What are the two most common reasons for modifying the land in South and Southeast Asia

For thousands of years, humans have modified the physical environment by clearing land for agriculture or damming streams to store and divert water. As we industrialized, we built factories and power plants. While these modifications directly impact the local environment, they also impact environments farther away due to the interconnectivity of Earth’s systems. For example, when a dam is built, less water flows downstream. This impacts the communities and wildlife located downstream who might depend on that water.

Use these resources to teach your students how humans modify the physical environment and the compounding impacts those changes have.

Subjects

Earth Science, Geography, Geology, Human Geography, Physical Geography

• Abraham, M., and P. Pingali. 2020. Transforming smallholder agriculture to achieve the SDGs. In The role of smallholder farms in food and nutrition security, ed. S. Gomez y Paloma, L. Riesgo, and K. Louhichi, 173–209. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42148-9.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Andrianto, A., H. Komarudin, and P. Pacheco. 2019. Expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia’s frontier: Problems of externalities and the future of local and indigenous communities. Land 8: 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8040056.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Arezki, R., K. Deininger, and H. Selod. 2015. What drives the global land rush? World Bank Economic Review 29: 207–233. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lht034.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Berg, H., A. Ekman Söderholm, A.S. Söderström, and N.T. Tam. 2017. Recognizing wetland ecosystem services for sustainable rice farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Sustainability Science 12: 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0409-x.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• CIESIN. 2017. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 10. Center for International Earth Science Information Network—CIESIN—Columbia University. Retrieved April 2, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7927/H4DZ068D.

• Coulthard, S., J.A. McGregor, and C. White. 2018. Multiple dimensions of wellbeing in practice. In Ecosystem services and poverty alleviation: Trade-offs and governance, ed. K. Schreckenberg, G. Mace, and G. Poudyal, 243–256. New York: Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429507090.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Davis, K.F., P. D’Odorico, and M.C. Rulli. 2014. Land grabbing: A preliminary quantification of economic impacts on rural livelihoods. Population and Environment 36: 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-014-0215-2.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Davis, K.F., H.I. Koo, J. Dell’Angelo, P. D’Odorico, L. Estes, L.J. Kehoe, M. Kharratzadeh, T. Kuemmerle, et al. 2020. Tropical forest loss enhanced by large-scale land acquisitions. Nature Geoscience 13: 482–488. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0592-3.

  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

• Dawson, N., A. Martin, and L. Camfield. 2019. Can agricultural intensification help attain Sustainable Development Goals? Evidence from Africa and Asia. Third World Quarterly 40: 926–946. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1568190.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• De Neve, J.E., and J.D. Sachs. 2020. The SDGs and human well-being: A global analysis of synergies, trade-offs, and regional differences. Scientific Reports 10: 15113. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71916-9.

  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

• Debonne, N., J. van Vliet, G. Metternicht, and P. Verburg. 2021. Agency shifts in agricultural land governance and their implications for land degradation neutrality. Global Environmental Change 66: 102221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102221.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Delang, C.O., M. Toro, and M. Charlet-Phommachanh. 2013. Coffee, mines and dams: Conflicts over land in the Bolaven Plateau, southern Lao PDR. Geographical Journal 179: 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2012.00481.x.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Dolley, J., F. Marshall, B. Butcher, J. Reffin, J.A. Robinson, B. Eray, and N. Quadrianto. 2020. Analysing trade-offs and synergies between SDGs for urban development, food security and poverty alleviation in rapidly changing peri-urban areas: A tool to support inclusive urban planning. Sustainability Science 15: 1601–1619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00802-0.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Dressler, W.H., D. Wilson, J. Clendenning, R. Cramb, R. Keenan, S. Mahanty, T.B. Bruun, O. Mertz, et al. 2017. The impact of swidden decline on livelihoods and ecosystem services in Southeast Asia: A review of the evidence from 1990 to 2015. Ambio 46: 291–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ehrensperger, A., A. de Bremond, I. Providoli, and P. Messerli. 2019. Land system science and the 2030 agenda: Exploring knowledge that supports sustainability transformation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 38: 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.04.006.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Eisenmenger, N., M. Pichler, N. Krenmayr, D. Noll, B. Plank, E. Schalmann, M.T. Wandl, and S. Gingrich. 2020. The Sustainable Development Goals prioritize economic growth over sustainable resource use: A critical reflection on the SDGs from a socio-ecological perspective. Sustainability Science 15: 1101–1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00813-x.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Elvidge, C.D., P.C. Sutton, T. Ghosh, B.T. Tuttle, K.E. Baugh, B. Bhaduri, and E. Bright. 2009. A global poverty map derived from satellite data. Computers and Geosciences 35: 1652–1660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2009.01.009.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Feintrenie, L., W.K. Chong, and P. Levang. 2010. Why do farmers prefer oil palm? Lessons learnt from Bungo District, Indonesia. Small-Scale Forestry 9: 379–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-010-9122-2.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Friis, C., A. Reenberg, A. Heinimann, and O. Schönweger. 2016. Changing local land systems: Implications of a Chinese rubber plantation in Nambak District, Lao PDR. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 37: 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12137.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Gatto, M., M. Wollni, and M. Qaim. 2015. Oil palm boom and land-use dynamics in Indonesia: The role of policies and socioeconomic factors. Land Use Policy 46: 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.03.001.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hall, D. 2011. Land grabs, land control, and Southeast Asian crop booms. Journal of Peasant Studies 38: 837–857. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.607706.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hansen, M.C., P.V. Potapov, R. Moore, M. Hancher, S.A. Turubanova, A. Tyukavina, D. Thau, S.V. Stehman, et al. 2013. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342: 850–853. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693.

  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

• Harrington, M. 2015. ‘Hanging by Rubber’: How cash threatens the agricultural systems of the Siang Dayak. Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 16: 481–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2015.1080292.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Heck, V., H. Hoff, S. Wirsenius, C. Meyer, and H. Kreft. 2018. Land use options for staying within the Planetary Boundaries—Synergies and trade-offs between global and local sustainability goals. Global Environmental Change 49: 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.02.004.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hijmans, R.J., S.E. Cameron, J.L. Parra, P.G. Jones, and A. Jarvis. 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965–1978. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hiratsuka, M., E. Nakama, T. Satriadi, H. Fauzi, M. Aryadi, and Y. Morikawa. 2019. An approach to achieve sustainable development goals through participatory land and forest conservation: A case study in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 38: 558–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2019.1598440.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hirsch, P. 2009. Revisiting frontiers as transitional spaces in Thailand. The Geographical Journal 175: 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2009.00321.x.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Holden, S.T. 2018. Fertilizer and sustainable intensification in Sub-Saharan Africa. Global Food Security 18: 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.07.001.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hufe, P., and D.F. Heuermann. 2017. The local impacts of large-scale land acquisitions: A review of case study evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 35: 168–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2017.1307505.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hurni, K., and J. Fox. 2018. The expansion of tree-based boom crops in mainland Southeast Asia: 2001 to 2014. Journal of Land Use Science 13: 198–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2018.1499830.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Joffre, O.M., S.A. Castine, M.J. Phillips, S. Senaratna Sellamuttu, D. Chandrabalan, and P. Cohen. 2017. Increasing productivity and improving livelihoods in aquatic agricultural systems: A review of interventions. Food Security 9: 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-016-0633-3.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kallio, M.H., N.J. Hogarth, M. Moeliono, M. Brockhaus, R. Cole, I. Waty Bong, and G.Y. Wong. 2019. The colour of maize: Visions of green growth and farmers perceptions in northern Laos. Land Use Policy 80: 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.10.006.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kelley, L.C., N.L. Peluso, K.M. Carlson, and S. Afiff. 2020. Circular labor migration and land-livelihood dynamics in Southeast Asia’s concession landscapes. Journal of Rural Studies 73: 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.11.019.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kenney-Lazar, M. 2012. Plantation rubber, land grabbing and social-property transformation in southern Laos. Journal of Peasant Studies 39: 1017–1037. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.674942.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kroll, C., A. Warchold, and P. Pradhan. 2019. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Are we successful in turning trade-offs into synergies? Palgrave Communications 5: 140. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0335-5.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kummu, M., M. Taka, and J.H.A. Guillaume. 2018. Gridded global datasets for Gross Domestic Product and Human Development Index over 1990–2015. Scientific Data 5: 180004. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.4.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kummu, M., M. Taka, and J.H.A. Guillaume. 2020. Data from: Gridded global datasets for Gross Domestic Product and Human Development Index over 1990–2015. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dk1j0.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Kurashima, T., T. Matsuura, A. Miyamoto, M. Sano, B. Tith, and S. Chann. 2014. Changes in income structure in Frontier villages and implications for REDD+ benefit sharing. Forests 5: 2865–2881. https://doi.org/10.3390/f5112865.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lai, W.T. 2011. Gender and livelihood: A case study of the mah men and the oil palm plantations of carey Island. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies 17: 66–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2011.11666108.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Laurance, W.F., J. Sayer, and K.G. Cassman. 2014. Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 29: 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.12.001.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lestrelin, G., and M. Giordano. 2007. Upland development policy, livelihood change and land degradation: Interactions from a Laotian village. Land Degradation and Development 18: 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.756.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Lestrelin, G., J.C. Castella, and J. Bourgoin. 2012. Territorialising Sustainable Development: The politics of land-use planning in Laos. Journal of Contemporary Asia 42: 581–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2012.706745.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Malek, Ž, and P.H. Verburg. 2020. Mapping global patterns of land use decision-making. Global Environmental Change 65: 102170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102170.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Malek, Ž, B. Douw, J. Van Vliet, E.H. Van Der Zanden, and P.H. Verburg. 2019. Local land-use decision-making in a global context. Environmental Research Letters 14: 083006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab309e.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Martin, A., B. Coolsaet, E. Corbera, N. Dawson, J. Fisher, P. Franks, O. Mertz, U. Pascual, et al. 2018. Land use intensification: the promise of sustainability and the reality of trade-offs. In Ecosystem services and poverty alleviation: Trade-offs and governance, ed. K. Schreckenberg, G. Mace, and G. Poudyal, 94–110. New York: Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429507090.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Meyfroidt, P. 2018. Trade-offs between environment and livelihoods: Bridging the global land use and food security discussions. Global Food Security 16: 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.08.001.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Moher, D., A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, D.G. Altman, D. Altman, G. Antes, D. Atkins, V. Barbour, et al. 2009. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine 6: e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Mueller, N.D., J.S. Gerber, M. Johnston, D.K. Ray, N. Ramankutty, and J.A. Foley. 2012. Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management. Nature 490: 254–257. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11420.

  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

• Müller, M.F., G. Penny, M.T. Niles, V. Ricciardi, D.D. Chiarelli, K.F. Davis, J. Dell’Angelo, P. D’Odorico, et al. 2021. Impact of transnational land acquisitions on local food security and dietary diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118: e2020535118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020535118.

  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

• National Geospatial Intelligence Agency. 2015. Global VMap0 data, VMap0.

• Newby, J.C., and R.A. Cramb. 2011. Economic impacts of conservation farming in a marginal environment: The case of “landcare” in the philippines. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9: 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2011.583479.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Nguyen, K.D., T.T.T. Nguyen, and Y. Heo. 2018. Impact of conversion to organic tea cultivation on household income in the mountainous areas of Northern Vietnam. Sustainability 10: 4475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124475.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Nguyen, P., A. Van Westen, and A. Zoomers. 2017. Compulsory land acquisition for urban expansion: Livelihood reconstruction after land loss in Hue’s peri-urban areas, Central Vietnam. International Development Planning Review 39: 99–121. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2016.32.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Nguyen, T.T.P., M. Masuda, and S. Iwanaga. 2016. The effect of forestland allocation to the livelihoods of local people in the North Central Coast of Vietnam: A case in Nam Dong district. Tropics 24: 169–180. https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.24.169.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Nilsson, M., D. Griggs, and M. Visbeck. 2016. Policy: Map the interactions between Sustainable Development Goals. Nature 534: 320–322. https://doi.org/10.1038/534320a.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Nolte, K., W. Chamberlain, and M. Giger. 2016. International Land Deals for Agriculture Fresh insights from the Land Matrix: Analytical Report II. https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.85304

• Oberlack, C., L. Tejada, P. Messerli, S. Rist, and M. Giger. 2016. Sustainable livelihoods in the global land rush? Archetypes of livelihood vulnerability and sustainability potentials. Global Environmental Change 41: 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.10.001.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Obidzinski, K., R. Andriani, H. Komarudin, and A. Andrianto. 2012. Environmental and social impacts of oil palm plantations and their implications for biofuel production in Indonesia. Ecology and Society 17: 25. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04775-170125.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Oya, C. 2013. The Land Rush and Classic Agrarian Questions of Capital and Labour: A systematic scoping review of the socioeconomic impact of land grabs in Africa. Third World Quarterly 34: 1532–1557. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.843855.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Pradhan, P., L. Costa, D. Rybski, W. Lucht, and J.P. Kropp. 2017. A systematic study of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) interactions. Earth’s Future 5: 1169–1179. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000632.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Ramankutty, N., Z. Mehrabi, K. Waha, L. Jarvis, C. Kremen, M. Herrero, and L.H. Rieseberg. 2018. Trends in Global Agricultural land use: Implications for environmental health and food security. Annual Review of Plant Biology 69: 789–815. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040256.

  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

• Rasmussen, L.V., B. Coolsaet, A. Martin, O. Mertz, U. Pascual, E. Corbera, N. Dawson, J.A. Fisher, et al. 2018. Social-ecological outcomes of agricultural intensification. Nature Sustainability 1: 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0070-8.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Rerkasem, B. 2005. Transforming subsistence cropping in Asia. Plant Production Science 8: 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.8.275.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Rigg, J., and A. Salamanca. 2017. Aggregate trends, particular stories: tracking and explaining evolving rural livelihoods in Southeast Asia. In Routledge Handbook of Southeast Asian Development, ed. A. McGregor, L. Law, and F. Miller, 61–74. New York: Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315726106.

  Chapter  Google Scholar 

• Rigg, J., A. Salamanca, and E.C. Thompson. 2016. The puzzle of East and Southeast Asia’s persistent smallholder. Journal of Rural Studies 43: 118–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.11.003.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Rist, L., L. Feintrenie, and P. Levang. 2010. The livelihood impacts of oil palm: Smallholders in Indonesia. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 1009–1024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9815-z.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Sampantamit, T., L. Ho, W. Van Echelpoel, C. Lachat, and P. Goethals. 2020. Links and trade-offs between fisheries and environmental protection in relation to the sustainable development goals in Thailand. Water 12: 399. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020399.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Sandewall, M., B. Ohlsson, R.K. Sandewall, and L.S. Viet. 2010. The expansion of farm-based plantation forestry in Vietnam. Ambio 39: 567–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0089-1.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Scherer, L., P. Behrens, A. de Koning, R. Heijungs, B. Sprecher, and A. Tukker. 2018. Trade-offs between social and environmental Sustainable Development Goals. Environmental Science and Policy 90: 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.10.002.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Schoenberger, L., D. Hall, and P. Vandergeest. 2017. What happened when the land grab came to Southeast Asia? Journal of Peasant Studies 44: 697–725. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1331433.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Shively, G., and S. Pagiola. 2004. Agricultural intensification, local labor markets, and deforestation in the Philippines. Environment and Development Economics 9: 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x03001177.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Sodhi, N.S., L.P. Koh, R. Clements, T.C. Wanger, J.K. Hill, K.C. Hamer, Y. Clough, T. Tscharntke, et al. 2010. Conserving Southeast Asian forest biodiversity in human-modified landscapes. Biological Conservation 143: 2375–2384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.029.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Souphonphacdy, D., M. Yabe, and G. Sato. 2012. Impact of rubber concession on rural livelihood in champasack province, Lao PDR. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 57: 339–344.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• The Land Matrix. 2021. Global map. Retrieved 30 September, 2021, from https://landmatrix.org/map.

• Thi, N.P., M. Kappas, and H. Faust. 2019. Improving the socioeconomic status of rural women associated with agricultural land acquisition: A case study in Huong Thuy town, Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. Land 8: 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8100151.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Tipraqsa, P., E.T. Craswell, A.D. Noble, and D. Schmidt-Vogt. 2007. Resource integration for multiple benefits: Multifunctionality of integrated farming systems in Northeast Thailand. Agricultural Systems 94: 694–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2007.02.009.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Tran, D.D., G. van Halsema, P.J.G.J. Hellegers, F. Ludwig, and A. Wyatt. 2018. Questioning triple rice intensification on the Vietnamese mekong delta floodplains: An environmental and economic analysis of current land-use trends and alternatives. Journal of Environmental Management 217: 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.116.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Turner, B.L., E.F. Lambin, and P.H. Verburg. 2021. From land-use/land-cover to land system science. Ambio 50: 1291–1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01510-4.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• van Ittersum, M.K., L.G.J. Van Bussel, J. Wolf, P. Grassini, J. Van Wart, N. Guilpart, L. Claessens, H. De Groot, et al. 2016. Can sub-Saharan Africa feed itself? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113: 14964–14969. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610359113.

• van Vliet, J., H.L.F. de Groot, P. Rietveld, and P.H. Verburg. 2015. Manifestations and underlying drivers of agricultural land use change in Europe. Landscape and Urban Planning 133: 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.09.001.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• van Vliet, J., N.R. Magliocca, B. Büchner, E. Cook, J.M. Rey Benayas, E.C. Ellis, A. Heinimann, E. Keys, et al. 2016. Meta-studies in land use science: Current coverage and prospects. Ambio 45: 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0699-8.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• van Vliet, N., O. Mertz, A. Heinimann, T. Langanke, U. Pascual, B. Schmook, C. Adams, D. Schmidt-Vogt, et al. 2012. Trends, drivers and impacts of changes in swidden cultivation in tropical forest-agriculture frontiers: A global assessment. Global Environmental Change 22: 418–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.009.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Verburg, P.H., E.C. Ellis, and A. Letourneau. 2011. A global assessment of market accessibility and market influence for global environmental change studies. Environmental Research Letters 6: 034019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/034019.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Verburg, P.H., N. Crossman, E.C. Ellis, A. Heinimann, P. Hostert, O. Mertz, H. Nagendra, T. Sikor, et al. 2015. Land system science and sustainable development of the earth system: A global land project perspective. Anthropocene 12: 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2015.09.004.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Vicol, M., B. Pritchard, and Y.Y. Htay. 2018. Rethinking the role of agriculture as a driver of social and economic transformation in Southeast Asia’s upland regions: The view from Chin State, Myanmar. Land Use Policy 72: 451–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.01.009.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Vongvisouk, T., O. Mertz, S. Thongmanivong, A. Heinimann, and K. Phanvilay. 2014. Shifting cultivation stability and change: Contrasting pathways of land use and livelihood change in Laos. Applied Geography 46: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.10.006.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Weitz, N., H. Carlsen, M. Nilsson, and K. Skånberg. 2018. Towards systemic and contextual priority setting for implementing the 2030 agenda. Sustainability Science 13: 531–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0470-0.

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Zeng, Z., L. Estes, A.D. Ziegler, A. Chen, T. Searchinger, F. Hua, K. Guan, A. Jintrawet, et al. 2018. Highland cropland expansion and forest loss in Southeast Asia in the twenty-first century. Nature Geoscience 11: 556–562. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0166-9.

  CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Page 2

From: Socioeconomic outcomes of agricultural land use change in Southeast Asia