African American iPhone owners? Solution: This is a test of two population proportions. Let W and A be the subscripts for the whites and African Americans. Then pW and pAare the desired population proportions. Random variable: p′W – p′A = difference in the proportions of Android and iPhone users. H0: pW = pA H0: pW – pA = 0 Ha: pW > pA Ha: pW – pA > 0 The words “more popular” indicate that the test is right-tailed. Distribution for the test: The distribution is approximately normal: [latex]\displaystyle{p}_c=\frac{x_W+x_A}{n_W+n_A}=\frac{134+12}{1343+232}=0.0927[/latex] Therefore, [latex]\displaystyle{P}\prime_{{A}}-{P}\prime_{{B}}~{N}{\Bigg[{0},\sqrt {{{({0.0927})}{({0.9073})}{\bigg(\frac{{1}}{{1343}}+\frac{{1}}{{232}}\bigg)}}}}\Bigg][/latex] follows an approximate normal distribution. Calculate the p-value using the normal distribution: p-value = 0.0077 Estimated proportion for group A: 0.10 Estimated proportion for group B: 0.05 Graph: Conclusion: At the 5% level of significance, from the sample data, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that a larger proportion of white cell phone owners use iPhones than African Americans. Using A CalculatorTI-83+ and TI-84
A concerned group of citizens wanted to know if the proportion of forcible rapes in Texas was different in 2011 than in 2010. Their research showed that of the 113,231 violent crimes in Texas in 2010, 7,622 of them were forcible rapes. In 2011, 7,439 of the 104,873 violent crimes were in the forcible rape category. Test at a 5% significance level. Answer the following questions:
Concept ReviewTest of two population proportions from independent samples. Random variable: [latex]\displaystyle\hat{{p}}_{{A}}-\hat{{p}}_{{B}}[/latex] = difference between the two estimated proportions Distribution: normal distribution Formula ReviewPooled Proportion:[latex]\displaystyle{p}_{{c}}=\frac{{{x}_{{A}}+{x}+{B}}}{{{n}_{{A}}+{n}_{{B}}}}[/latex] Distribution for the differences: [latex]\displaystyle{P}\prime_{{A}}-{P}\prime_{{B}}~{N}{\Bigg[{0},\sqrt{{{p}_{{c}}{\big({1}-{p}_{{c}}\big)}{\bigg(\frac{{1}}{{n}_{{A}}}+\frac{{1}}{{n}_{{B}}}\bigg)}}}\Bigg]}[/latex] where the null hypothesis is H0: pA = pB or H0: pA – pB = 0. Test Statistic (z-score): [latex]\displaystyle{z}=\frac{(p\prime_{A}-p\prime_{B})-(p_A-p_B)}{\sqrt{p_c(1-p_c)(\frac{1}{n_A}+\frac{1}{n_B})}}[/latex] where the null hypothesis is H0: pA = pB or H0: pA − pB = 0. where p′A and p′B are the sample proportions, pA and pB are the population proportions, Pc is the pooled proportion, and nA and nB are the sample sizes. |
When testing the significance of the difference between two sample proportions the null hypothesis is?
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