Who Are You? We Really Want to Know Spoiler alert: Our narrator and Tyler Durden are the same person. Okay, we know. That's about as much of a spoiler as Darth Vader being Luke's father or Dumbledore dying (sorry, kids), but this crazy identity crisis is a huge part of the book. Even though our narrator's name is technically Tyler Durden, we just don't feel comfortable calling him that. Our narrator and Tyler Durden are as different as Ed Norton and Brad Pitt. Maybe you guessed the big twist before the end. After all, our narrator drops all sorts of hints that something isn't quite right on Paper Street—you know, besides all the bomb making and body burying. But this isn't an M. Night Shyamalan movie. Just because you know the big twist, it doesn't mean you can't enjoy the ride. There's a hint to this kind of dissociative identity disorder practically on the first page: "I know this because Tyler knows this," (1.8) our narrator tells us. Um, are they psychic friends or something? There are a few other factors pointing to the twist, too: • Our narrator never tells us his name. He even gives fake names at support groups. • Tyler's seemingly able to appear or disappear at will. • Our insomniac narrator works day jobs, and Tyler works night jobs. • There's a lot of talk of what's a dream and what's reality. He tells us at one point, "It's not clear if reality slipped into my dream or if my dream is slopping over into reality" (18.2). So where did Tyler come from, and why did our narrator cook him up? According to our guy, "Tyler had been around a long time before we met" (3.80). Basically, Tyler is the physical representation of everything our narrator thinks he is not. He's suave, sexy, free-spirited, devious, anarchistic, violent, and funny—just to name a few. In short, he's the opposite of our neurotic, high-strung, IKEA-loving, corporate drone of a narrator who, when faced with a gun in his mouth, wonders how clean it is. It Takes Two to TangoOur narrator is totally aware of this huge contrast in personalities, saying, "I love everything about Tyler Durden. [...] Tyler is capable and free, and I am not" (23.80). But wait a minute. Our narrator is Tyler. If Tyler is all those awful and incredible things, that must mean our narrator is all those awful and incredible things too, right? Well, kind of. Our narrator feels that he's been raised in a society where everyone is special. And when everyone is special, no one is. Instead, we have to pursue false goals that capitalism has forced upon us. In other words, "working in jobs [we] hate, just so [we] can buy what [we] don't really need." (19.16) In a world like this, someone outside the norm, like Tyler, can't survive. Therefore, our narrator has to distance himself from these aspects of his personality. Where some people might repress it completely, this aspect of our narrator's personality is so strong, it finds a way to come out and take over. And it doesn't end well. The Fault in Our StarsThere's something else in this book that has a tendency to take over, too: cancer. Our narrator worries that "the cancer [he doesn't] have is everywhere now." (13.33) That cancer could be Tyler, or it could be fight club or Project Mayhem. Whatever it is, it's a cancer he's totally made up. That sets him apart from the other people at the cancer support groups he's been going to every week for two years—people who didn't ask for their very real diseases. These support groups are the only place he can pretend to hit bottom, and he believes that "[o]nly after disaster can we be resurrected" (8.85). He cries a lot, and even though he tells us he cries because he can see that one day "everything you can ever accomplish will end up as trash" (2.9) and everyone will die, he also enjoys the attention he gets: "If people thought you were dying, they gave you their full attention" (14.1). When we think about it that way, the support groups become a place where our narrator can reveal his true cancer: feelings. Men aren't supposed to have feelings, right? Men are raised to hide and deny their feelings, to suppress them before they spread and infect the entire body. Only in the touchy-feely support groups is it okay for him to let them go. But a problem arises when our narrator, through Tyler, decides that hugging it out isn't the way to go. He sees "a generation of men raised by women" (6.29). Feelings? Bah, those are women's doings. What men really want to do to work out their anger, rage, and frustration is to smash stuff. Preferably each other. And so, fight club is born. Hollow ManSince fight club is the creation of the Tyler Durden side of our narrator's personality, we'll get to its conception more on Tyler Durden's "Character Analysis." Here, we're going to talk about its death. Appropriate, since death is something else our narrator is just a little obsessed with. This guy totally surrounds himself with death. He deals with death and disease as part of his job. His support groups are filled with people in various stages of their final days. And to top it off, he often sits around and wonders what it might be like to die. When fight club is being born, our narrator stands aside and lets Tyler take care of it. It's almost like he's afraid of creating things. He can't even cook for himself, instead living in "a house full of condiments and no real food" (5.64). He only wants to destroy things. This is especially apparent when he almost beats to death the boy with the angel face at fight club. Our narrator says, "I was in the mood to destroy something beautiful." (16.50) (Watch out, Ryan Gosling.) Eventually the Tyler side of his personality takes this lust for destruction to its extreme, and Project Mayhem is created. Its ultimate goal is the destruction of civilization as we know it. From its destruction, a new civilization will be created. Created being the key word here. That makes our narrator scared—it's a new world that he might not be equipped to deal with. So he sets out to destroy Project Mayhem. What's his motivation? Well, think about our narrator's job. His daytime corporate job is to analyze whether or not it's beneficial for a company to initiate a recall. His department: Compliance and Liability. Only if the cost of a lawsuit is greater than the cost of a recall do they do it. Our narrator applies this theory to fight club and Project Mayhem. Only when the cost to society of keeping Project Mayhem is greater than the cost of stopping it does our narrator try to end it. Very fancy, Palahniuk.
In The Last Breath by Sam Kahiga we have the theme of conflict, control, selflessness, sacrifice, love, gratitude and change. Narrated in the first person by an unnamed narrator the reader realises from the beginning of the story that Kahiga might be exploring the theme of conflict and love. The narrator is very much in love with Eva however his father does not agree with the romance due to the fact that Eva is blind. If anything it is the father who is blind as he cannot see it in himself to look beyond Eva’s disability. He is stuck in his ways and adamant that the narrator will not marry Eva. It may also be important that in the first three sentences of the story Kahiga makes reference to eyes and sight. It is possible that Kahiga is using irony, particularly when it comes to the narrator’s father. There is also a sense that the narrator’s life is being controlled by his father. Not only when it comes to his relationship with Eva but his job choice was a decision made for him by his father. It is as though the narrator is not allowed to follow the path he wishes to follow due to the input of his father. The father is the one who is gauging for the narrator what is suitable and what will make the narrator happy. In reality the narrator’s father is controlling him and the narrator is acutely aware of this. Rather than being happy with the choices his father has made for him the narrator is sad and bitter about the circumstances he finds himself in. The narrator’s mother also plays a significant role in the story and is more understanding of how the narrator feels about Eva. However it is interesting that she like her husband does not think that it is a good idea for the narrator to marry Eva. The mother’s role is more of a peacemaker between father and son. It may also be significant that Kahiga tells the reader that the sunshine has left the narrator’s mother. It is possible that she is symbolically as much in the dark as her husband is when it comes to the narrator wanting to marry Eva. There is also no doubting that the friction between father and son has taken an effect on the narrator now that he knows his father is dying of cancer. He does not wish his father to be dead rather he silently loves him and begins to possibly accept his father for who he is. The battles that they have fought over Eva do not appear to take on the same significance. The engagement ring also plays a significant role in the story. Though it has the outward appearance of being something cheap it’s deeper meaning and importance cannot be underestimated. It is a symbol again no matter how cheap it may look of the narrator’s love for Eva. The fact that the narrator’s father also donates his cornea to Eva shows a redemptive quality within the father. His stance on Eva has changed dramatically as too has his view of the narrator’s relationship with Eva. With his pending death he appears to have an epiphany or moment of realisation and for the first time is sacrificing something of himself in order to help the narrator and Eva. If anything Kahiga could be suggesting that the narrator’s father with his last breath before he died decided upon donating his cornea to Eva. Where previously the narrator’s father had scorned upon the idea of the narrator marrying Eva his act of generosity in giving Eva sight suggests that the narrator’s father for the first time in the story understands his son and acknowledges that he is in love with Eva. The narrator’s father is making sacrifices which will benefit not only the narrator but Eva too. In what can only be described as an act of altruism. If anything the narrator’s father is setting aside his own feelings and acting selflessly. Where many would focus on themselves at the time of their death the narrator’s father doesn’t. He thinks of his son and Eva. The end of the story is also interesting as Kahiga appears to be exploring the theme of gratitude. The narrator while he is standing by his father’s grave thanks his father for his kindness. Even though he suspects that his father can’t hear him (mute grave). He is still none the less grateful for his father’s actions despite the fact that his father was ill and dying when he decided to donate his cornea to Eva. Again the narrator’s father was acting selflessly and for the benefit of another human being. The reader is also left to assume that Eva and the narrator have gotten married as Eva is waiting for the narrator at the end of the story in the narrator’s home. Not only is there a sense of gratitude from the narrator but he appears to be happy too. His father’s donation has given the woman he loves sight. Where at the start of the story there was conflict at the end there is resolution and happiness. The narrator being able for the first time to live his life as he wants to live it and not how others might want him to live which had previously been the case in the story when the narrator’s father attempted successfully to control the narrator’s life. Cite Post McManus, Dermot. "The Last Breath by Sam Kahiga." The Sitting Bee. The Sitting Bee, 29 Jun. 2017. Web. See Also: |
The conflict between the narrator and his father creates tension about why the narrator did not
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