Let us have a look at your work and suggest how to improve it!
Get a Consultant
Psychodynamic theorists stress the role of early childhood _____________ In shaping adult personality.
Experience
Which of the following are core principles of psychodynamic theories?
-We mentally transform our experiences, which allows them to shape our personalities -Personality is determined by current and early experiences
_________ Theories state that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses
Trait
What psychologist is most associated with the life story approach?
Dan McAdams
_________-_________ Is related to the initiation of healthy habits, ability to cope with stress, and persistence in the face of obstacles
Self-efficacy
Which of the following are true of defense mechanisms?
-They work by unconsciously distorting reality -They are tactics used to reduce anxiety
_______________ Is a cluster of characteristics such as being excessively competitive, hard driven, impatient, and hostile. It is related to the incident of heart disease.
Type A behavior pattern
According to Freud’s theory, Children between the ages of 3 to 6 are in the __________ stage
Phallic
Rogers approach to understanding personality is based on the idea that
All people are born with potential for a fulfilling life And only need the right conditions to achieve this
The ___________ Inkblot test requires the interpretation of ambiguous of inkblots
Rorschach
The big five factors of personality include
Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
__________ Coined the term "Unconditional positive regard" To express the condition of excepting, valuing, and being positive toward another person regardless of a person’s Behavior
Rogers
Which of the following are examples of how MMPI-2 is used?
-As a personality measure -To assess mental health -To determine who will make the best job candidates
The ________ Is entirely unconscious and seeks immediate gratification
Id
The reticular Activation system was posited by which psychologist?
Hans Eysenck
With recent advances in methods and theory, the _____________ Perspective aims to address the relationship between personality and Physiological processes, Such a brain activity
Biological
Which of the following statements about individuals who exhibit high extroversion are true?
-They are more likely to experience gratitude -They are more likely to engage in social activities
A critique of the humanistic approach is that humanism’s assertion that people are good
Cannot be verified
Sigmund ___________ Is the founding father of psychoanalytic theory of personality Development
Freud
A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterizes the way in individual damage to the world is called
Personality
The social cognitive approach to ______________ Explores a persons ability to reason
Personality
According to Freud’s theory of personality Development, during the first 18 months, infants are in which stage?
Oral
Who is the founder of the reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality development?
Jeffrey Gray
Which of the following statements about one’s self concept are true?
-The idea of self concept is quite different than Freud’s ego -People develop their self-concept during childhood
True or false: Social cognitive psychologist believe that observational learning plays a major role in human development
True
True or false: People who are characterized as having type B behavioral pattern Are more likely to develop health related problems
False
Karen Horney argued that
-Men envy the reproductive ability of women -There are strong social cultural influences on personality
Karen Horney Believed that the need for ___________, not sex, Is the prime motive in human existence
Security
Which of the following definitions describes extroversion?
The level of sociability you have
The theory proposed by Bandera and Mischel uses behavior, environment, and _____________ factors To understand individuals
Cognitive
Around what stage does the phallic stage begin?
3 years old
Which of the following statements describes behavioral genetics?
The study of genetic characteristics on behavioral expressions
Which of the following definitions the describes neuroticism?
The level of negativity you experience in daily life
True or false: Jeffrey Gray developed the RAS theory that explains the biological functions related to introversion and extroversion
False
Coronary risk is related to type _______ Behavior pattern
A
________ Is a cluster of characteristics such as being relaxed and easy-going. It is related to good health.
Type B behavior pattern
True or false: Individuals who enjoy being alone and appear to be reserved are considered extroverted.
False
The Neurotransmitter ________________ Has been linked to positive learning experiences and with behaviors associated with messages such as "do it again!"
Dopamine
Observational learning is also called
Modeling
Self-________________ It’s a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential
Actualization
True or false: Individuals who score high on the trait of neuroticism experience high levels of anxiety and self pity
True
In which of Freud’s stage Is pleasure focused on the mouth?
Oral
True or false: Behavioral genetics aims to study the influence of a genetics on animal behaviors through the use of twin studies
True
The social cognitive approach to ______________ Explores a persons ability to reason
Personality
Which of the following are not criticisms of the trait approach?
-There should not be a study of traits -There should be fewer traits
_______________ Is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world.
Personality
Freud would say that fixation at the ___________ Stage leads to an adult smoking, eating, kissing, and chewing gum.
Oral
Self actualization is at the ___________ Of Maslow’s hierarchy
Top
Personological and life story perspectives stress that a persons life history or life story helps us to understand the ______________ Of that person.
Uniqueness
In denial, the ego
Refuses to acknowledge anxiety producing realities
A self-report test ____________ Asks people whether specific items described their personality traits
Directly
According to Rogers, meeting are conditions of worth will lead to
Unconditional positive regard
True or false: Humanistic perspective is stress a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
True
The Rorschach ink blot test And TAT are examples of a _____________ test, a personality assessment tool that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe or Tell a story about it
Projective
True or false: Freud’s Critics do not consider his notions of early childhood experiences to be misguided
False
_______________ Determinism is the notion that behavior, environment, and cognitive factors interact with each other to create personality.
Reciprocal
The ego shifts feelings towards an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object in what Defense mechanism?
Displacement
In reaction formation, the ego transforms and unacceptable motive into its
Opposite
Which of the following is a source that would be studied by someone using the personological approach?
A diary entry
The trait approach has been criticized for
Failing to consider situational factors
Archetypes are
Ideas and images that have shared symbolic meaning
In keeping with the social cognitive emphasis on the person’s cognitive abilities and mental state, Mischel conceptualize personality as a set of interconnected Cognitive affective processing systems, also known as the _______________ Model
CAPS
In sublimation, the ego replaces an ______________ impulse with a _____________ one.
Unacceptable, socially acceptable
______________ Experience below optimal levels of arousal whereas _____________ Experience above optimal levels of arousal according to the RAS theory
Extroverts, introverts
True or false: Even if individuals did not experience unconditional positive regard and childhood, they can benefit from experiencing it later in life
True
__________ ___________ Is a statistical procedure that allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated.
Factor analysis
Murray embraced the psychodynamic notion of __________________ motivation In his approach to understanding personality
Unconscious
Psychodynamic perspective is on personality emphasize that personality is primarily
Unconscious
Social cognitive theory emphasizes that we can regulate and control our own behavior, despite our changing environment. This Represents the concept of
Personal control
The elements of their personality that people are not aware of are referred to as
Unconscious
True or false: A research study correlated neuroticism with the decreased risk of dying
False
A ___________ ____________ Test is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual’s personality
Thematic apperception
Around what age does the anal stage begin?
18 months
Reports of religious faith and satisfying romantic relationships have been correlated to the trait of
Agreeableness
A person who is unable to see, even with perfectly healthy eyes, or unable to walk, despite no apparent physical injury, maybe suffering from
Hysteria
In the defense mechanism known as repression
The ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness
Jung called the impersonal, Deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their ancestral past, the _____________ Unconscious
Collective
Extroverted people who have positive life experiences and encouraging relationships with others are more likely to have higher Levels of which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Research shows that optimists generally function ____________ Than pessimists
More effectively
True or false: Hans Eysenck Is the psychologist who proposed a personality theory called reinforcement sensitivity theory
False
Walter ___________ Propose the CAPS model of personality
Mischel
True or false: The trait approach to personality is practical, Allows us to know a person better, and is correlated to Practical life and health factors
True
Alport and Odbert Used the method called the ___________ Approach to identify traits
Lexical
Dopamine is to extraversion as serotonin is to
Neuroticism
And the defense mechanism known as projection, the ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to
Others
True or false: Animal studies indicate that none of the big five factors of personality are present in nonhumans
False
If the need for a positive regard from others is not met _______________, It can cause people to lead lives That do not reflect their own values
Unconditionally
Repression, and other defense mechanisms, reduces ___________ By distorting reality
Anxiety
_______________ Is correlated to increased health complaints, regardless of the individuals level of health
Neuroticism
In rationalization
The ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one
Someone who dresses distinctively, pursues entrepreneurial Goals, and experiences success is likely to rate them selves as
Open to experience
True or false: Among the big five, neuroticism and openness to experience are somewhat less likely to emerge as factors of personality across cultures and languages
True
In reinforcements sensitivity theory, the acronym BIS stands for
Behavioral inhibition system
According to Frued, A person who has puritanical attitudes towards sex is exhibiting a reaction formation related to the ____________ Stage of development
Phallic
Which Traits are most impacted by the RAS, according to Eysenck?
Extraversion and introversion
True or false: Individuals below and conscientiousness are more likely to die earlier than those high in conscientiousness
True
Critics contend that social cognitive theory makes _____________ Impossible
Generalizations
High school and college students with high grade point averages is are likely to rate themselves as
Conscientious
When motivated by ____________, Individual say what they think the researcher want to hear or what they think will make them look better.
Social desirability
According to Adler, people are motivated by purposes, not pleasure. What is this belief known as?
Individual psychology
In regression, the ego
Seeks the security of an earlier developmental period In the face of stress
Allport rejected the central role of ___________, Rejecting a key component of freudian theory
The unconscious
Freud Believe that we are ____________ Of most workings of our personality
Aware
According to Freud, During the phallic stage, boys experience castration anxiety where as girls experience
Penis envy
The system that plays a role in levels of wakefulness and arousal is known as
The reticular activation system
Unlike Freud, Allport focused on peoples _____________ thought
Conscious
_____________ Is correlated to higher IQ scores, liberal values, tolerance, and creativity
Openness
If psychologist asked you to write a narrative describing what life events lead you to where you are today, the psychologist is using the _________ __________ Approach to identify, As founded by Dan McAdams
Life story
An individual who thinks, "Sex is pleasurable, I want it," But also thinks "I feel guilty about having sex at all," Is struggling with conflict between the ________ And the superego
Id
Freud would say that fixation at the ___________ stage Would lead to an adult flirting and masturbating frequently, loving love, or being excessively modest
Phallic
Which of the following is an example Of denial?
Amanda refuses to acknowledge that he caused a car accident, even when he receives a ticket At the scene
Freud Considered anything that delivered Organ pleasure as
Sex
Allport Rejected the central role of _______________, Instead focusing on conscious thoughts
Unconscious
Which of the following is an example of reggression?
A man communicate in "baby talk" Whenever he gets sick
Sam was told by his friend that he "so a type A". What does his friend mean by that?
Sam is highly competitive and aggressive
Seven-year-old Mika is very talkative, playful, and out going with his family and his friends, but quiet and serious in class. This reflects
Situationalism
True or false: There is a strong link between the neurotransmitter serotonin and emotional stability
True
Joni, a happy 83-year-old woman, has realized her full Self potential. Maslow would say she has reached
Self actualization
In a review of previous research, Mischel Found ____________ Evidence for cross situational consistency in behavior
No
If you learn by avoiding negative consequences or stimuli and hate hearing your parents yell at you when you make a mistake, the reinforcement sensitive theory would say your _______________ Is primarily responsible for your enduring behavioral characteristics
Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
Lizzie was told by her friend that she is "so a type B." What does your friend mean by that?
Lizzy is very easy-going and relaxed
An example of an empirically key test is
A self-report measure that is given to individuals and has also been administered to groups of people who differ in a specific way
Terrence is out going. He likes to hang out with his friends and loves to have a great time. He is the leader of his friends and makes it clear that he is the one in charge. What would the RAS theory say about Terrance?
Terrence is baseline is below optimal levels of arousal, And does act this way to stimulate the reticular formation
The __________ Approach reflects the idea that if a trait is important to people in real life, it ought to be represented in the natural language people used to talk to one another
Lexical
Measures of the big five generally contain straightforward items that seem to test a characteristic in question. For example, the trait "talkative" is a component of the extroversion scale. Psychologists call this
Face Validity
Mischel Looked at the research compiled on trait prediction of behavior and found it to be
Lacking
Which of the following are factors that make it more likely you will be attracted to somebody?
-Close proximity -You have seen that person around a lot -Similarities -Physical attractiveness
_____________ Is the behavior that complies with the explicit demand of the individual in authority
Obedience
Self objectification is the tendency to view oneself as an _____________ In the eyes of others
Object
True or false: Many experts insist that TV violence can prompt aggressive Or antisocial behavior in children
True
______________ Is the reduction of personal identity when an individual is a part of a group
Deindividuation
Identify the five types of social identity
-Vocations and avocations -Stigmatized groups -Political affiliation -Ethnicity and religion -Personal relationships
_____________ Is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals membership in a group
Prejudice
The Peripheral Route of the elaboration likelihood model involves non-message factors such as
-Attractiveness of source -credibility of sources -Emotional appeals
If you ask a person to agree to a small request and later ask that person to comply with the more important one, you have used which compliance techniques?
Foot in the door technique
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than the aspects of the
Situation
John got a B on his psychology exam. He isn’t sure if this is good, so he asked Kate how well she did. John is using ______________ To evaluate his performance
Social comparison
___________ Is a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person
Empathy
Aggressive behavior has been linked to which of the following?
-Limbic system -Frontal lobes
In social facilitation, the arousal produced by the presence of others tends to give people energy and can lead to _____________ Performance on well learned tasks
Improved
_____________ Are cognitive shortcuts, such as stereotypes, which enable us to make decisions rapidly
Heuristics
True or false: People are altruistic out of selfish interest in helping someone else
False
__________in-the__________ Strategy involves the communicator making the largest demand in the beginning of a negotiation
Door in the face
The two main types of love are
Companionate and passionate
Cognitive dissonance is the conflict that occurs when a person
Holds two contradictory attitude or thoughts
The central question and making an attribution is whether the cause of the behavior is due to ___________ or ___________ factors
Situational, dispositional
Shelley Taylor and her colleagues demonstrated that having positive illusions about the self is often related to which of the following?
-Being liked by others -Heightened well-being
We all adhere to the rules and norms of society to some degree. The fact we attend work or school clothes (rather than nude) Is an example of
Conformity
___________ _____________ Is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
Social psychology
Groupthink is a type of thinking which group members share such a strong motivation to ____________ That they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of views
Achieve consensus
What to sociocultural factors influence prosocial behavior?
-Socioeconomic status -Media
A ____________ Is a generalization about a group characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another
Stereotype
According to social exchange theory, what is the most important predictor of a relationships success?
Equity
The bystander effect makes it __________ Likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around
Less
A negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because they are a member of that group is called
Discrimination
The tendency to take credit for successes And to deny responsibility for failures is
Self-serving bias
Which of the following is a model of relationships that emphasizes the way commitment, and the availability of attractive alternative Partners predict satisfaction In a relationship?
Investment model
Which of the following are psychological determinants of Aggression?
-Observing others engaging in aggression -The presence of a weapon -The perception that another’s actions are in fair
___________ Is an area of social psychology that studies how individuals think within social situations.
Social cognition
____________ Our opinions and believes about people, objects, and ideas
Attitudes
____________ Is a social behavior that has a goal of harming someone
Aggression
Social loafing occurs when an individual exert less effort in a group because of the _____________ Accountability for individual effort
Decreased
Gina prefers her own ethnic customs and traditions, and she is critical of others customs and traditions. This is called
Ethnocentrism
Social cognition is an area of social psychology that studies
How people think in social situations
Prejudice is
A negative or positive evaluation of an individual based on his or her group
Which of the following statements are true regarding prosocial behavior?
-Happy people are more likely than unhappy people to help others -Many adults often engage in healthy behavior in order to improve their mood
Social thinking involves not only perceptions and attributions but also _____________ Which are opinions and believes, about people, objects, and ideas, or, simply put, how we feel about things
Attitudes
___________ Racism refers to prejudicial attitudes that exist on a deeper, unconscious level.
Implicit
An individual is more likely to be persuaded if
-The individual has weak attitude about the topic -The individual feels a similarity with the person delivering the message -The message is delivered through television or video rather than print
Individual think of the group to which they belong as an _____________ , A group that has special value in comparison with others, called _____________.
In group, out groups
Risky shift occurs when a ____________ Is riskier one made by a group than an individual
Decision
True or false: ZimBardo had to halt the study early due to concern for participant safety
True
True or false: Individuals who participate in more diverse social networks live longer than those with a smaller group of social relationships
True
The theory that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behaviors is called
Self perception
Social __________ Is an imitative Behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas
Contagion
The __________ ___________ __________ Is a type of heuristic where in we over estimate the degree to which others think or act the way we do
False consensus effect
Which of the following social cultural factors have been linked to incidents of aggression?
-Masculine reputation -Family pride
The ___________ ____________ Affect is a phenomenon that the more we encounter someone or something, the more probable it is we will start liking the person or thing even if we did not realize we have seen it before
Mere exposure
Psychologist have use the concept of ___________ ____________ To explain an individual strong feelings of loyalty toward a group after and during difficult or unpleasant initiation rites
Effort justification
Stereotype threat is the fear of being ___________ On the basis of a negative stereotype about one group
Judged
What type of love is the strong affection we have for those whom our lives are deeply involved?
Companionate
The genetic basis for aggression states that ____________ Are important in understanding the biological basis of aggression
Genes
True or false: One of the strongest predictor of aggression is witnessing aggression in one’s own family
True
True or false: Burger’s 2006 re-creation of the classic Miligram experiment reveals that contemporary "teachers" are significantly less likely to obey the expert and, thus, refuse to administer harmful shocks to "learners"
False
____________ Love is another name for romantic love
Passionate
When are attitudes most likely to predict behavior?
-When the attitudes are relevant to the behavior -When the person’s attitudes are strong -When the person has a vested interest
True or false: Research on rats and other animals has shown testosterone relates to aggression. Results with humans indicate a definitive Relationship between levels of testosterone and aggressive behavior
False
Solomon _________ Carried out the classic experiment on conformity
Asch
Asch Which of the following statements describes the false consensus effect?
An over estimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do
Group ______________ Effect is the solidification And further strengthening of an individual’s position as a consequence of a group discussion
Polarization
The self for filling prophecy is when expectations about a future event or behavior act to
Increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur
And his classic experiment on ____________, Solomon Asch Found that more than 1/3 of participants went along with the rest of the group in terms of assessing the length of the lines, even though the groups response was obviously wrong
Conformity
Person perception is
The process by which impressions of others is formed by social stimuli
The elaboration likelihood model states that ____________ Occurs through either a central route or a peripheral route
Persuasion
In Milgram’s Classic obedient study, what percent of participants eventually used the highest setting on the shock generator to shock The learner?
65%
_____________ Social influences is the influence that other people have on us because we want them to like an approve of us
Normative
_____________ Is the male hormone related to aggression
Testosterone
Which of the following statements describes the outcome of the robbers Cave experiment?
When groups were required to work cooperatively to solve problems, positive relationships developed
Which of the following statements is false?
Ethnocentrism is synonymous with ethnic pride
_____________ Theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual’s behavior, what are the specific causes of that person’s behavior
Attribution
Affectionate love is also called _____________ love.
Companionate
We _________ The positive aspects of our in group, and at the same time __________ Out groups
Inflate, devalue
___________ Involves giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, To gain self-esteem, or to present oneself as powerful or caring; whereas ___________ Describes an unselfish interest in helping someone else
Egoism, Atruism
Social psychologists examine how the nature of _____________ Influence our behavior
Situations
Peter thinks of himself as quite smart, and more capable and trustworthy than many of his coworkers. Peter’s boss likes and respects him, but in general, Peter is an average employee. Peter holds several ___________ ____________ About himself
Positive illusions
When asked about your attitude toward exercise, you think "Well, I work out three times a week at 5:30 AM, so I must like it." This illustrates the ________________ Theory
Self perception
Communicators who are physically and socially attractive produce _____________ Attitude change then those who are less attractive
Greater
Scott recently lost his job. He knows the job market is competitive, so he decides to take a fishing trip in an effort to relax and reevaluate his future job strategies. While on his trip, he stops at a local gas station and is approached by a man pleading for change. Scott drops 2 quarters into the man’s cup and thinks to himself, "well at least I’m not a beggar." This illustrates
Downward social comparison
According to the social exchange theory, the objective of a relationship is
To minimize costs and maximize benefits
A key resort from the jigsaw classroom was the emphasis of ____________ Rather than competition
Cooperation
According to research, which of the following Produces the greatest risk of death?
Social isolation
You can have an ____________ About the US president (a person), abortion (a behavior), affirmative action (a belief), or architecture (a concept).
Attitude
According to the psychological research of Langlois And her colleagues, which of the following faces is most likely to be rated as the most attractive?
A computer generated composite
___________ Racism is a persons conscious and openly shared prejudicial attitudes, whereas ___________ Racism her first two prejudicial attitudes that exist on a deeper, unconscious level
Explicit, implicit
A _____________ Is purposely placed in a study by the experimenter in order to manipulate the situation that participants must engage in
Confederate
While in class, students and the professor are discussing the effects of obedience on human behavior. You start out with a somewhat negative view of obedience. After hearing the full class discussion and adding your two cents, your attitude toward obedience is quite a bit more negative than at first. This illustrates the __________ ____________ effect.
Group polarization
To reduce dissonant by rationalizing The amount of effort we put into something is called effort
Justification
Mandy is driving rapidly, weaving through cars, and, while at a stop light, honked at a car that was slow to move when the light turned green. "What a rude person" Thanks the driver of the other car. However, Mandy is rushing to get to a hospital to see her ill father. The other driver of the car has committed the
Fundamental attribution error
The elaboration likelihood model theory identifies __________ Ways by which a message can be persuasive.
Two
The influence other people have on us because we want to be correct is referred to as
Informational social influence
Hannah practiced a song on the piano over and over again, But she kept making mistakes. During the recital, however, her performance was perfect. This is an example of
Social facilitation
The frustration aggression theory suggests that _____________ (The reaction to the thwarting or blocking of goals) Produces anger, leading to a readiness to display _____________
Frustration, aggression
Your college roommate is describing the hazing ritual he endured before becoming a part of his college fraternity. You grimace at the horrific details and ask why he would want to put himself through such an ordeal. He explains, "I figure if it’s that tough to get into, then it must be worth it." Your friend is exhibiting ___________ Justification
Effort
______________ Model emphasizes the Ways commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships.
Investment
You are leaving a ball game with your empty water bottles in tow. Upon passing the trashcan, you decide to bitch the plastic bottles in the large barrel outside the gate. After you toss the bottles, you feel guilty about not recycling. In an effort to relieve your guilt, you look at the overflowing trash barrel containing paper, plastic, and various other disposables and ask yourself, "Why should I feel guilty when nobody else is recycling?" This illustrates