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ch in the Scotch word loch. It has this sound after the | Wohnung, f. dwell. Klein, small. Umber, around, vowels a, o, u, au ; by ing (wohnen, to Gast, m. guest. about; schauen, to "ý,” when it is pronounced like an aspirated y. It has dwell, roside, live). Entfliegen, to flyer look. this sound in all other German words; by Nun, now, well. way (ent., prefix, Uns, us. “k," when it is pronounced like k. It has this sound in Piden, to pick. away, up, forward). Ansehen, to look at most words derived from the Greek and before s, unless Die, pl. the. Den, acc, m. the. (an, prep. and prethis s belongs to the next syllable, or is an inflection ; Brosamen, pl. scraps. Nabe, near. fix, at, to, by). by Krume, f. crum. Walt, m. forest. Etwas, something, “sh,” when it is pronounced like sh in English. It has Auf, up, upon, on. Bauen, to build. anything. this sound in words derived from the French. Die, relative pronoun Singen, to sing. Wollen, to wish, want, We shall transcribe g in the same manner, whenever it is pl. which. Frühlich, merry (froh, be willing. pronounced in one of these ways. Von, of, from. glad, cheerful). Antworten, to answer Tisch, m. table. Lieb, n. song, hymn, (Antwort, f. 1.-Das Rothfehlchen. Fallen, to fall. air. swer). Dass rote'-keyl-chen. Auch, also. Sehen, to see, to Vater, m. father. Ein Rothfehlchen fam in der Strenge des Winters an tas Kind, n, child. look. Wenn, if, when. Ine rote'-keyl-yen kahm in dair shtrengʻ-ai dess vin’-ters an dass Vogel, m. bird (-lein, Kehren, to turn. Sie, they, them, she, Fenster eines frommen Landmanns, als ob es gern binein sign of diminutives). Abermals, again. her. fen'-ster i'-ness from'ınen lant-manss, alss opess gairn hin-ine' lieb halten, to love. Weibchen, Weib, Reben, to speak (Rebe, Werth halten, to es- n. mate, female, f. speech). möchte. Da öffnete der Lantmann sein Fenster und nahm teem, cherish wife. Können, to be able, möy'-tai. Dah öf-nai-tai dair lant-man zine fen'-ster öðnt nahm (halten, to hold). Mit, with; bringen, bas zutrauliche Thierchen freundlich in seine Wohnung. Nun aber, but. to bring ; haben, to Würten, woald, dass tsoo'-trou-lv-ye toer'-yen froint'-lij in zi-nai vo'-noðnk. Noon Der, nom. m. the. have. should, sigm of pidte e8 die Vrosamen und Krümchen auf, die von seinem Frühling, m. spring. Sammt, together the conditional pick'-tai oss dee bro'-zah-men ošnt krü'm'-yen ouf, dee fồn zi-nem Wieder, again, prefic re. with. mood. Tische fielen. Vebüsch, n. collective Freuen, to enjoy, re Sagen, to say. Auch hielten die Kinder tes Landmanns bas noun, tish-shai fee'-len. Ouch heel-ten dee kin'-der dess lant-mauss, dass bushes, joice. Zutrauen, n. confi. copse (gc-, a prefix, Sehr, very, much. dence. Vöglein lieb und werth. Aber als nun der Frühling wieder in showing a mass of Beire, both. Grweden, to awake. fö'g'-line leep dont veyrt. ah-ber alss noon dair frü"-link vee'-der in things; Busch, m. Wie, how, as, like. Liebe, f. love (Lieben, das fand fam und die Gebüsche sich belaubten, öffnete bush). Aus, out, out of. to love). dass lant kahm oont dee gai-büsh'-shai ziy bai-laup'-ten, dah öf-nai-tai Sich, himself, herself, Klar, clear. Grzeugen, to engender, der Landmann sein Fenster, und ter Fleine Gaft entflog in das itself, themselves. Auge, n. eye (Aeuglein, beget. dair lant-man zine fen'-ster, dont dair kli'-nai gast ent-flo'ch' in dass Belauben, to ጎቤ. n. diminutive, Wegen, preposition with foliage (Laub, small eye, beauti- and prefix, coun. nabe Wäldchen, und bauete sein Neft und sung sein fröhliches foliage). ful eye). ter, against. nah'-hai velt-yen, čðnt bou’-ai-tai zine nest dönt.zank zine frö’-li-yess Piedchen leet'-yen. KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GERMAN. und siebe, als der Winter wiederkehrte, ba fam tas Roth EXERCISE 60 (Vol. I., page 302). õõnt zee'-hai, alss dair vin'-ter vee'-der-keyr-tai, dah kahm dass rote'. 1. These great beautiful houses are all to let. 2. The one house is fehlen abermals in die Wohnung tcs Landmanns und to let, the other to sell. 3. It is not to be believed that he has forkeyl-yen ah’-ber-mahlss in dee voʻ-nðink dess lant-manss Dont saken us. 4. This book is to be had of Mr. Westermann in Bruns. batte sein Weibchen mitgebracht. Der Landmann aber sammt wick. 5. Not one single star was to be seen in the whole heavens. hat-tai zine vipe'-yen mit-gai-bracht. Dair lant-man ah'-ber zamt 6. How is this long word to be pronounced? 7. Where are the best boots, shoes, and over-shoes to be found ? 8. The best, which I have seinen Kindern freuten sich sehr, als sie die beiden Thierchen "sahen, seen, are to be found at my old neighbour N's. 9. The fire burnt so zi'-nen kin'-dern froi'-ten zij zeyr, alss zeo dee bi-den teer'-yen zah'-hen, rapidly that nothing was to be saved in the castle. 10. Nothing valg. wie sie aus den klaren Peuglein zutraulich 11. This high rock is not to be umherschauten ; able is to be gained without trouble. climbed. 12. This old house is to be repaired no more. 13. Through vee zee ouss dain klah'-ren oig'-line tsoo'-trou-liy čðm-heyr-shou'-ten; this forest one caunot get. 14. He is neither to be convinced nor to be und die Kinder sagten: Die Vögelchen seben uns an, als ob persuaded. 15. His behaviour is not at all to be pardoned. 16. What dont dee kin'-der zahdh'-ten: Dee fö"-ghel-yen zey'-hen dónss an, alss op is your friend's name? 17. He is called James. 18. How is this called in German ? 19. It is called Brille (spectacles). 20. The more fte etwas sagen wollten. perfect a work of art is, that is, the more parts it has, and the more zee et'-vass zah-ghen vš!'-ten. all these parts contribute to the purpose, the more beautiful it is. Da antwortete der Vater: Wenn sie reten fönnten, so EXERCISE 61 (Vol. I., page 302). Dah ant’-vòr-tai-tai dair fah'-ter: Ven zee rey'-den kön'-ten, zo' 1. Die Ausspriche fremder Wörter ist nur durch Uebung zu erlernen. 2. würden ste sagen : Freundliches Zutrauen erivedet 3. Vollfemmene Oludjeligteit ist in vür'-den zah-ghen: Nichts ist ohne Mühe zu crlernen. Froint'-li-yes tsoo'-trou-en err-veck'-et dieser Welt nicht zu finden. 4. Sie sprechen so schnell, das eie nicht Zutrauen, und Picbe erzeuget Gegenliebe ! zu verstehen sind. 5. Gesunt heit ist mit Geld nicht zu erfausen. 6. Dic tsoo'-trou-en, dont lee'-bai err-tsoi-ghet ghey'-ghen-lee'-bai! Ruhe der Start war turch firenge Vereble nicht herzustellen. 7. Wie VOCABULARY. nennen Sie dicic Blumen ? 8. Sie werten Tulpen genannt. 9. Die Das, n. the. An, to. Hinein, into (hin, Flugen Sdüler sind zu loben. 10. Der Unterschied zwischen fauten und Rothfehlchen, n. red. Fenstor, n. window. along, towards). verkaufen muß den Schülern zu dieser Zeit befannt sein. 11. Dieses Buch breast (roth, red ; Gines, gen. m. and n. Da, then, there. ist bei dem Buchhändler 6. in Lonton zu haben. 12. Gin werthvollcé Keble, f. throat ; of a, of one. Kunstwerk fann nicht ohne viel Mühe gemacht werten. 13. Die Piose und -chen, affix, sign of Fromm, pious. Sein, his. tas Veilchen werven wegen ihres Wohlgeruchs gescißt, die Tulpe wegen des diminutive). Landmann, m. coun. llnd, and. Glanzes ihrer Farben. 14. Jafob geht morgen nach Braunjd weig. 15. Gin, a, one. tryman. Nehmen, to take. Die Himmel verfündigen die Herrlichfeit Gottes. Kommen, to come. Alo, as, when. Zutraulichy , confiding EXERCISE 62 (Vol. I., page 302). 2. He is ill, he can go noGB, it. Tbier, n. animal. 1. Where are you sending your servant ? 4. I have already copied it. where. 3. Do you copy this letter? 5. Do Strenge, f. severity. Gern, willingly, with freundlich, friendly, you believe that the bookbinder sends me back my books? 6. Has Des, gen. m. and n. of pleasure (Gern kind (Freund, m. your sister received the flowers which I have bought for her ? 7. The the. mögen, to like; fom. friend; -lich, affir, gardener comes to-morrow, and will bring them with him. 8. When Winter, m. winter. men, understood). Page 3
RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. your father well this morning? 6. He is much better. 7. Is it fine N'êtes-vous pas content de vos pro- Are you not pleased with your pro weather to-day? 8. It is very beautiful weather; are you not going grès? to take a walk ? 9. We have neither horse nor carriage. gress? 10. Can J'en suis fort content. I am very much pleased with it. you not walk ? 11. I am too weary to walk. 12. Do you not take a Votre domestique est-il exact à Is your servant exact in fulfilling his ride every morning? 13. I take a walk erery morning. 14. How do remplir ses devoirs ? duties? you go? 15. Sometimes on foot, and sometimes in a carriage. 16. Avez-vous rempli de vin cette bou. Have you filled that bottle with wine ? To whom do you apply when you want money ? 17. I apply to my teille? banker. 18. Will you not sit down? 19. We are much obliged to Avez-vous rempli d'argent votre Have you filled your purse with you. 20. Does that cloth sell very well ? 21. It sells rery dear. bourse? money? 22. Are you not to go into the country if it is fine weather? 23. Is Jo l'en ai remplie. I have filled it with it. your brother to leave town to-day ? 24. He is to leave to-morrow Il est très facile de blâmer les It is very easy to blame the actions morning. actions d'autrui. of others. EXERCISE 66 (Vol. I., page 333). Il est glorieux de mourir pour sa It is glorious to die for one's country. 1. Malle. votre sæur se promène-t-elle tous les jours ? 2. Elle patrie. se promène tous les matins. 3. Elle aime à aller à cheval et en Il est plus agréable de voyager en It is more agreeable to travel in sum- voiture. 4. Comment cette petite fille s'appelle-t-elle ? 5. Ello été qu'en hiver. mer than in winter. s'appelle L. 6. Ce Monsieur ne s'appelle-t-il pas L. ? 7. Non, MonVOCABULARY. sieur, il s'appelle G. et son cousin s'appelle H. 8. Comment se porte M. votre frère ? 9. Mon frère se porte très-bien, mais ma scur ne se Abatt-re, 4, ir., to cut | Chagriné, e, vexed. Peuple, m., people. porte pas bien. 10. Comment vos deux filles se portent-elles ? 11. down. Encre, f., ink, Pommier, m., apple- Elles se portent passablement bien aujourd'hui. 12. Messieurs, ne Achat, m., purchase. Fend-re, 4, to cleave, tree. Arrach-er, 1, to pull up. split. Prunier, voulez-vous pas vous asseoir? 13. Nous vous sommes bien obligés, plumAubergiste, m., inn. Gloire, f., glory. Madame, nous n'avons pas le temps. 14. Ce livre se vend-il bien ? tree, 15. Il se vend trèg-bien. 16. Combien cette soie se vend-elle l'aune? keoper. Liberté, f., liberty. Roi, m., king. Bois à brûler, m., fire- Nettoy-er, 17. Elle se vend six francs l'aune. 18. Fait-il beau temps aujourd'hui? 1, to Sci-er, 1, to sav. 19. Il fait très-beau temps, ne voulez-vous pas vous promener? 30. wood. clean. Je n'ai pas le temps de me promener. 21. À qui M. votre frère EXERCISE 151. s'adresse-t-il ? 22. Il s'adresse à son frère. 23. Son frère est-il à 1. Ce héros n'était-il pas amoureux de la liberté et de la la maison ? 24. Non, Monsieur, il est à Paris. 25. Quand a-t-il gloire? 2. I en était amoureux. 3. Ce roi n'était-il pas chéri l'intention d'aller en France ? 26. Il a l'intention d'aller en France de son peuple ? 4. Il en était chéri. 5. Ces négociants ne dans un mois. 27. Malle. votre soeur, doit-elle partir demain matin? sont-ils pas contents de leur achat ? 6. Ils n'en sont pas con 28. Elle doit partir aujourd'hui, s'il fait beau temps. 29. Que dittents. 7. N'êtes-vous pas chagriné de ne pouvoir nous accom on de ceci? 30. On n'en dit rien. pagner ? 8. J'en suis désolé. 9. Savez-vous de quoi l'au EXERCISE 67 (Vol. I., page 333). bergiste a rempli ce tonneau ? 10. Il l'a rempli de vin. 11. 1. Does the hair-dresser cut his thumb ? 2. No, Sir, he cuts hig De quoi ferez-vous remplir cette bouteille, quand vous l'aurez hair. 3. Does not the carpenter cut his hand ? 4. HO not cut fait nettoyer ? 12. Elle est déjà remplie d'encre. 13. N'êtes- his hand, he cuts the wood. 5. Do you not remember that lady ? 6. I vous pas bien fåché d'avoir fait abattre vos pommiers ? 14. remember that lady and those gentlemen, 7. With what do you J'en suis bien content, car ils n'étaient bons à rien. 15. N'est- occupy yourselves ? 8. We occupy ourselves with our affairs. 9. Do 10. I do not remem. il pas nécessaire de faire arracher ces pruniers ? 16. Il n'est you remember the guns which your father has ? ber them at all. 11. Does not that little girl burn herself ? 12. She pas nécessaire de les faire arracher. 17. Est-il possible de does not burn herself, there is no fire in the stove. 13. Why does not fendre ce morceau de bois ? 18. Il est possible de le fendre. the butcher warm himself ? 14. Because he is not cold. 15. Do those 19. Êtes-vous exact à nettoyer vos habits ? 20. J'y suis très children rise earlier than I ? 16. They go to bed early, and rise every exact. 21. De quoi avez-vous rempli votre bourse ? 22. Je morning at six o'clock. 17. Will not your partner sit down ? 18. He l'ai remplie d'argent. 23. Est-il nécessaire de faire scier votre has no time to sit down. 19. Do you remember your promises ? 2). I bois à brûler ? 24. Il est nécessaire de le faire scier. 25. remember them perfectly. 21. Do you not warm yourself when you N'êtes-vous pas reconnaissant des services qu'on vous rend ? are cold ? 22. I almost never warm myself. 23. Do we not go to 26. J'en suis très-reconnaissant. bed when we are sleepy ? 24. One goes to bed when one is sleepy, and eats when one is hungry. EXERCISE 152. 1. Are you not grieved with having lost your money ? 2. EXERCISE 68 (Vol. I., page 334). I am vexed that I have lost my purse. 3. With what will you 2. Quand je me porte bien, je me lève tous les matins à cinq heures. 1. Vous levez-vous de bonne heure, quand vous vous portez bien ? fill that bottle ? 4. I will have it filled with ink. 5. Is it not necessary to have our wood sawed ? 6. It is necessary to have ment bien ? 5. Vous couchez-vous de bonne heure ? 3. Vous rappelez-vous votre cousin L.? 4. Je me le rappelle parfaite. 6. Nous nous our fire-wood sawed. 7. Your garden is too small, is it not couchons à dix heures. 7. Le tailleur ne se brûle-t-il pas les doigts ? necessary to have some plum-trees pulled up? 8. It is neces- 8. Il ne se brûle pas les doigts, son fer n'est pas chaud. 9. I.e char sary to have some plum-trees cut down. 9. Have you filled pentier se coupe-t-il le pouce ? 10. Il ne se coupe ni le pouce ni la your friend's purse with silver ? 10. I have filled it with gold. main. 11. Pourquoi ne vous chauffez-vous pas ? 12. Je ne me chauffe 11. Are all your bottles filled with wine ? 12. They are all pas, parceque je n'ai pas froid. 13. Ne fait-il pas très froid aujourd'hui? filled with ink. 13. Are you sorry to have filled your bottles 14. Il ne fait pas froid aujourd'hui, il pleut. 15. Votre perruquier se lève-t-il au lever du soleil ? with ink? 14. I am glad to have filled them with ink, for I 16. Le charpentier se lève au lerer du soleil et il se couche au coucher du soleil. 17. Vous lerez-vous do want ink. 15. Are you pleased with this book ? .16. I am meilleure heure que moi? 18. Nous nous levons tous les matins an pleased with it. 17. Is that land good for anything ? 18. It point du jour. 19. Vous coupez-vous souvent les cheveux ? 20. Je is good for nothing. 19. Is that lady beloved by her children? me coupe les cheveux et les ongles tous les mois. 21. Vous rappeln. 20. She is beloved by her friends and by her children. 21. Are vous ce monsieur ? 22. Je me le rappelle très-bien. 23. Je ne me je you grateful for those services ? 22. I am grateful for them. rappelle pas. 24. Vous coupez-vous les doigts, quand vous taillez una 23. Is it not possible to split that piece of wood ? 24. It is not plume? 25. Je me coupe la main quand je travaille. 26. Vous soupossible to split it. 25. Is it agrecable to travel in winter? venez-vous de ce que vous apprenez ? 27. Je ne me souviens pas co 26. It is not so agreeable to travel in winter as in summer. tout ce que j'apprends. 28. Savez-vous si M. votre père se porte bien ? 27. It is easy to blame others. 28. Is it not glorious to die for 29. Il se porte fort bien aujourd'hui. 30. Mme, votre mère : one's country ? se porte-t-elle pas bien ? 29. It is glorious to live and to die for one's 31. Elle ne se porte pas très-bien. country. 30. Have you filled the inkstand (encrier) with it? EXERCISE 69 (Vol. I., page 334). 31. I have filled it with it. 32. Would it not be necessary to 1. Do you like to live in the country? 2. I prefer the country to pull up all those trees ? 33. It would not be necessary to pull the city. 3. Do you often become weary of remaining in the country? them all up, for my garden is very large. 34. Henry the 4. When I become weary of the country, I return to the city. 5. Do Fourth (quatre) was beloved by his people. they hear from General L. ? 6. Nothing is heard of him. 7. Are you sometimes mistaken ? 8. Everybody is mistaken sometimes. 9. Does the banker deceive his clients ? 10. He deceives neither his clients KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN FRENCH. nor his friends, he deceives nobody. 11. Are you not mistaken in this EXERCISE 65 (Vol. I., page 333). Page 4
Iodine gives off vapour at all temperatures, and must there- of three atoms of caustic soda, and one atom of sodium fore be kept in a bottle with a glass stopper, as the vapours iodate. attack cork. The skin and organic bodies are stained by it Nitric iodide, which is generally supposed to be the ter-iodide of yellow. This stain, however, passes away so soon as the iodine nitrogen (NI.), is an interesting compound, from the readiness evaporates. It is slightly soluble in water, this liquid being with which it explodes. Place a little iodine in a capsule, and capable of holding row of its weight in solution. It is freely pour upon it sufficient ammonia to cover it well. Allow this to dissolved in alcohol and ether, and a minute piece of iodine im- digest for half an hour; then pour off the supernatant liquid, parts a rich colour to bisulphide of carbon; but the chief liquid em- and place the brown substance upon pieces of blotting paperployed for its solution is the solu. littlo on each paper ; leave them tion of a soluble iodide, such as to dry, if by a fire, at some distance potassium iodide. from it. When dry, a shake of The most delicate test for iodine the paper is sufficient to determine is the intense blue colour it imparts the decomposition with explosion. to starch. However, to effect this, Iodine is noted in the medical the iodine must be in an uncom. world for its great powers of bined state. Chlorine water or Fig. 4. absorption. Glandular swellings nitric acid will always liberate may be removed by it which have iodine from its combinations, and therefore, if the presence of an resisted every other means. It is used for this purpose in a soluiodide be suspected, add one or other of these agents to the tion, which is made as above described. Its action is greatly ac. solution, and then the starch paste. One part of iodine, dissolved celerated if a few grains of potassium iodide be taken internally in a million parts of water, will be made apparent by this test. each day. Hydriodic Acid (symbol, HI; combining weight, 128 ; density, FLUORINE. 64). — This acid is best prepared in a manner similar to that by SYMBOL, F-ATOMIC WEIGHT, 19. which hydrobromic acid was procured—namely , by acting on ful. Its affinities are so powerful, and its action on the human Hitherto no attempt to isolate this element has been success. phosphoric iodide with water, thus frame so violent, that little is known of it. Its only compound PI, + 3H,0 = H,PO, + 3HI. which occurs in any abundance, is Derbyshire spar, calcium However, it may be made directly by heating iodine in an atmo. Auoride (CaF2). Many minerals contain this salt in small sphere of hydrogen; or a solution of this acid may be easily quantities. It is detected in teeth, and even in the blood of prepared by suspending iodine in water, and transmitting a animals. Fluorine is not known to combine with oxygen, nitrogen, current of sulphuretted hydrogen gas until the brown colour sulphur, or the other halogens. disappears. Sulphur is deposited, and hydriodic acid formed, Hydrofluoric Acid (symbol, HF; combining weight, 20; den. which goes into solution in the water. If this solution bé sity, 10).—To prepare this acid, Derbyshire or fuor spar is exposed to the air in sunlight, it gradually absorbs oxygen, reduced to a powder, introduced into a leaden or platinum retort the hydrogen of the acid forming with it water, and the libe (Fig. 45), and then mixed with sulphuric acid. Upon the rated iodine renders the liquid brown. Iodides are formed by re- application of heat, this reaction ensues — placing the hydrogen of the above acid by the metal, according H, 50, + CaF, = Caso, + 2HF. to its atomicity. When iodides are heated, the iodine goes off, The bent part of the tube in Fig. 45 is immersed in a freezing and an oxide of the metal is formed. Of course, in the case of mixture, and here the hydrofluoric acid condenses into a colourthe noble metals (Au, Ag, Pt, and Hg), the metal remains. The less liquid. elements, chlorine and bromine, when acting on iodides, have the It is an energetic acid, and has the power of converting power to remove the iodine, and insert themselves in its place. I metallic oxides into water and metallic fluorides. Of all chemical Oxides of Iodine.—This element substances, its effect on the skin has a greater affinity for oxy. is the most painful. It will progen than either of the preceding duce a sore which exhibits but halogens; but of its oxides, the small inclination to heal. Its most only two which have been studied characteristic property is its power are iodic acid and periodic acid. to etch on glass. It effects this, lodic acid, or hydric-iodate (sym. because with silica-one of the bol, HIO3), corresponds closely to HT constituents of glass-it forms a chloric acid. It is prepared by gaseous product (Si F.), hydrofuothe action of strong nitric acid on silicic acid : thusiodine. When the iodine has nearly disappeared, the liquid upon cool. SiO, + 4HF = 24,0 + SiF, ing gives crystals of iodic acid. To exhibit its effects, a glass When iodine is dissolved in plate is covered with bees'-.2x, caustio potash or soda, the re upon which fluorine has no action, sult is a mixture of iodide and and any design traced with a sharp iodate of potassium or sodium. point in the wax. This is exposed The iodate being much the most to the vapour of hydrofluoric acid, difficult to dissolve, may easily and the parts of the glass exposed be separated from the iodide. Fig. 45. are etched ; the glass is “frosted” Or if, in the course of the pro by the vapour; but if the solution cess, chlorine gas be passed, then no iodide is formed ; thus, | of the acid, which is sold in gutta-percha bottles, be poured on I + 6KHO + 5C1 = KIO, + 5KCl + 3H,0. glass, the glass is eaten away. Any photographic artist will at once appreciate this fact to enable him to remove the frostWhen iodates are heated, they behave like chlorates, giving off ing from the back of the glass stereoscopic slides, and thus it oxygen. will be possible to take “prints” from them. Iodic acid is at once decomposed by sulphurous acid. This The halogens form the best defined of natural groups of eleprovides a test for the presence of sulphur in any combustion. ments. Their atomic weights are almost in arithmetical proSoak a piece of paper in a mixture of potassium iodate and gression. starch-paste, then expose it to the fumes ; if any sulphurous acid be present, the paper becomes blue. Morphia possesses a 35:5. like power, and hence by this test the presence of this powerful poison may be detected. I 127. Periodic Acid, or Hydric-periodate (HIO.).—This acid can Chlorine is a gas, bromine a liquid, and iodine a solid. only be obtained in combination. Sodium per-iodate (NaI0) over, bromine, in its affinities, is a 'mean between chlorine and may be prepared by passing chlorine through a solution iodine, and all form directly, with the metals, salts. Page 5
and in rural districts. This vernacular tongue would be regarded new impulses of development, and given birth to new modes by the Roman purists as a corrupted form of the Latin. Cor- of utterance conformably with the progress of our modern rupt, doubtless, it was, for it contained many words of merely civilisation; and even produced new languages, any one of local prevalence, of low origin, and of no authority. Neverthe- which would not suffer in comparison with classic Latin. less, in it were preserved both terms and forms which, being of I have already intimated that the Saxon did not receive any a very early origin, like our English dialects, belonged to the very large inheritance immediately from the confused mass of very substance of the language. words and tongues which ensued from the social collision of the Already in the bloom of the Roman power, the Latin language North and the South. Yet do we owe to the Romance languages had received a very large infusion of foreign elements from the so much, that I am not at liberty to pass on until I have giren several nations which lay around it as a centre, and over which some particulars, the rather that without the facts that ensue, a it had established its sway—the countries which we now term knowledge of the English lacks an important element. France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Though the original popu- Out of an original Latin term two or more English words lation of these wide districts had, in common with the Romans, were formed, either by some change in the body of the word, or a Celtic basis for their language, yet, from locality and diverse some change in its termination. Of those newly-coined words, culture, they had each for themselves formed a different tongue; one will be found to bear a close resemblance to its original ; and these diversities, when the Roman authority became supreme, another will have departed from it in form and in meaning to a and the Roman language was introduced under the wing of that greater or less extent: the former is the older, probably the authority, readily blended themselves with the more refined more scholar-like; the latter is the more recent and the more diction of the metropolis and of the great Roman writers. popular. I subjoin a few instances, annexing contractions to Causes of diversity did not fail to appear on the establishment, show whence the terins have come to us, thus: Fr. shows that in a land, of the Roman despotism. Those causes went on in the word is derived directly from the French ; It. from the their operation. At last a new cause, a canse of tremendous Italian ; and Sp. from the Spanish. When the English word power, came into play—the invasion of the northern Barbarians. seems to come to us immediately from the Latin the contraction The blow broke the Roman empire in pieces. Out of the conse- Lat. is prefixed :quent ruins arose new forms of government-the forms of our Blasphemare, to rerile, Fr. to blaspheme, blame. present European kingdoms. With the formation of new centres Calx, limestone, Fr. to calcine, calcination. of political power and social influences, new languages were Calculus, a pebble, Fr. to calculate, calculous formed-the French, the Italian, the Spanish, the Portuguese ; Campus, a plain, Fr. camp, champaign. at least, these are the main branches that shot forth from the Canalis, a pipe, Fr. canal, channel, kennel. Cantus, a song, Fr, chant, enchant, canticle. old trunk and grew, until in separate literatures they each pro Fr, chap. chapter, cap, captain, duced fruit. Our English was not without an influence from Caput, a head, capital, chief. the general shock ; but chiefly from tho Romanco languages, Causa, a cause, Fr. cause, causation, accuse. when they had received each its individual form and character, Charta, paper, Fr. chart, charter. did the Saxon basis of the English tongue receive additions Clamare, to shout, Fr, claim, exclaim, reclaim. and incorporate elements. Latin came to us in the conquering Commendare, to entoust, Sp. commend, recommend. train of William of Normandy. His Norman-French, a Romance Comparare, to get together, Sp. compare, prepare. tonguo, like his bold barons, and generally his superior culture, Consuetudo, custom, Fr. costume, custom. made war on the old Saxon element of our land, defeated it, took Divinus, divine, Fr. divine, a divine, a diviner. Sp. don, duenna; it prisoner, and went far to make it do its own bidding. So Dominus, a master, Fr. dominate, dominion. overpowering was the influence of the court, and so imperious It. doubt; was the sway of fashion, that the first accents of our English Dubitare, to doubt, Fr. dubitation. literature were compelled to take a Gallic shape and tone, Dubius, uncertain, Lat. dubious, dubiety. retaining their mother Saxon as best they might, and uttering Sp. donation; Donum, a gift, the native sounds" with ’bated breath." Fr. donative. The Italian branch of the Romance language inoculated our a leading : Fr. duchy; Ducatus, { Med. La a du It, duke, doge. English through the medium of the Roman Catholic Church, whose Latin, of universal prevalence, was a sort of medium, Factio, a making, Fr. faction, fashion, Fragilis, easily broken, Fr. fragile, frail. and as a medium, so a stepping-stone, between the classic purity Gravis, heavy, Fr. grave, gravity, gravitate. of the olu Latin language and the new languages of mediæval Hospes, a host, Fr. hospital, spital, hospitable. Europe ; and whose forms, ceremonies, officers, laws, and courts It. implicate; combined to infuse into English a copious and pervading Latin Implicare, to fold in, Fr. imply, implicit. element. Sp. ingenious; Iugenium, genius, As the Spaniards and Portuguese made their conguests in Fr, engine. foreign climes, and, becoming masters of the ocean, held com Magister, master, Sp. mister, mistress, master. Fr, major, majority, mayor. merce in their hands, so they, in conducting their maritime and Fr. operate, operator, operation; commercial transactions, gave to all modern languages words Opera, work, belonging to their tongue, and the names by which, with more Pietas, piety, Fr. piety, pity. or less accuracy, they denominated the articles of foreign pro- Potio, drink, Fr, potion, poison. duce which formed the staple of their trade. Redimo, to buy off, Fr, redeemed, redemption. At later periods, too, the Romance languages have exerted an Romanus, Roman, Fr. Roman, Romance. influence over the English, and left bequests which remained Securitas, security, Fr, security, surety. after the source of that influence had ceased to exist. Senior, older, Fr, sire, sir. Fr. save, safe, salutary. instance the reign of the profligate Charles II., when, with a Portuguese princess for his queen, that monarch, dependent on Separo, I put cpait, Fr. separate, sever. Fr. serve, servant, serf. French bounty, allowed French writers and French tailors to set Sp. specie, species ; the fashion in England, and the language of high life, and partly Species, a kind, Fr. special, especially. of books, became a mongrel of bad French and worse English. Superficies, a surface, Fr. surface, superficies, superAbbreviation is one of the forms through which languages ficial. pass in their natural development. By abbreviation has the This list pretends to nothing more than to give instances in Latin passed into the Romance languages. The abbreviation which two or more words accrued from one Latin term. In some has not been in the structure of sentences ; for in the structure instances it is not easy to determine whether our English word of sentences expansion has taken place, and fulness ensued, so came immediately from the Latin, or through some one of the that it is difficult to render by the same number of words a Romance languages. If, however, tho facts above set forth are passage from a Latin classic into a Romance tongue. The ab. correct in the main, then we learn how much our language has breviation has been in the forms of the words : the inflexions been enriched by the Romance tongues, and that we are chiefly have been curtailed; case-endings and person-endings, even to under obligations to the French. some extent tense and mood-endings, have been diminished or Were this the place to enter into a statement and comparison The words thus set free from bonds have followed of the words and forms in the Romance languages borrowed Page 6
LESSONS IN GERMAN.-XXXVII. ich dafür, taj Carthago zerstört werden muß. 21. Man vermuthet, die šestung sei von den Feinden eingenommen worden, allein die Besaßung werde SECTION LXXII.-PASSIVE VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE. begnadigt worden sein. 22. Der Jüngling sagte, es werde ned Vicles VoR ($ 85.) ihm gethan werden. 23. Der betrübte Vater glaubt, sein Sohn werte von VOCABULARY. dem erbitterten Feinde erschossen worden sein. 24. Die Freundin behauptete, NG*brecyen, tobrcak off, Dafür þalten, to be of Klagen, to complain, | 25. Der Arme flagte , daß er gewaltsam fortgeschleppt worden wäre. daß das Unglüd durch die Schuld tes Nachbars herbeigeführt worden wäre. crop, pluck. opinion, to deem. lament. Auf'fallend, startling, Dar'bieten, to present, lösen, to solve, un EXERCISE 139. striking, remark- offer. riddle. 1. It was said that everybody would love those children. = It able. Ehren, to honour, re- Ora'fel, n. oracle. was said those children would be loved by everybody. 2. The Nus'rufen, to call out. spect, esteem. Rithjel,n.riddle,enig- teacher believes that the scholars could have learned their exerNeuößere, n. counte- Gin'nehmen, to occupy, cise. = The teacher believes that the exercise could have been nance, exterior. take possession of. Spiel, n. game, play. learned by the scholars. 3. The gardener said he would dig toBefürch'ten, to fear, ap- Fort'jlepren, to drag, Troja, n. Troy. morrow in the garden. = The gardener said it would be dug by prehend. pull along Me'bermaß, n. excess, him to-morrow in the garden. 4. We wish that you may love and Begnazigen, to par. Graben, to dig, grub, superfluity. esteom your friends.=We wish that your friends may be loved don, favour. ditch. lle'brigens, as for the and esteemed by yon. 5. We believed not that we should ever Beißen, to bite. Griechiich, Greek, Hel. rest, besides. have been praised by our teachers, and that we should have Besa'ßung, f. garri. lenic. Verfün'digen, to satisfied them in everything. 6. It is impossible that you could Hintergehen, to de. nounce, predict. have received the intelligence before us, except it might have Veste'chung, f. corrup- ceive, delude. Vermu'then, to sup- been communicated to you by telegraph. 7. How is it possible tion, bribery. Hirsch, m. stag, hart, pose, presume, that this undertaking could have been finished by you ? 8. We Cartha'go, n.Carthage. deer. think. doubt very much that we can ever be rewarded for our troubles, RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. and that the promises can ever be fulfilled. 9. How could it be Er wollte nicht erlauben, taš jener He would not allow that that possible that that people was governed badly, when it had so wise and good a prince ? 10. The poor slave complained that Mann gc'rufen werte. man should be called. he had been forcibly dragged along, and in the excess of his Sie hatten vergebens gehofft', daß They had vainly hoped that the tie viclen fleinen Her'zegthümer in grief he cried out, “ Oh, that I had never been born!” many little dukedoms would Provin'zen cinógetheilt würden. be divided into provinces. SECTION LXXIII.-IDIOMS OF PREPOSITIONS. Man glaubt, taß bei diesem letten It is supposed that, by this late The preposition wezen is often compounded with the genitive Sturme viele Shiffe verschlnägen (last) storm, many vessels of personal pronouns ($ 57. (2)], which in this connection subworten seien. have been cast away. stitute t or et for the final r; as:—Meinetwegen (instead of meinct: Er erzähl'te mir, tab meine Ab'hand. He told (Sect. LXXXII. 1) me wegen), on my account, for my sake (literally, on accommt of me). lungen über diesen Geógenstand that my dissertations con- Seinetwezen nur bin ich gefommen, on his account only have I come. Tehr gelobt' worden wären. cerning this affair had been 1. The preposition zu is often used after certain verbs (as, very much lauded. machen, werten, wiblon, etc.) to mark the result of an action, or Da die fürst'liche Familie ge'gen- Since the princely family is the end or destination of a thing ; as :—Sie haben ihn zum Feint wärtig ist, so vermu'thet man, daß present, it is conjectured gemacht, you have made him (to) an enemy, or, you made an enemy tiesen Abend ein großes Concert' that a great concert will be of him. Das Gif wird zu Wasser, the ice becomes (to) water. Sie werte gegeben werden. given this evening. wiblten ihn zum Kaiser, they elected him (to the) emperor. Ich hoffe, daß in furzer Zeit alle I hope that in (a) short time 2. Vertacht auf Iemand haben, or, Jemand im Verdachte haben (liteHin'dernisse von ihm werten über. all hindrances will have been rally, to have suspicion upon one, or, to hold one in suspicion) wun'den worden sein. surmounted by him. answers to our " to suspect ;' - Ich habe Vertacht auf ihn, or, EXERCISE 138. ich habe ihn im Bertachte, I suspect him, or, I have suspicion of 1. && wird gesagt, daß der Schauspieler cine Vorstellung gebe. = Es (upon) him. wird gesagt, daß eine Vorstellung von dem Schauspieler gegeben werte. 2. VOCABULARY. Der Nachbar glaubt, taß der Knabe seine Eltern täusche. Der Nambar | An'fleiren, to dress, Krankheit, f. sickness, Verracot', m. suspi. glaubt, daß die Eltern von dem Knaben getäuscht werden. 3. Die Kinder attire. illness, malady, cion. sagten, der Jäger schösse ben Birich. = Die Kinter jagten, der Hirsch würre Aufwärterin, f. female disease. Weiter, farther, more von dem Jäger geschossen. 4. Man befürchtet, der wund beiße tie Leute.= servant, waiting Mittag, m. noon, mid- distant. Man befürchtet, die Leute würden von dem Hunde gebissen. 5. Man ver day. Werfen, to thron, muthet, der Freund habe den Freund hintergangen. = Man vermuthet, der Aus“zchrung, f. con. Mitternacht, f. mid- cast. Freund sei vom Freunde bintergangen worden. 6. Der Vater meinte, sumption. night. Werzuf', whereupon, daß die Kinder das Stüd gesvielt bätten. = Der Vater meinte, daß das Baden, to bathe. Srijen, to eat; zu on which Stück von ren Kindern geipielt worden wäre. 7. Er erzählte mir, tab Früb'studen, to break- Mittag speisen, to Zuerst', at first, for die Märchen die Blumen in seinem Garten abgebrochen bätten. = Er fast. dine. the first. zāblte mir, daß dic Blumen in seinein Garten von den Mirden wiren RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. abgebrochen worden. 8. Der alte Soltat rief aus, daß er seinen Felt: herrn nie vergessen werde. = Der alte Soldat rief aus, daß sein Haben Sie gehört', an was für einer Have you heard what disease Feldherr nie von ihm werte vergessen werden. 9. Die Mutter sagte, Krankheit der Reisende gestor'ben the traveller (has) died of ? sie werde diesen Nachmittag im Garten graben. = Die Mutter sagte, ist? ed werde diesen Nachmittag im Garten von ihr gegraben werten. So viel (Sect. XXXIV. 4) ich As far as I know, he (has) died 10. Ich möchte wissen, ob Sie ihn würden geehrt haben. = Ich möchte weiß, ist er an der Cho'lera ge- of the cholera. wissen, ob von Ihnen würde gechrt worden sein. 11. Ich dachte stor'ben. nicht anders, als daß er das Spiel werde gewonnen haben. = Ich dachte Aleran'der ter Große starb an ciner Alexander the Great died of (a) nicht anders, als daß das Spiel von ihm werte gewonnen worden sein. 12. Krankheit zu Wa'bylon im trei sickness at Babylon in the Das Oratel verfündigte ihm, er werde siegen. 13. Er sagte mir, er werde und drei'bigsten Jahre seines Les thirty-third year of his life. von Jedermann geliebt und geachtet. 14. &r behauptet, das Räthsel sei bens. durch ihn gelöst worden. 15. Die Geschichte meldet, daß Troja von den Auf wen haben Sie Vertacht'? Whom do you suspect? (Tpon gricchischen Fürsten zerstört worden sei. 16. Gr sagte ihm, er würde seinet: whom have you suspicion?) wegen (Sect. LXXIII. 1) Alles zu thun bereit sein. 17. Der Freund be. Ich habe ihn im Verradh'te, michy I suspect him of having robbed flagte sich, taß er so wenig von mir besucht mirte. 18. Man sagt, Ungarn beraubt zu haben. me. (I have him in suspicion sei durch Bestechung, nicht durch Gewalt der Waffen besicgt worden. 19. to have robbed me.) Mein Nachbar sagte mir, tas Aeußere dieses Mannes böte nichts Auffallendes Nachdem ich zu Nacht gespeist' Haben After I shall have supped I shall tar, aber seine Seele ware geziert durch eine Menge trefflicher Gigenichaften. werte, gehe ich aus. (After I shall have 20. Der alte Cato schloß eine jede Rede mit den Worten : Uebrigens halte Page 7
LESSONS IN BOOKKEEPING.–VII. 26th, Bought of Andrews and Co., London, HOME TRADE. 14 bags of Maçanham Cotton (on credit), When you see in a city, such as London, a space of ground Net 4350 lbs. at 7d. per lb. £135 18 dug up to a certain depth, and surrounded by a hoarding, you 31st. naturally conclude that a building is about to be commenced, Accepted Two Bills drawn by Andrews and Co., London, that a superstructure is about to be raised, and that its No. 2, Payable to their Order, due at 3 months £327 5 0 foundation is in the process of preparation. You are still » 3, Smith and Co. 4 months 135 18 more convinced of the fact, when you see cartloads of stone, brick, and lime deposited within the hoard, and workmen February 1st. proceeding to prepare the mortar and stones or bricks for Sold to Brown and Smith, London, 22 bags of Berbice Cotton (at 1 mo, credit), the foundation. So it is in the system of Bookkeeping by Net 7280 lbs, at 101d. per lb. £318 10 0 Double Entry, which we are about to lay before you. We Discount at 1) per cent. 4 15 7 Irust begin with a series of transactions in business, which are arranged in the exact order of their occurrence, as the materials £313 14 to be employed in forming a system or superstructure which 5th. shall constitute a model for your guidance in keeping the books Drew out of the London and Westminster Bank £100 0 0 of any mercantile house in which you may hereafter be engaged. 5th. We have selected the supposed transactions of a particular branch of home trade-namely, that of a cotton merchant, as £100 0 0 Lent to Thomas Watson, London we well adapted, from its simplicity and generality, to exem. 10th. plify the principles which we have explained in former lessons. Bought of White and Co., London, We have arranged these transactions in order from January, 24 bags of West India Cotton (at 1 mio. credit), £202 Net 7460 lbs. at 6 d. per lb. when we suppose the business to be commenced, till June, 0 10 Discount at 1) per cent. 3 0 7 when we suppose a balance to be struck, and the merchant's real worth ascertained. These six months' transactions in £199 0 the cotton trade are interspersed with various banking, bill, 14th, and cash transactions, such as might be supposed to occur in sold to Williams and Co., London, the business of a cotton merchant resident in the metropolis ; 14 bags of Grenada Cotton (at I mo. credit), and the whole is afterwards entered in the various subsidiary Net 4312 lbs. at 9 d. per lb. £170 13 8 books which belong to such a business; then into the Journal; Discount at 14 per cent. 2 11 and, lastly, into the Ledger. The General Balance is then taken, and the difference between the Assets and Liabilities, or £168 2 6 the real worth of the merchant, is ascertained from the Ledger 17th. alone. The remarks which it will be necessary to make con- Bought of White and Co., London, cerning the method of Balancing the Books--a process equivalent 24 bags of West India Cotton (at 1 mo. credit), £229 11 to the taking of stock among tradesmen and others, who only Discount at 1} per cent. nse Single Entry—we must postpone until we have shown how 8 10 to make up the Subsidiary Books of our system. £226 2 4 21st. MEMORANDA OF TRANSACTIONS. Sold to Williams and Co., London, 1863.-January 1st. 16 bags of Grenada Cotton (at 1 ma credit), Began business with a Capital of £120000 Net 4928 lbs. at 9 d. per lb. £195 1 Discount at 12 per cent. 2 18 3rd. Deposited my Capital in the London and Westminster £192 2 10 Bank £1200 0 0 22nd. Received of Thomas Watson, London, 5th. My Loan of the 5th instant £100 0 0 Drew ont of the London and Westminster Bank . £10 0 22nd. 5th, Deposited in the London and Westminster Bank £100 0 0 Took from Cash for Petty Cash £5 0 0 25th. Bought of the East India Company, 7th. 10 Lots of Madras Cotton (prompt April 25th), viz., Bought of Ogmond and Co., London, No. 1. containing 12 bales, net 4320 lbs. at 4d. per lb. £72 0 0 22 bags of Berbice Cotton (on credit), 2. 12 4260 71 0 0 Net 7280 lbs. at 9 d. per lb. £288 3 3. 12 4132 68 17 4. 12 4084 68 10th, 5. 12 3976 66 Took from Cash for Petty Cash £5 0 0 6. 12 4092 68 0 12th. 7. 12 4300 80 12 8. Bought of Andrews and Co., London, 12 4184 78 0 9. 12 3896 73 0 30 bags of Grenada Cotton (on credit), 10. 12 4004 75 Net 9240 lbs. at 8}d. per lb. 1 £327 5 0 17th. £721 12 0 Drew out of the London and Westminster Bank £985 0 25th, Due to James Manning, London, 17th. For his Brokerage on £721 12s. at . per cent. £3 12 2 Bought £1000 of Stock in the Three per Cents. Consols, 26th. at 981 per cent. £985 0 Drew out of the London and Westminster Bank £120 0 0 21st. 26th. Accepted a Bill drawn by Osmond and Co., London, 50 Lent to Darling and Co., of London 0 0 No. 1, Payable to their Order, due at 3 months £288 3 4 28th. 22nd. Drew out of the London and Westminster Bank . Paid the East Iudia Company their Deposit on £10 0 10 Lots of Cotton at £6 per Lot £60 0 22nd. 28th, Took out of Cash for my Private Account £10 0 0 Took out of Cash for Petty Cash £10 0 VOL. III. 56 Page 8
83.2 cubic inches then at 600 weigh 35 grains. We can now, sie. Dann ging sie hinaus zweimal am Tage auf den Hof by taking a second proportion, readily find the weight of 100 Dan ghink zee hĩn-ouss tswi-mahl am tah-gai ouf dain hoof cubic inches. und streuete die Krümchen hin, und die Vöglein flogen herbei As 83-2 : 100 :: 35 : 42.067. ošnt shtroi'-ai-tai dee krü'm'-yen hin, dont dee fö'g'-line flo'-ghen herr-bi Now the same volume of air weighs 31.0117 grains. The spe und picten sie auf. Dem Mädchen aber zitterten die Sande 40.067 cific gravity of the gas is, therefore, 31.0117 Kälte. vor Frost in ter bittern Da We will now append a table of the specific gravities of common belauschten sie die Aeltern Dah bai-loush'-ten zee dee eltern substances. More extensive lists can be found in chemical and fore frðst in dair bit'-tern keľ-tai. other books. It may be well just to mention that sometimes 1000 und freuten sich des lieblichen Anblids und sprachen: Warum instead of 1 is taken as the specific gravity of water or air, the ošnt froi-ten ziy dess loop'-li-yen an'-blicks ðšnt shprah'-chen: Vah'-rððm only difference, however, is that the number is then a whole thust du das, Minna ? number, instead of a decimal. toost doo dass, min'-na ? SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLIDS. Es ist ja Alles mit Schnee und Eis bepedt, antiportete Gold 19.250 Glass, crown 2.520 Mahogany, Ess ist yah al-less mit shney dont ice bai-deckt, ant'-Fòr-tai-tai Silver 10-470 flint 2 900* Spanish 1.063 Minna, daß die Thierchen nichts finden nun sind fie Copper 8.900 Coal 1.300 Cork min'-na, dass dee teer'-yen nỉyts fin'-den kön'-nen; noon zint zee Iron, cast 7.218 Diamond 3:521 Ivory 1.917 wrought. 7.780 Beeswax 0.960 barum Chalk 2.660* arın, füttere ich sie, so wie die reichen Menschen die armen Stoel 7.820 Oak, seasoned 0-743 Granite 2.700* arm, dal roõm fit -tai-rai ly zee, zo vee dee ri-yen men-shen dee ar-men Zinc 7.191 Elm 0 671 Sandstone 2: 400* unterstüßen und ernäbren. Brass 8.390 Beech 0.852 Limestone 2.650* Còn'-ter-shtüt"sen ošnt err-ney'-ren, Tin 7.291 Fir 0 550 Marble 2.700* Da fagte der Vater : Aber bu fannst sie toch nicht alle Platinum 21-470 Ebony, American l-331 Brick 2.000* Dah zahch'-tai dair fah'-ter: ah'-ber doo kanst zee doch niýt al-lai Lead 11:350 Pine, white 0.550 Portland stone 2-500* versorgen! SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF LIQUIDS. ferr-zör'-ghen! Water 1.000 Nitric acid, Spirits of wine 0.835 Die Fleine Minna antwortete: Thun benn nicht alle Kinder Sea-water 1:028 commercial. 1.500 Blool 1.053 Dee kli'-nai min'-na ant-võr-tai-tai: Toon den nỉyt al-lai kin'-der Mercury 13:590 Sulphuric acid, Turpentine 0.880 Muriatic acid, commercial. 1.85 Milk 1.032 in der ganzen Welt wie ich, so wie ja auch alle reichen Leute commercial. 1.2001 Alcohol, absolute 0790 Olive oil 0915 in dair gan-tsen velt vee iý, zo vee yah ouch al'-lai ri-yen loi’-tai SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF GASES. die armen verpflegen ? Der Vater aber blidte die Air 1.000, Nitrogen 0-972 Marsh gas 0.559 dee ar-men ferr-pfley'-ghen? Dair fah'-ter ah'-ber blick-tai des Oxygen 1.106 Chlorine 2: 170 Coal gas 0.46* Mutter bc8 Mägdleing an und sagte: bu heilige Gint. Hydrogen 0.069 I Carbonic acid. 1.529 mobt-ter dess meyyt-lines an oont zahá'-tai: o doo hi’-li-gai ine'EXAMPLES Falt! 1. A piece of silver wire weighs 95-2 grains. The flask filled with falt! VOCABULARY. distilled water weighs 251-2 grains; but when the wire is put in, it weighs 33721 grains. What is the specific gravity of the silver? bene- | Dem, dative m.and n. | Arm, poor. Wohlthäterin, 2. A body weighs 871 grains in air and 357 in water: what is its factress. (Wobl, to the. Darum, therefore specific gravity ? n. good; adverb, Mädchen, n. girl, maid. (tar-, instead of da., 3. Required the weights of blocks of elm, limestone, and lead, each well, perhaps. Zittern, to tremble. there). measuring 10 inches x 6 x 3. That, f. deed; Tha Bor, with, before. Ich, I. 4. An hydrometer, weighing 180 grains, requires 60 grains to sink it ter, m. doer, actor; Kälte, f. cold. Füttern, to feed. in water to the mark, when immersed in oil it only takes 40 grains. -in, affix, to form Belauschen, to watch, So, so. What is the specific gravity of the oil ? feminine nouns; listen (be-, prefix, Reich, rich. 5. The same instrument requires 34 grains to be added when a stone is laid on the upper tray; but when removed to the lower, 44-5 thätig, doing, ac- as be in besmear, Mensch, m. man, hiare needed. makes a verb tran. Find the specific gravity of the stone. tive. sein, to be.) man being. 6. A piece of metal weighed 15 ounces in air and 13-08 ounces in War, was. sitive). Unterstüßen, to aswater. It was then attached to a piece of wood, and the two together Ralt, cold. Lieblich, lovely (-lich, sist (unter, under; weighed 18:3 ounces in air and 11:46 in water. Required the specific Sammeln, to gather. affirmative, -ly, Stūße, f. prop). gravity of the wood. Einzig, only. -ous, -able, -like). Ernähren, to feed, 7. 48 pounds of copper are mixed with 27 pounds of zinc. Find the Tochter, f. daughter. Anblic, m. sight support. specific gravity of the compound. Acltern, Gltern, pa- (Blic, m. look; an- Doch, yet, however. rents, pl. bliden, to look Nicht, not. ANSWERS TO EXAMPLES IN LESSON III, übrig, over. at). Versorgen, to supply, 1. Its specific gravity is 2.656. Bleiben, to remain, Sprechen, to speak. provide (Sorgen, 2. The specific gravity of the liquid is or 1.3125. stay. Warum, wherefore to care ; ver., pre8 3. The water in the flask weighs 165 grains, while the same bulk of Bewahren, to preserve, (-um, for, about). fix, for, before, aoil weighs only 140 grains. Its specific gravity is, therefore, ial, or kеер. . Thun, to do. way, astray). 0.848. Dann, then. Du, thou. Denn, then, for. 4. It would be immersed either way •85, or ][ of its depth. If the Gehen, to go. Das, demonstrative Ganz, whole. 10-inch side is vertical it sinks * 10, or 8) inches. If the other Sinaus, out. pronoun, that. Welt, f. world. side, the immersion is 17 x 14, or 11% inches. Zwei, two; Mar, n. 3ft, is. Leute, pl. people. 5. The rope has to sustain 23344 pounds, or 1 ton and 943 pounds. time. Ja, indeed, yes, truly. Verpflegen, pflegen, to Tag, m. day. (Es ist ja? is it support, to nurse. READINGS IN GERMAN.-II. Hof, m. yard, court, not ?) Matter, f. mother. farm. Sonce, m. snow. Magd, f. servant, 2. Die fleine Wohlth återin. Streuen, to strew. Eis, n. ice. maid. Dee kli'-nai vole'-tey-tai-rin. Herbei, np (her., here, Beređen, to cover. Heilig, holy. Es war ein talter strenger Winter. Da sammelte die hither, indicates Taß, conjunction, Einfalt, f. simpliEss vahr ine kal-ter shtreng'-er vin'-ter. Dah zam'-mel-tai dee motion towards that. city. Fleine Minna, bie einzige Tortter wohlthätiger Aetern, die the speaker). Nichts, nothing. kli-nai min'-na, dee ine'-tsi-gai toc'ter volo'-tey-ti-gher el'-tern, dee Krümchen und Brosamen, rie übrig blieben und bewahrete KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GERMAN. krü'm'.yen ont bro'-zah-men, dee û" briy bled'-ben öðnt bai-vab'-rai-tai EXERCISE 79 (Vol. I., page 382). • The different specimens of these vary considerably, tho numbers 1. Die nie zu ergründende Allmacht Gottes. 2. Ich bin hier, anstatt given are therefore approximations only. meine Bruders. 3. Das Widerstehen der Polen war verzweiflung&roll; Page 9
Once for all, I must refer my readers to the opening expla- Adele ah-de-lai Adeline, a woman's name. nation, where I stated that there is no English equivalent to Adiro ah-dée-ro I provoke to anger. Adoro ah-do-ro I adore. the second, open or circumflexed sound of the e, as in the first Aduno ah-doo-no I unite, I assemble others. syllable of ebano. For that reason, I have not attempted to Adda á hd-dah The river Adda. imitate it by an English sound; and have therefore simply Edda éd-dah The Edda of Scandinavian marked it by the circumflex sign. In all cases of the e circum Iddio Id-dée-o God. [literature. flexed, the reader must studiously avoid the English sound of Adduco ahd-doo-ko I lead to. e, which would only create the greatest confusion. Gaza Gah-dzah Gaza in Palestine. always bear in mind what I have stated, that an approximation Geto jê-to Jess (in falconry). to the circumflexed e is to be found in the e of the English Gita jée-tah A walk, trip. Godo words let and ever; only uttered with a wider opening of the gó-do I rejoice. mouth and a deeper sound. The circumflexed e is invariably Gufo A horned owl. lai-gáb-mai the accent of tone. A tie, ligament. áhn-jai-lo Angel. Angina ahn-jée-nah Inflammation of the throat. Abila sh-bee-lai Able. Vigore vee-gó-rai Vigour. Obolo (Latin, obolus) 6-bo-lo Farthing. Arguto ahr-góo-to Ingenious, witty. Paggi The reader must bear in mind, that this is the second or less páhd-jee Pages (attendants). frequent sound of o, something like the English o in the words The pronunciation of gg depends on the vowel that follows orange and lord, but with a wider opening of the mouth and a the latter g. If that vowel is e or i, the gg's are pronounced deeper sound. I give it the circumflex mark, because it is the somewhat as if the first g had merely the sound of d; and the less common sound. Wherever it occurs in my lessons, it will second g, which goes to the next syllable, like the English j in invariably denote, as in the case of the circumflexed e, the jay, only the voice must not pause too long on the d of the accent of tone as well as the peculiar sound of the o. syllable where the first g occurs; the stress must be laid on it, and the voice must glide as quickly as possible to the proAduso ah-bóo-zo Abuse. nunciation of the second g, which must be very soft. In this I shall have occasion to speak of the two sounds of s when I way there will be effected a more equal distribution of the sound emplain the sounds of the semi-vowels. j between the two syllables, which will produce the correct sound Babbo (Tuscan) báhb-bo Papa. of the gg. It is a fundamental rule of Italian pronunciation that double consonants must be uttered and vibrated distinctly. This is LESSONS IN MUSIC.—XV. essentially necessary, not only as it augments the beauty and marks the orthography of words, but as it frequently distin ILLUSTRATIONS OF MENTAL EFFECT OF FAH AND guishes words of totally different meaning, but differing only LAH- —(continued). in spelling by the single consonant instead of the double one; 1. In the last lesson we requested our pupils to study, in the as, for example, caro, dear, and carro, a car; as I shall have examples given, the proper mental effect of the note Fau. But occasion later more fully to illustrate. Where a or any other our attention was specially called to its effect in slow music. vowel precedes a double consonant, a particular stress must be Let us now take one example of the remarkable manner in laid on that vowel, and its sound must be shortened. I have which this effect is modified by quickened movement and a lively not attempted to indicate that shortening of the sound of rhythm. The following is an old song-tune, which was composed the vowel by any new sign, because a frequent change of sign by the great Henry Purcell. Meant, at first, as it would seem, only creates confusion, and the truo pronunciation is obvious for the nursery rhyme of “Old Woman, whither so high,” but from the necessity of giving a vibrating clearness to the double which was put to a peculiar use by Lord Wharton in the memorable consonants. year A.D. 1688. Wishing to throw ridicule on an unpopular lordBebbe (for bevve) béb-bai He drank. lieutenant of Ireland, whom King James II. had just appointed, he composed a doggrel ballad, which, by the charm of the music, The English e, whenever it is sounded as in the word get, conquered the hearts of the king's own army. Bishop Burnet corresponds to the shortened sound of the first sound of e (ai). says:--"A foolish ballad was made about that time, which had Gilbi (for gobbi) jib'-bee Hunchbacks. a burden said to be Irish words—Lero, Lero, Lilliburlero'The reader must not forget my previous observation that g that made an impression on the king's army that cannot be before e and i is sounded as in the English word ginger. imagined by those who saw it not. The whole army, and at last, Gotho the people both in city and country, were singing it perpetually ; gób-bo A hunchback, Dubbi and perhaps never had so slight a thing so great an effect.” dóob-bee Doubts. Cado káh-do I fall. “Lord Wharton,” says Mr. W. Chappell, in his valuable . Col. Cecino tchai-tchée-no A wild swan. lection of National English Airs,' “boasted publicly of having Cito tchée-to Quickly. rhymed King James out of his dominions. But he might, with Coda kó-dah Tail. far greater justice, have given the credit to Purcell, without Cute kóo-tai Skin. whose irresistibly fascinating tune his lordship’s rhymes would, Dricato doo-káh-to Dukedom, ducat. in all probability, have fallen as harmless as his enemies could Riceto ree-tchái-vo I receive. have wished.” But where lies the power of ridicule in this tune, Incido in-tchée-do I cut. Ancona thus so remarkably proved ? Undoubtedly the elegant melody, an-kó-na Ancona. with its various rhythm, forms the magic spell which detains the It is obvious that not only before double consonants not in ear; but the poison of the bowl, the sting of the ridicule, the the same syllable, but even before one consonant in the same mockery of the laugh, is in that note Fau-the fourth of the sylable, a or any vowel must be shortened in the Italian, as scale—so persistently recurring on the marked accents of the perhaps in any other language. It is therefore unnecessary to measure-ever and anon showing itself with cold sarcastic curl. use any sign. ing lip out of the midst of “wreathed smiles.” Every one who Laciena lah-kóo-nah Pool, swamp sings the song must feel that Fay is the note on which his feel. Racco bák-ko Bacchus. ings of contempt would find expression, if he can suppose his Becco bek-ko Beak. heart to be filled with the old animosity against “ the new pik-kah Spear. Deputie.” a former lesson we noticed how the note me is búk-kah Mouth. used to express contempt. But that was the contempt of pride, sóok-ko Juice. that despises and passes by. This is the contempt that looks dáh-do Die for gaming. long enough at its object to loathe it. Let our pupils, however, dái.vo I ought, I must. Tito dée-to Finger. judge of all these matters for themselves by actual experiment. Dopo do-po After, afterwards. Let our own opinions be doubted, discussed, even rejecteddóo-tchai General. anything so that our pupils only observe and think for them. ai-dán-tchai Gluttonous.
Picca Bocca Succo Duda Dero Page 10
In singing this round take care to keep the time accurately. EXERCISE 1. Here four voices should follow each other just as three Give the algebraical expressions for the following statements voices did in the last case. FAH is well illustrated here. in words :If you sing the round with four voices, or even with only two, 1. The product of the difference of a and h into the sum of b, c, you will have an opportunity of comparing the consonance, FAH and d, is equal to 37 times m, added to the quotient of b divided by with Lay, with the semi-dissonance Fah with TE. Directly the the sum of h and b. second voice gets on to the bar containing LAH, LAH, TE, TE, 2. The sum of a and b, is to the quotient of b divided by c, as the the first voice will be singing FAH, FAH, FAH, FAH. TE with product of a into c, is to 12 times h. FAH" is usually treated as a dissonance; but it is a very 3. The sum of a, and c, divided by six times their product, is equal piquant and useful one. Notice whether your own taste and to four times their sum diminished by d. ear do not require, what musicians demand, that it should be 4. The quotient of 6 divided by the sum of a and b, is equal to 7 followed by the consonance “ME with non,” the Fal descending times d, diminished by the quotient of b, divided by 36. on Me, and the Te ascending to Doh. 34. We now give an example of the method of writing out algebraical expressions in words. EXAMPLE.- What will the following expression become, when LESSONS IN ALGEBRA.-II. words are substituted for the signs ? DEFINITIONS (continued). ALGEBRAICAL EXPRESSION. a+b abc-6m + 27. When four quantities are proportional, the proportion is h a+c expressed by points, in the same manner as in the Rule of Pro. STATEMENT IN WORDS.—The sum of a and b divided by h, is portion in arithmetic. Thus a : b::c:d signifies that a has to equal to the product of a, b, and c, diminished by 6 times m, b, the ame ratio which c has to d. And ab :cd :: a+m : b+n, and increased by the quotient of a divided by the sum of a andĆ. means that ab is to cd, as the sum of a and m, to the sum of EXERCISE 2. b and n. 28. Algebraic quantities are said to be like, when they are Write out the following algebraical expressions in words :expressed by the same letters, and are of the same power ; and 1. ab + = d * a + b +0 X + y unlike, when the letters are different, or when the same letter is 6 + b raised to different powers. Thus ab, 3ab, -ab, and —bab, are C - 60 2. a + 7 (h + x) (+ h) (b - c). like quantities, because the letters are the same in each, although 2a + 4 the signs and co-efficients are different. But 3a, 34, 3br, are d-4 3. a-b:ac :: :3 x (h + d + y). unlike quantities, because the letters are unlike, although there is no difference in the signs and co-efficients. So x, xx, and cxx, a —h d + ab ba x (d. + h) cd are unlike quantities, because they are different powers of the 3 + (6 — c) 2m h + d m samo quantity. (They are usually written 2, 22, and wo.) And 35. At the close of an algebraic process it is often necessary universally if any quantity is repeated as a factor a number of to restore the numbers for which letters have been substituted times in one instance, and a different number of times in another, at the beginning. In doing this the sign * must not be omitted the products will be unlike quantities; thus, a, coce, and c, are between the numbers, as it generally is between factors expressed unlike quantities. But if the same quantity is repeated as a by letters. Thus if a stands for 3, and b for 4, the product ab factor the same number of times in each instance, the products is not 34, but 3 ~ 4, i.e., 12. are like quantities. Thus, aaa, aaa, aaa, and aga are like EXAMPLE.-If a = 1, b = 2, c= 3, and d 4 what is the quantities. ad bc 29. One quantity is said to be a multiple of another, when the numerical value of the expression +c+- ? b former contains the latter a certain number of times without a remainder. Thus 10a is a multiple of 2a; and 24 is a multiple Substituting the value given above for each letter, the algead bc 1 x 4 of 6. braical expression tct becomes in figures + 3 + 6 30. One quantity is said to be a measure of another, when the 2 x 3 4 former is contained in the latter any number of times, without or 2 + 3 + 6, which is equal to 11. a remainder. Thus 36 is a measure of 15b; and 7 is a measure of 35. EXERCISE 3. 31. The value of an expression, is the number or quantity for Find the values of the following algebraic expressions, supwhich the expression stands. Thus the value of 3+4 is 7; that posing a = 3; 6 = 4; c= 2; d = 6; m = 8; and n=10: 16 of 3x4 is 12; and that of is 2. ad 1. • 32. The RECIPROCAL of a quantity, is the quotient arising from dividing A UNIT by that quantity. The reciprocal of a is a; the + cd b + ad b + 4on reciprocal of a +b is the reciprocal of 4 is + bcm 33. In commencing arithmetic the learner has to study the ab + 3d 3bn meth 4. bm + of expressing words by figures, and, vice verså, figures by words; so in algebra he must first accustom himself to convert 26 statements made in words into algebraical expressions, and also 5. ebm + to write out algebraical expressions in words. We give two m - 6 examples, first of all, of the method of converting statements in 6. (a + c) * (n – m) + words into algebraical expressions, and follow them by an exercise a x (d + c) (c + b) x (m d) to the same. The answers to the examples in this exercise will 7. n - bc be found at the end of our next lesson. (44 - b) x (a EXAMPLES.—What is the algebraic expression for the follow 8. - cb + 2n + 3 ing statements, in which the letters a, b, c, etc., may be supposed to represent any given quantities ? POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE QUANTITIES. STATEMENT IN WORDS (1).—The product of a, b, and c, 36. A POSITIVE or AFFIRMATIVE quantity is one which is to divided by the difference of c and d, is equal to the sum of b and be added, and has the sign + preficed to it. (Art. 11.) c added to 15 times h. abc 37. A NEGATIVE quantity is one which is required to be subALGEBRAICAL EXPRESSION (1).– =b+c+15h. TRACTED, and has the sign — prefixed to it. (Art. 10 and 11.) STATEMENT IN WORDS (2).—The sum of a, 26, and 3c is When several quantities enter into a calculation, it is frequently equal to the difference of d and e divided by 10 times the pro- necessary that some of them should be added together, whilo duct of f and g. others are subtracted. d-e ALGEBRAICAL EXPRESSION (2).-a + 2b +3c = If, for instance, the profits of trade are the subject of calcu10 g lation, and the gain is considered positive, the loss will be Page 11
EXERCISE 74 (Vol. I., page 356). votre bourse? 13. Nous l'avons laissée chez le marchand. 14. Avez1. À quelle heure votre ami s'en va-t-il ? 2. Il s'en va tous les matins vous acheté les belles gravures que j'ai vues chez votre libraire ? 15. à neuf heures. 3. Vous en allez-vous avec lui ? Je ne les ai pas vues. 4. Je m'en vais avec 16. Votre mère les a-t-elle achetées ? 17. Elle lui, quand j'ai le temps. 5. Voulez-vous vous dépêcher de finir votre petite fille a-t-elle cassé mes tasses ? 19. Elle les a cassées exprés. 18. Cette a acheté des livres, mais elle n'a pas acheté de gravures. lettre? 6. Je me dépêche de la finir. 7. Le jardinier se fâche-t-il contre son frère ? 8. Il se fàche contre lui, quand il ne se dépêche tous les six mois. 20. Cette dame reçoit-elle ses revenus tous les mois? 21. Elle les reçoit 22. La maison que vous avez achetée est-elle grande ! pas. 9. Dépêchez-vous, mon ami, il est dix heures. 10. Pourquoi ne vous dépêchez-vous pas ? 11. Je me plais à jouer, mais 23. Je n'ai pas acheté de maison. 24. Avez-vous reçu hier une lettre pas à étudier. 12. Vous plaisez-vous chez moi? 13. Je m'y plais. 26. Avez-vous parlé à ces dames ? ne me plais de M. votre père ? 25. J'ai reçu une lettre de lui, il y a quatre jours. 14. Vous réjouissez-vous de l'arrivée de votre mère ? 27. Je leur ai parlé. 28. Leur 15. Je m'en réjouis. 16. Votre frère n'a-t-il pas tort de s'en aller si tôt ? avez-vous donné des fleurs ? 29. Je leur en ai donné. 30. Les livres 17. Il a raison de s'en aller, il a beaucoup à faire à la maison. que vous avez achetés, sont-ils reliés ? 31. Non, Monsieur, ils sont 18. Vous brochés, réjouissez-vous des malheurs d'autrui ? 19. Je ne m'en réjouis pas. 32. Avez-vous examiné cette maison ? 33. Je ne l'ai pas examinée, 20. Je me réjouis de votre succès. 21. M. votre frère ne s'approche. 34. Votre frère en a examiné plusieurs. t-il pas du feu ? 22. Il s'éloigne du feu, il a trop chaud. 23. Cette demoiselle se fâche-t-elle contre vous ? 24. Elle se fåche d'un rien. 25. Vous plaisez-vous à Paris ? 26. Je m'y plais. 27. Pouvez-vous LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY.-XXVIII. vous passer de moi aujourd'hui ? 28. Nous ne pouvons nous passer de vous; dépêchez-vous de finir votre ouvrage. 29. Avez-vous besoin TABLE OF LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES OF PLACES IN de votre canif ? 30. J'ai besoin de m'en servir. 3i. Dépêchez-vous de EUROPE. vous lever, il est six heures. 32. Fait-il beau temps ? 33. Non, Monsieur, il pleut. 34. M. votre père se porte-t-il bien ce matin ? 33. Oui, In the present lesson we continue and bring to a conclusion cur Monsieur, il se porte bien. table of the latitudes and longitudes of places in the Continent of Europe. EXERCISE 75 (Vol. I., page 356). 1. Who has told you that? 2. The barrister has told it to me. 3. Have you spoken to him of this affair ? 4. I have not yet spoken Name of Place. Country, etc. Latitude. Longitade. to him about it. 5. Have you seen him lately? 6. I saw him a few days ago. 7, Did you not write yesterday? 8. We read and wrote the whole day. 9. Have you not taken off your gloves and shoes? Needles Lighthouse England. 50° 39' N 1° 36' w. 10. I have not taken off my gloves, but I have taken off my hat. 11. Negropont Archipelago 38 27 23 36 E. Has not the tailor put on his hat? 12. Yes, Sir, he has put on his Neustadt Austria 47 49 16 15 E. hat. 13. What have you done to that little boy? 14. I have done Nevers France 47 0 3 9 E. nothing to him. 15. Have you not told him that I am here? 16. I Newark England. 53 4 0 49 W. have not yet told him of it. 17. What have you studied this morning ? Newbury England. 51 55 1 20 W. 18. We have studied our lessons, and we have read our books. 19. Nice France 43 7 14 E. Has the minister's gardener planted the pear-tree? 20. He planted it Nieuport Belgium . 51 8 2 44 E. more than eight days ago. 21. Have you bought a black cloth coat? Nimeguen, or Nyme22. I have bought one. 23. Have you worn it to-day ? 24. I have gen Holland. 51 5 52 E. not worn it yet. 25. We have put on onr shoes and stockings this Nîmes, or Nismes France 43 51 4 21 E. morning. Nishnii, or Nijni EXERCISE 76 (Vol. I., page 356). Novgorod Russia 56 18 44 2 E. Nogent-sur-Seine France 48 29 3 30 E. 1. Avez-vous étudié aujourd'hui ? 2. Nous n'avons pas le temps Noirmoutier (I. de) France 47 0 2 15 W. d'étudier, nous avons lu une page. 3. N'avez-vous pas écrit à mon Nordkyn (Cape) Norway 71 9 27 42 E. frère ? 4. Je ne lui ai pas encore écrit. 5. L'Allemand n'a-t-il pas Nordlingen Bavaria 48 51 10 29 E. écrit à ma mère ? 6. Il ne lui a pas encore écrit. 7. Avez-vous dit North Cape Norway 12 25 46 E. à ma mère que j'ai pris ce livre ? 8. Je n'ai pas encore vu votre mère. Nottinglam England. 52 57 1 8W. 9. Qu'avez-vous fait ce matin? 10. Nous n'avons rien fait. 11. Avez Novara Italy 45 27 38 E. vous ôté votre habit ? 12. Je n'ai pas ôté mon habit, il fait trop froid. Novgorod Russia 58 36 31 17 E. 13. Le libraire a-t-il écrit à votre frère ? 14. Il lui a ecrit il y a long. Nuremberg Bavaria 49 27 11 5 E temps. 15. Lui a-t-il écrit il y a un mois ? 16. Il lui a écrit il y a Oczakow Russia 37 31 30 E. plus d'un an. 17. Avez-vous plantó un poirier ? 18. Nous en avons Odessa Russia 46 28 30 43 E. planté plusieurs. 19. Fait-il trop froid pour planter des arbres ? 20. Oldenburg Germany 53 8 8 12 E. Il fait trop chand. 21. Le jardinier, qu'a-t-il fait à votre petit garçon ? Oleron France 43 12 0 35 E. 22. Il ne iui a rien fait. 23. Quelqu'un lui a-t-il fait quelque chose ? Omer, St. France 50 45 2 15 E. 24. On ne lui a rien fait. 25. A-t-il quelque chose ? 26. Il n'a rien. Onega Russia 63 53 38 4 E. 27. M. votre •père a-t-il mis son chapeau noir ? 28. Non, Monsieur, Oporto Portugal. 41 7 8 33 W. il n'a pas mis son chapeau noir. 29. M. votre frère, qu'a-t-il dit ? 30. Orebro Sweden 59 15 12 E. Il n'a rien dit. Orel Russia 52 55 36 7 E. EXERCISE 77 (Vol. I., page 371). Orford Lighthouse. England. 52 6 1 32 E. Orleans France 47 1 55 E. 1. Have you brought us our clothes ? 2. We have not yet brought Ortegal (Cape) 43 Spain 47 7 them. 53 W. 3. Have you forgotten them? 4. We have not forgotten them, Prussia. Osnaburg 52 17 8 3 E. but we have not had time to bring them. 5. Why have you not called Ostend 51 Belgium , 14 2 the merchants? 6. I have called them, but they have not heard me. 54 E. Otranto Italy 40 8 18 7. Have you heard that music? 8. I bave heard it. 9. Have you not 30 E. Oxford England. 46 1 16 W. soen the pretty flowers which I have brought? 10. I have seen them; Paderborn Prussia 51 43 8 45 E. to whom have you given them? 11. I have given them to no person, Padua 45 Italy 23 11 I have kept them for you. 53 E. 12. Have you examined those engravings Palermo. 38 Sicily 7 13 well? 13. I have examined them well. 22 E. 14. Have you bought them? Mediterranean Sea 35 2 43 E. 15. I have not bought them. 16. Have you not received your income? Palma, Majorca (I). 42 Pamplona Spain 50 17. I have not yet received it. 18. Has the servant broken these cups? 1 12 w. Paris France 48 19. She has broken them. 50 2 20. Has she broken cups on purpose ? 21. Parma 48 Italy 10 19 E. She has broken none on purpose. 22. Have you bought bound or Paros (1.) Archipelago 37 2 25 sewed books? 23. I have bought bound books. ' 24. Have you said 11 E. Pavia Italy 45 11 9 those words to us? 25. We have said them to you, but you have for. Peniscola 40 Spain 24 0 25 E. gotten thom. 26. I have not forgotten your errand. Penrith . England. 54 41 2 EXERCISE 78 (Vol. I., page 371). Perekop. Russia 46 8 33 40 E. Perigueux France 45 11 0 44 E. 1. Avez-vous vu mes tasses ? 2. Je ne les ai pas encore vues. 3. Perm Russia 58 1 56 32 E. M'avez-vous apporté mes livres ? 4. Je ne les ai pas oubliés, je les ai Perpignan France 43 53 E. laissés cbez mon frère. 5. Votre mère a-t-elle appelé vos sœurs ? Pesaro Italy 43 55 19 53 E. 6. Elle ne les a pas encore appelées. 7. La domestique vous a-t-elle Peterborough . England. 52 35 0 16 W. dit cette nouvelle ? 8. Elle m'a dit cette nouvelle. 9. Elle me l'a Petersburg, Si. Russia 59 58 30 26 E. dite. 10. Avez-vous oublié ma commission ? 11. Nous ne l'avons Piacenza, Italy 3 9 40 E. pas oubliée, nous avons oublié votre argent. 12. Ou avez-vous laissé Page 12
LESSONS 10. Metue. IN LATIN.-XXVIII. erant quum milites a duce e castris in aciem educti sunt. bamus ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cincta esset. 11. Deus pie REGULAR VERBS.- THE THIRD CONJUGATION. colitor. 12. Leges divinæ ne contemnuntor. 13. Sapientes semper PASSIVE VOICE. ratione regi student. 14. Pueri provo excolendi sunt. 15. Ne vinci. EXAMPLE.-Lěgor, 3, I am read. tor cupiditatibus. 16. Non eris dives nisi divitiæ a to contempla erunt. 17. Contemnens voluptates, diligèris. 18. Quoad literis honos Chief Parts : Lögor, lectus sum, lègi. Characteristic lettor, E short. crit, Græci et Latini scriptores in scholis legentur. PRESENT TENSE. EXERCISE 99.--ENGLISH-LATIN. Indicative, Subjunctive. Imperative. Infinitive. Participle. 1. My mind will be cultivated. 2. My brother's mind has been cul. Sing. Lėgor. Legar. [lėgitor. Lògi. tivated. 3. If thy mind is well cultivated, thou wilt be loved. 4 Legiris. Legúris. Légire or Riches are despised by the wise. 5. Riches will be despised by me. Legitur. Legatur. Legitor. 6. Riches will have been despised by my father. 7. Let riches be Plu. Legimur. Legamur. [lēgļminor. despised by thee, my son. 8. He strives (studet) to be governed by Legimini. Legamini. Legimini or reason. 9. The boy must be well cultivated. 10. Let the boy be well Leguntur. Legantur. Leguntor. cultivated. 11. I have taken care that pleasures should be despised IMPERFECT TENSE, by my children. 12. The Latin writers are read in my school. 13. If Sing. Legëbar. Legérer. thou livest well, thou wilt be loved by good men, 14. I fear riches Legebāris (€). Legerēris. will (may not be despised by thee. 15. Many wars have been carried Legebatur. Legeretur. on by the English. 16. The city was burnt by the enemies. Plu, Legebamur. Legeremur. THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. Legebamini. Legeremini, Legebantur. Legerentur. ACTIVE VOICE. FIRST FUTURE TENSE. EXAMPLE.-Audio, 4, I hear. Chief Parts: Aüdyo, aūdivi, auditum, audire. Characteristic letter, I long. iegēris (e). Lectum Logendus. PRESENT TENSE. Legetur. [iri. Plu. Legemur. Indicative. Subjunctivo. Imperative. Infinitivo. Participle. Legemini. Sing. Aūdto. Audiam. [audito. Audire, Audiens. Legentur. Audis, Audias. Audi PERFECT TENSE. Audit, Audiat. Audito. Lectus sim. Sing. Lectus sum. Lectum Plu. Audimus. Audiamis. [auditote. Lectus es. Auditis. Audito Lectus sis. Audiatis. or [esse. Lectus est, Lectus sit. Audiunt, Audiant. Audiunto. Plu, Lecti sumus. Lecti simus. IMPERFECT TENSE. Lecti estis. » Lecti sitis. Sing. Audiobam. Audirem. Lecti sunt. Lecti sint. Audiebas. Audires. Audiebat. Audiret. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Plu. Audicbamus, Audirēmus, Sing. Lectus eram. Lectus essem. Audiebatis. Audiretis, Lectus eras. Lectus esses. Audiebant. Audirent, Lectus erat. Lectus esset. FIRST FUTURE TEXSE. Auditūrum Auditurus. Lecti essetis. Sing. Audiám. Audies. Lecti erant. Lecti essent. [esse. Audišt. SECOND FUTURE TENSE. Plus Audiêmus. Sing. Lectus cro. Audietis. Lectus eris. Audient. Lectus erit. PERFECT TENSE. Sing. Audivi. Audi(v)ěrim. Audi(v)isse. Lecti eritis. Audi(v)isti. Audi(v)cris. Lecti erunt. Audivit. Audi(v)erit. Instances.--- In this way conjugate in full, agor, agi, actum Plu, Audivimus. Audi(v)Prymus. Audi(v) istis. Audi(v)eritis. esse, I am driven ; regor, regi, rectum esse, I am ruled ; and Audi(t)erunt. Audi(v)erint. dividor, dividi, divisum esse, I am divided. By conjugating verbs PLUPERFECT TENSE, in full after the models given in our lessons, the self-teacher Audi(v) issem. will gain facility in recognising and determining the different Sing. Audi (v)ěram. tenses of the different moods of Latin verbs of the four con Audi(v)eras. Audi(v)isses. Audi(v)erat. Audi(v)isset. jugations, both in the active and passive voice, at sight. The Plu. Audi(v)erämus. Audi(v)issēm us. vocabularies given in the different lessons will supply the student Audi(v)eratis. Audi(v) issetis. with abundant examples for practice. Audi(v)erant. Audi(v)issent. VOCABULARY. SECOND FUTURE TENSE. Sing. Audi(v)ero.' Conspicio, conspicere, Dives, divitis, rich, a Quidam, quædam, Audi(v)eris. conspexi, conspec. quoddam, certain. Audi(v)erit. tum, 3, I behold. Divitiæ, -arum, pl., f., Quoad, adv., as long as. Plu. Audi(v)erimus. Contemno, contem. riches. | Schola, -æ, f., a school. Audi(v)eritis. nere,contempsi, con- Educo, 3, I lead out. Scriptor, -vris, m, a Audi(v)erint. temptum, 3, I de- Honos, -oris, m., writer (E. R. scrip- ture). GERUNDS, SUPINES. Gen. Audiendi. 1. Auditum. object of care to mo, giously. tionship (E. R. Dat. Audiendo. or I take pains that. Prohe, honestly, ercel. society). Acc. Audiendum. Vix, scarcely. Abl. Audiendo. 2. Auditu. texi, detectum, 3, I Que, and; this comes Voluptas, atis, f., Instances.--According to the example, form finio, 4, I finish; uncover, detect, lay after the word, as pleasure, delight. open. voluptasque. haurio, hausi, haustum, haurire, 4, I draw up, I drink. EXERCISE 98.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Page 13
READINGS IN GERMAN.-III. VOCABULARY. 3.--Die Ganarienvögelchen. Canarien, canary (not Erheben, to raise, lift Schlecyt, ihlechter, bad, Dee ka-nah'-ree-en-fö-ghel-ġen. used alone). up. Vögelchen, little laut, aloud. Ach, oh, alas. Ein Fleines Mädchen, Namens Carolina, hatte ein bird. Wchflagen, n, lamen- Handeln, to act. Ine kli'-ness meyt'-yen, nah-menss Ca-ro-lee'-na, hat-tai ine Name, m. name. nation; v. n. to Inrecht, wrong. allerliebstes Canarienvögelchen. Das Thierchen sang vom Allerliebst, most lovely.i lament (Klage, f. Un, prefix, un-, not. al'-ler-leep'-stess ka-nah'-ree-en-to--ghel-yen. Dass teer'-yen zank fom Thierchen, n. little complaint,laiment. Mūs, what. frühen Morgen bis Abend, den creature. war sehr schön Sollen, to be obliged, Wch, n. woe). Wcinen, to weep. shall. frü"-hen mör-ghen biss an dain ah'-bend, dónt vahr zeyr sho'n Pon, of, from. Früly, early. goldgelb mit schwarzem Häubchen. aber gab ihm Ilm, for, about, &- Sein, seiner, genilice, Carolina Morgen, m. round. of it, of him. gòlt'-gailb mit shwar'-tsem hoip -yen. Ca-ro-lee'-na ah'- bet gahp eem ing. Saufen, to buy. Sergfiltis, carefully. zu essen Saamen und fühlentes Sraut, auch zuiveilen cin Bis, till. Ander, other. Nein, no. tsoo ess'-sen zah'-men dönt kü"-len-dess krout, oud) tsoo-vi'-len ine abend, m. evening. Noch, yet, still. Erwicbern, to reply. Stüdchen Zuder und täglich frisches Wasser. Schön, beautiful. Farbe, f. colour, dye, Kurz, short, -ly. shtück.yen tsdóck'-ker oönt teyy'-liġ frish'-shess vass'-ser. Gelb, yellow. paint. Tor, m. death. Mit, with. Aber plößlich begann das Vögelchen Gben so, just so. und cines zu Mir, dative, to me. trauern, Ah'-ber plöts'-lıý bai-gann' dass fõ'-ghel-yen tsoo trou'-ern, dont i'-nes Schwarz, black. Icner, jene, jenes, that. Für, for. Häubchen, n. tuft Thun, to put, to do. Dasselbe, the same. Morgens, als Carolina ihm Wasser bringen wollte, lag 08 (Baube, f. cap). Allein, but, alone. Sontorn, but. mör-ghens, als Ca-ro-lee'-na eem vass'-ser bring'-en võll'-tai, lahc ess Geben, to give. Neut, new. Selbst, myseis, your. todt im Käfig. Ihm, to him (it). Sich wusterr., to won. self, etc. toat im koy'-fiy. Zu, to. der. Herz, n. heart. Da erhob tie Kleine ein lautes Wehflagen bas Eilen, to eat. Cieb, dear. Lächeln, to smile. Dah err-hope dee kli’-nai ine lou’-tess vey'-klah-ghen đóm dass Saamen, m. seed. Du biit, thou art. liber, at, over. Kühlen, to cool. Betrübt, sad (betrüben, Grfenxen, to recognise. geliebte Thier und wcinte febr. Die Mutter des Middens Dee moot'-ter dess meyt'.yenss Kraut, n. herb. gai-leep'-tai teer dont vine'-tai zeyr. to afflict). 20bl, indeed, well. Zuweilen, sometimes. Dein, thy. Vereiren, to horour aber ging hin und faufte ein anderes, bas noch schöner Stück, n. piece. Ibråne, f. tear. (Gure, f. honour). ah'-ber ghink hin ddnt kauf-tai ine an-dai-ress, dass něch shoʻ-ner Zucker, m. sugar. Rufen, to call. Stimme, f. voice. war an Farben und eben so lieblich sang wie jenes. und that Frijd, fresh. Werten, to become, Mögeni, may. vahr an far-ben dönt ey'-ben zo leep'-llý zank vee yey'-ness, dont taht Wasser, n. water. sign of the täre Zu Mutbe sein, feel. 68 in den Stäfig. Plößlich, suddenly. toase, shall, will ; (Mutb, m. courage. ess in dain key'-fiy. Trauern, to griove, sign of the passive mind). mourn. voice, to be, to be Dankbar, grateful Allein tas Magolein weinete noch lauter, als cetas Liegen, to lie. doing. (-bar, afix, produeAl-line' dass meyyt-line vi’-nai-tai noch lou'-ter, alss es dass noi’-ai Todt, dead. Sterben, to die. tive of, able). Vögelchen fah. Da wunderte sich die Mutter sehr und Kifiy, m. cage. Leben, n. life. Orab, n. grave. fö'-ghel-yen zah. Dah vodn'-der-tai zij dee moot-ter zeyr Jónt sprach : Mein liebes Kind, warum weinest du noch, und bist so KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GERMAN. shprahc): Mine lee'-bess kint, vah'-róðm vi’-nest doo noch, dont bist zo EXERCISE 91 (Vol. II., page 63). sehr betrübt? Deine Thränen werten das gestorbene zeyr bai-trů'pt'? Di-nai trey'-nen veyr-den dass gai-shtor'-bai-nai 1. Amerika hat einen goldenen Boren für denjenigen, welcher eines Sant werfs funtig ist. 2. Der Geizige ist unempfindlich gegen tas Glond An. Vögelchen nicht in das Leben rufen, und bier hast du ja ein terer. 3. Die Italiener, welde sich in einigen Provinzen gegen oftet föʻ-ghel-yen niyt in dass ley'-ben rooʻ-fen, dont here hast doo yah ine reichische Untertrudung crhoben, waren uneingebenf ihrer Sowäche. 4. andres, das nicht schlechter ist denn jenes. Da sprach tas Ich wurde des Hörens einer so langen Rete müde. 5. Jeder Mensch it an'-dress, dass niýt shley'-ter ist den yey'-ness. Dah shprahch dass seines Toreo gewiß, aber Niemand ist stets desselben eingebenf. 6. Werner Kind: Ach liebe Mutter, ich babe Unrecht gegen des Landlebens jo gewohnt wärest wie ich, würdest du nicht in der Stadt bies křnt: Ady leesbai mošt'-ter, iy hah'-bai ošn'-reyt ghey'-ghen dass ben. 7. Niemals will ich mich einer That schulrig maden, welche mic Thierchen gchandelt, und nicht alles an ihm gethan, was ich Ihrer Freundichaft unwürdig macht. 8. Der Mensch, welcher ein garifler teer'-yen gai-han'-delt, dënt nằyt al-less an eem gai-tahn, vass ìý haftes Leben geführt hat, und den Befehlen seines Venvissens gefolgt ist, fürchtet den Tod nicht ; dud) ter Büse, uneingeeent seiner Thaten, und bewußt scinct Tollte und fonnte. Verbrechen, fürchtet den Tod und die Zufunft. 9. Mancher der eines Bei. 28ll'.ai ošnt kõn'-tai, brechens angeflagt vor seinen Richtern steht, ist sich einer ficinern Schan Liebe lina, antivortete die Mutter, du hast sein ja bewußt, als die, welche ihn richten. Leo'-bai lee-nah, ant'-võr-tai-tai dee măst'-ter, doo hast zine yah EXERCISE 92 (Vol. II., page 63). sorgfältig gerfiegt. Ach nein, erwieterte ta$ Kind, ich habe 1. It would be agreeable to me if I could find a man who was attached zðry'-fel-třý gai-pfleyýt'. Ad nine, err-vee'-der-tai dass kint, îý hah'- bai to me. 2. Even if you are related to me, yet your behaviour does not noch furz vor seinem Tode cin Stückchen Zuder, tas seem to me at all becoming; and I should think you yourself might něch köðrts fore zi’-nem to".dai ine shtück'.yen tsčðk'-ker, dass doo perceive that people to whom your behaviour is known are not favour able to you mir für tasselbe gabft, ihm nicht gebracht, sondern selbst 3. My father remembers the last dearth very well. meer fü'r dass-zel-bai gahpst, eem nằýt gai-bracht', zón'-dern zelpst bour, obedient to thy superiors, then will they be well disposed, and be That path is dangerous to the wanderer. 5. Be obligiog to thy neigh gegessen. So frrach das Märchen mit betrübtem Herzen. be favourable to you. 6. Is the money promised to you certain ? 7 gai-ghess'-sen. Zo shprahd, dass meyt'-yen mit bai-trū'p-tem herr'-tsen. As the prince is not like-minded with the people, and the people are inDie Mutter aber lächelte nicht über tie Klagen tes different to the prince, it makes governing difficult to the former, and Deo móðt'-ter ali'-ber ley'-yel-tai niyt ü"-ber doe klah'-ghen dess hinders the prosperity of the latter. 8. The stars are favourable to me; my undertaking will be easy to me. Mitchens, tenn sie crfannte wohl und verehrte die Heilige 9. If bugs are not injurious to men, yet they are troublesome to them. 10. I am very glad that I meyt-yenss, den zee err-kan'-tai vole ovat ferr-eyr’-tai dee hi-li-gai can be useful to you in this affair. 11. Your praise was very flatterin Stimune ter Natur in tem Herzen bes Kindes Ach! to my friend. 12. To become good is difficult to the vicious, because shtim'-mai dair na-toor in daiin herr'-tsen dess kin'-dess. Ady! they generally remain true to their inclinations. 13. Many a week sagte sie, wie mag dem untantbaren Kinde Muthe man is superior in mind to the strong man. zu 11. What difference is zahich'- tai zee, vee mahdh ) daim õõn'-dank-bah-ren kin'-dai tsoo moo'-tai is dissimilar to the other ?” Page 14
GENERAL ROLE FOR ADDITION, 23. axa, a"x, y, xy', and 3bya. 29. a3 – 2ab – 3ab2 + 263, 3a3 - a25 4ab2 + 1063, 293 - 3a28 Cab? Write down the quantities to be aaded without altering their - b3, and 5a3 – 4aRb ab? + 363. signs, placing those that are álike under each other; and unite 30. 3 - 5.02 3x + 1, 22-3 + 6x2 + 5x + 3, 323 22:2 – 2-1, and 423 such terms as are similar, 22 + 2x - 5. Otherwise.Write the quantities to be added one after another, 31." - a + b +c+d, a - b + c + d, a + b -c + d, and a + b +c - d. putting the sign + between them, and then simplify the expression 32. a- - 2b, 25 – 3c, 3c - 4d, 4d - 5e, and 50 6f. by incorporating like quantities. 33. y3 + 2y?z – 3yz?, 2y3 + 2yaz + 5yz", and 34,3 – 4yaz – 2yz2. Note 1.- If any of the quantities be in brackets and the sign St. a3 + bx”, bx} – c, and cams + dx*. + be before the brackets, the brackets may be removed without 35. mai – n2, nza altering the result. By brackets is meant the vinculum or parenthesis, already KLY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN ALGEBRA. explained [Art. 21). This is one of the most important things EXERCISE 1. in the study of Algebra ; its use is unlimited. If quantities b be included in any manner between brackets or parentheses, 1. (a – h) * (b + c + d) = 37m + h + 6 they must be treated as a single quantity, that is, the result of the operation of the signs within the brackets is to be used 2. a + b :-::ac : 19h, instead of the quantities themselves, as a general rule. If the a + b + c signs of the quan ties within the brackets be either plus or 3. 4 (a + b + c) - d. 6 ube tinus, or a combination of both, and if a factor be outside the 1 4. = 70 bracket, each of the quantities within may be multiplied by Q + b 36 that factor, preserving their signs, and the product will be the EXERCISE 2. same as if the result were multiplied by that factor. Thus, 2 (a + b - c) = = ax + bx - wx; or, if a + b — - c = e; then 1. The product of a and b increased by the quotient of 3 times ] 2 (a + b -c) = e. Conversely, if the result of the quantities minus c, divided by the sum of x and y, is equal to the product of a by a increased by the sum of b and c, and diminished by the quotient of within the brackets be multiplied by any factor, the result will h divided by the sum of 6 and b. be the same as if each of the quantities were multiplied by that 2. If a be added to 7 times the sum of h and X, and from this sum, factor. Thus, if a +b - c= e; then, ex = (a + b -- c) x the quotient of c less 6 times d, divided by the sum of twice a and 4, «+ br - czIf several factors be employed, the same results be subtracted, the remainder will be equal to the sum of a and h, will tako place. Thus, axy + bæy — cxy = 2y ( a + b – c) = multiplied by the difference of b and c. (a+bc) zy; and mbcd — nbcd + pbcd=bcd (m – n +p) = 3. The difference of a and b, is to the product of a and c, as the (72 – 1 + p) bed; and pxyz + qxyz rxyz = xyz (p +9—9) = difference of d and 4, divided by m, is to 3 multiplied by the sum of (p+9-) xyz. Expressions of this kind may be varied' in- h, d, and y. 4. If the que ent of the difference between a and h, divided by the definitely. sum of 3, and b less c, be added to the quotient of the sum of d and Note 2.-If the sign be before the brackets, they cannot be the product of a and b, divided by twice m, the whole will be equal to removed without vitiating the result, until the signs of all the the quotient of 6 times a multiplied by the sum of d and h, divided by terris within the brackets be changed, viz., + into and con a times m, lessened by the quotient of c times d divided by h increased versely. by d times m. EXAMPLE.— To 3bc - 60 + 2b — 3y, add 3bc + x за EXERCISE 3. + bg, and 2d + y + 3x + b. 3 x 6 These may be arranged thus : 36c 641 + 2b 3y 1. + 3 + 8 X 10 = 9 + 3 + 80 = 92. - 360 - 3d + x + bg 4 + 80 (4 x 2) + 10 2. 21+ b + y + 3.2 + 7+1= 8. 2 x 6 3 x 6 12 18 And the sum will be - 7d +36 – 2y + 4x + bg 4 + 18 4+ (3 x 6) 4 + (4 x 2 x 10) 3. + (4 * 2 * 8) + 64 3 x EXERCISE 4. + 6+ - 7 = 68. Add together the following quantities (3x4 +(3 x 6 (3 x 4 x 10) – (6 * 2) 12 + 18 Ich + 8, to od -3, and 5ab 4m + 2. 4. 4 X8+ = 32 + 2 2 + 3y - dx, to 7 – X – 8 + hm. 12) - 12 30 32 + 32 + 5 - 3 = 34. 3. abu – 3x + bm, to y - x + 7, and 5x – 6y + 9. 36 4. 31m + 6 – 7xy - 8, to 10xy 9 + 5am, 2 x 4 5. 6hy + 7d - 1 + "xy, to zahy 5. (3 * 4 * 8) + + 2) 7 + 17 + (2 * 10) = 96 + 118. may. 8 - 4 1 e Tod – h + Sry - ad, to sad + h - - 7xy. 6. (3 + 2) X (10 8) + - 3 = 5 X 2 + --3= 9. 7. Pby - 3x + 2a, to 3bx by + a. 8. er + by - xy, to by + 2xy + 5ar. 3 X (6 + 2) (2 + 4) X (8 6) + 24 9. 4lcdf - 10xy 186, to 7xy + 25 + 3cdf. 10 6 10 - (+ x 2) 10.36% - 17ry + 18a, to lux 6 x 2 55x + 63cx, 12 = 6 + 24 = 24. 11. Bab 6bc + 4cd 2 7xy, to 17mn + 18fg – 2ax. 12. 42abe + 10abd, to 50abc + 15abd + 5xyt. + 40 8. (3 x 2) + (5 x 8) (4 * 6 - 4) * (3-2) + 8 - (2 X 4) + 10 (2 x 10) + 3 - of + 44, to 4df – 20 + 3ax + 75y. 20 + 3 46 (24 — 4) x 1 14 452 - 106 + 4cdj, to 826 20 8-8+ 10 10 LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-XXIX. 19 aaa + taga, to 10000 1taaa + Saaa. LATIN STEMS. 20. 12yvyy – 10xr, to 203X – 8yyyy + 211 + 3yyyy. 21. 4 (1 - y) – 13, to (a + b) – 16 (x - y) – 7(a + b). We are about to lay before the student a large portion of the 22. @ 1x + y) – 6y, to 40 (a - b) + 8a (x + y) - 36 (a - b). roots of the Latin language. In the study of them, he may 3. 10cxy + 17bcd – axy, to haxy – 14bcd. become acqrainted with the treasures of the Roman literature, 24. - 2 + y + 6* (a - b) – 72, to 164 - 15x (a - b) + 25x. and the tone and strength of the Roman mind. These lessons doo *. - 4(x + y) + 16 (x + y), to 15abc 10 (ar + y). not indeed, lie on the surface. Nevertheless, they are to be learnt 3. Sabe - 6xy + min, a + 6abc + 14xy -lla + 6mn, to 15xy – 17abc 15-abc + zy - 3mn + abc. by care and diligence. For this purpose, the learner should 27. « (z+ y) – 36 (x + y) – 4a (x + y) – 4 (x + y) – (x + y), to 4b (x + y) that a language is the mirror of a nation's mind, accustom impress on his mind the preceding remarks, and remembering +78 (2 + y) + 5 (x + y) + 6b (x + y). himself to see and contemplate the Romans in their wordsVote.--As the expressions ao (square x), y) (cube y), etc., are those unerring tokens of thought, those mental miniatures. used for the first time in the following exercises, the learner is referred to Art. 28: Of course it is only so much of the Latin vocabulary as exists in English that I shall set forth in theso pages. The Latin Page 15
words found in English exist almost exclusively in combination. Latin Words. Meanings. Stems. English Words. The combinations in which they appear vary in kind. The com Clino clin clinical, recline. bination may consist of one word and a suffix, or one word and Clivus a slope clio declivity, acckrity. a prefix; or, again, of two words with or without terminating Coelum heaven cel celestial. forms. The combinations require certain changes. The changes Comes (comitis) a companion Colo colony. comit are effected by dropping or altering the Latin termination, or by concomitant. Copia plenty the substitution of one vowel for another, as i for a, e for a, copi copious. etc. Coquo I cook 00(0)k, to cocker. Coctus cooked coct LATIN STEMS. decection. Cor(cordis) the heart cord cordial, concord. Latin Words. Meanings. Stems. Cornu coin unicorn, cornet. Acer (acris) sharp acri acrimony. Corpus } corpus, corpu, corpuscle, corpulent, Ædes a house edi the body edifice. corpor incorporate. Facio I make fi, fy ratification, edify. Cras to-morrono cras procrastinate. Æquus equal equa, equi equanimity, equilibrium. Animus mind Credo cree) d.credulous,cel. anim I beliove, trust animosity. cred ible, credit. Libra a pound or balance libr libration, equilibrium. Cremo 1 I burn cremation, Aer air aeri aerial, aeriform. Crux (crucis) across cruc crucify. Ævum an age cocral. Cubo cub incubation. Azer (agri) a field Ilie cumb incumbent. Cultura cultivation cultur Culp culp culpable, culprit. Agger a herp agger exaggerate. Cura cura, cur !curator, sidecure. Ago agent, agency. Jag {act The meaning of many of the words given as examples the Ala a aring ali aliped. student will either know already or may deduce from the Pes (pedis) a foot ped pedestrian. etymology. In other cases some additional aid may be required. Altus high alt That aid I shall supply in quotations and in such remarks as Amicus a frimd amic, imic amicable, inimical. the several topics may seem to require. Amo I lore ami,amor,amat amiable, amorous,amatory. Anina life, the soul anim , animate. “ Those milks (in certain plants) have all an acrimony, though one Verto I turn tert animadrort. would think they should be lenitive.”- Bacon, “Natural History.” Ad to ad adequate. “ Most satirists are indeed a public scourge, Aunus a year ann, annu, enni annals, annual, biennial. Their mildest physic is a farrier's purge, Bis turice bi biped. Their acrid temper turns, as soon as stirred, Aque water aqua, apie aquatic, aqueduct. The milk of their good purpose all to curd.”—Couper. Ductus a leading doct conduct. Arceo I keep ojj Acer is properly that which is sharp, as the point of a spear, coerce. Aro I plought arable. or the edge of a sword, that which pricks or cuts; whereas Ars (artis) art art, ert artificer, artist, inert. acerbus (acerbity) denotos that which is bitter to the taste. Artus a joint witi articulation. According to its derivation, edification is house-building. The Asper rough asper asperity, exasperete. spiritual house is intended, the metaphor being borrowed from Audio I licar audi, audit audience, auditor. the diction of the New Testament. Consult 1 Cor. iii. 9; xiv. 3; Angeo I increase aug augment. Ephes. ii. 21 ; iv. 12, 16. auction. Auctor an originator auti author. "So that it is by the equilibre of the muscles, by the aid of a con. Avis ari ariary. siderable and equipollent (equally powerful) muscular force in constart Destis bland beati beatitude. exertion, that the head maintains its erect posture.”- Paley, Naturs! Bellum belli, bol History." Gero I carry on ger, cest belligerent, gesture. “Government has coercion (restraint) and animadversion upon suci Re back, in opposition ropel, repulse. as neglect their duty."-South. Bellus beautiful bell einbellish, beile, Articulation is properly the making of articles, that is, sma"! Bene urell 10 benediction. Dictio c saying dictio malediction. limbs or joints; hence dividing a flow of sound so as to produce Bibo I drink vil 、 separate and distinct sounds, that is, letters and syllables. This Bini tvo, cicle bin combination, binary. power belongs only to man. Accordingly, Milton, that great Brevis chort breg brevity, abbreriate. master of distinctive and descriptive epithets, gives as the Cado I fill cad, cia cadaverous, accident. characteristics of the human race that they articulate. (agus a fall cas casual. Cado “ The first of these, at least, I thought denied I cut cid homicide. Ciesus cut cis incision, precision. To beast, whom God on their creation-day Created mute to all articulato sound." calor caloric. Candeo I burn Milton, “Paradise Lost." incense, incendiary. Candesco I begin to brine “ The former (fore) legs of this animal (the elephant) appear, whea candesc incandescence. Canis he standeth, like pillars of flesh without any evidence of articulation."4 adlog canine. Cano, canto I sing Brown, "Vulgar Errors." cant, cent canticles, precentor. “Pére Bougeant's third volume will give you the best idea of the Cipillus hair capill capillary. Caput ? Treaty of Munster, and open to you several views of the belligerent and the lead capit capital. cipit precipitate. contracting parties."--Chesterfield. Capio S cap, capt, cip capable,capture, anticipate, Derivatively considered, to combine is to put things together Icipi, cept recipient, recentive. in pairs, but it is employed without this restriction to signify to Carcer a prison incarcerate. put together generally. Caro(carnis) fiesh carni, carn carnivorous, incarnate. Voro I derour voracious. “The impediments were – first, the negligence of the pastors; L'arus dear caress. secondly, combinations, that is double benefices, when men having two S ced Cedo recede. cures could not sufficiently attend both."-Hales. cers concession, acc 38, success. “Few painters have obliged us with finer scenes, or have possesse ! Celer stift crler celority, acc ferate. the art of combining woods, lakes, and rocks into more agreeable Centum a hundred cent century, centennial. pictures than G. Poussin."--Hurd, Cerno I separate, sce Ccin discern. Cretus It is curious to see in incubation, the act of the hen in settin separated cret Becretion, discose)t. Cate on her eggs, and incumbency, the condition of a clergyman as a trhale cel cetaceous. (inctus giiked occupant of a living, how the same stem, and very nearly the cinch succinct, precincts. Uitus quickly moved cit cite, excitement. same lettera, may come to signify things so very unlike. Clamo I call out clam, claim exclamation, proclaim. Cadaverous comes immediately from cadaver, a corpse, and Clarus clear clar clarify, declare. denotes the colour or complexion of a corpse. Cadaver, a corré, Claudo I shut include, excule. by its etymology points out the fact which denotes death, namely, Clausus slut chaus, clus clase, secusion. falling, from cado, I fall. A dead body cannot stand. Page 16
ale non fcuter verfannt zu sein, deren Liebe und Achtung man sich gern Der Onkel seßte seinen Hut auf und The uncle put on his hat and Cometben möchte. 4. Gs thut mir leid, ihn beleidigt zu haben. 5. Schei. þängte seinen Mantel um. cloak (hung his cloak round). ten und Meiden thut weh, sagt ein altes beutides Bolfslied. 6. Der er cilt þeim mit sorógender Scele, He hastens home with anxious Sorr thut mir web. 7. Es thut mir in der Seele weh, ihm nicht helfen zu damit' er die Frist nicht verfeh'le soul in order that he may not fönnen. 8. Was feblt Dir, mein Freund, warum so traurig ? 9. && fehlt (Schiller). miss the appointed time. mit breiter nichts, als baß ich ein wenig verstimmt bin. 10. Sind Sie EXERCISE 146. frant? 11. Ja, ich bin ein wenig unwohl. 12. Was fehlt Ihnen? 13. So habe Korfiveh. 14. Sie sind reich und angesehen, und doch sind Sie 1. Seitdem ich hier angekommen bin, hat sich schon Manches ereignet. niedergeschlagen, was fehlt Ihnen? 15. Es fehlt mir viel, „Zufrieden 2. Seitdem er diese That begangen þat, scheint aller Friede von ihm gebeit und Seelenruhe." 16. AU (Sect. XL. 6) meine Freunde, die ver. wichen zu sein. 3. Seitdem er fort ist, habe ich feine recht frohe Stunde jprođen hatten, zu fommen, waren da, nur Giner fehlte. 17. Alle Menschen mehr. 4. Seit dieser Zeit hat man nichts wieder von ihm gehört. 5. jehlen. 18. Mein Bruder ist abermals fehl gegangen; statt in mein Haus, Seit meinem zehnten Jahre habe ich das elterliche Haus verlassen. 6. Seit ift er in das meines Nachbars gekommen. 19. Seine Worte gereuten ihn, gestern befinde ich mich nicht ganz wohl. 7. Seit dem Tode seiner Eltern und er versprach, dieselben nie wieder sagen zu wollen. 20. Als dieses vor- irrt er ohne Heimath in der Fremde umher. 8. Seitdem er zur Erfenntniß fiel, war ich nicht zu Hause. 21. Dieser Streit fiel in der Nähe meiner seiner selbit gekommen ist, ist er ein ganz anderer Mensch geworden. 9. Wohnung vor. 22. Io habe dem bereits Gesagten nur noch wenig hinzu: Er zog sich in aller Geschwindigteit an. 10. In der Eile vergaß er seine gufügen 23. Diesem Geschenfe fügte fie cin kleines Vriefchen hinzu. 24. &r Stiefel anzuziehen, und eilte in den Pantoffeln fort. 11. Seine Kleider Fügte mir vorsäßlich dieses Leib zu; teßhalb kann ich ihm nicht verzeihen. waren ganz burchnäßt, deßhalb mußte er sich anders anziehen. 12. Er seşte diesen Morgen seinen Hut nicht auf, sondern seine Müte. 13. Der Diener EXERCISE 145. hängte seinem Herrn nicht, wie gewöhnlich, den Mantel um, sondern er wars in 1. It pains a father to hear of the wickedness of his son. 2. sich selber um. 14. Vergessen sie nicht, Ihren Mantel umzuhangen, es ist Nothing pains more than to be accused innocently. 3. It pains sehr falt und stürmisch. 15. Vingen Sie mir gefälligst meinen Mantel me that so many persons have been found killed by the last um, und Teßen Sie mir meinen Gut auf, denn ich habe schon meine tiden storm. 4. I am sorry that you did not find me at home. 5. Pelzhantíchuhe angezogen. 16. Er stieg auf den höchsten Baum, tamit er The wound which the soldier received in the contest pains him. den König seben fõnne. 17. Gr war sehr cilig, damit er die Abfahrt des 6. What ails you, my friend ? 7. Oh, nothing particularly. 8. Postwagens nicht versäumen möchte. 18. Er erzählte mir viejos, damit ich mir You look very ill, what is the matter with you ? 9. I am not ein Beispiel daran nehmen möchte. 19. Der Schüler entschuldigte sich damit, well, I have hurt myself. 10. He has fallen out of the window. daß er keine Zeit gehabt hätte, seine Aufgabe zu lernen. 20. In großen 11. This boy lacks understanding. 12. You have been offended Staaten müssen Hunderte hungern, damit Einer frasse und schwelge : by me; I am sorry, for I esteem you much. 13. You dare not Zehntausende werden gedrůdt und in den Tod gejagt, damit ein gekrönter look courage to encounter the contest with your enemy. 14. I Thor ober Weiser seine Phantasien aussühre. lack patience to await the result of this matter. EXERCISE 147. SECTION LXXVI.--IDIOMS OF VARIOUS KINDS. 1. Will you please to give me a cup of coffee or tea ? 2. Damit (therewith) is often to be rendered by “in order to, in Since yesterday I have felt myself not quite well. 3. Since he order that, so that," etc., as : :-Ich muß eilen, damit ich nicht zu spit quitted his parental house we have not heard anything of him. anfømme, I must hasten, in order not to arrive too late. Idy 4. Since the twelfth year of my age I have not visited my native wellte bitten, taf Sie das thäten, damit ich es nicht thun müjte (Gellert), land. 5. Since he received the intelligence, he has had no I would beg you to do that, in order that I might not be obliged peace. 6. In order that my friend may not come in vain, I to do it. shall stop at home. 7. I have not seen my friend since he 1. Seittem =since, since then, since the or that time ; as :- arrived from Germany. 8. Instead of putting on his boots, he Zeitzem fie in Deutitland war, spridit sie nichts als Deutsty, since she went out in his slippers. 9. Tell your friend, if you please, he as in Germany, she speaks nothing but German. Seitdem ist er may visit us at any time. 10. Why does he not take advantage glücflit, since then (or that time) he is happy. of his youth, in order to acquire the knowledge he wants ? 11. 2. Hejälligft, an adverb in the superlative degree, from the ad- How have you been since I saw you last? 12. Finish your exerjective gefällig, pleasing, agreeable, answers to our phrase "please, cise, if you have not yet finished it, then you will not be punished if you please ;' as :-Wollen Sie mir gefälligst * sagen, wieriel Uhr es by your master. int? will you please to tell me what time it is ? Geben Sie mir SECTION LXXVII.-IDIOMS OF VARIOUS KINDS (continued). gefälligst meinen Gut, please to give me my hat. Lieb, beloved, dear, agreeable, may, when applied to persons, VOCABULARY. be rendered (like gern with haben, Sect. XLIII. 1) “dear;" as :Sfahrt, f. departure. Geschwindigfcit, f. ce- Seitrem'. (See R. 1, Id) habe ihn sehr lieb, he is very "dear” to me. Applied to things, liuiizen, to put on. lerity, swiftness. above.) lieb with sein signifies to be agreeable, to please, etc.; as :-Dieses Beispiel, n. example. Heimath, f. home, na- Stürmisch, stormy. Fleine Geschent ist mir lieb, this little present pleases (is pleasing) Guten, to hasten. tive place. ilm hingen, to hang me, or is dear to me. Es ist mir licb, taß Sie damit zufrieden sind, Elterlich, parental. Hungern, to hunger, round, put on. I am glad (it is pleasing) that you are satisfied with it. Crrig'nen, to happen, starve. Umher'irren, to wander 1. Böse auf (literally, bad upon) and böse über (bad over or to. Krönen, to crown. about. wards) signify, “ill-disposed ;” the former being applied chiefly Grtenat'niß, f. know. Nachricht, f. intelli- Ilmʻwerfen, to throw to persons, the latter to things; as :--Warum sind Sie böse auf ihn? ledge. gence. round, put on. why are you angry at him? Er ist böse über mein Laden, he is (Soct. Pelz'hanrícul, m. fur- Versäuémen, to miss, angry at my laughing. LXXXII. 2.) glove. neglect, lose. 2. Kennen lernen (tennen, Sect. XXV. 3) signifies " to become acgert'eilen, to hasten Phantasie', f. fancy. Vortlcil, m. advan: quainted with.” Wollen Sie ihn fennen lernen? do you wish to away. ! Post'wagen, m. stage- tage. become acquainted with him ? Ich habe ihn schon kennen gelernt, I itemte, f. foreign coach. [dise. Weichen, to give way, have already become acquainted with him. country, abroad. Prassen, to gorman. retire. VOCABULARY. Gefäll'igst (See R. 2, Schwelgen, to revel, Weshalb', why, where- An'treffen, to meet| Gin'führen, to usherin, Schmuggler, mn. smug. above.) carouse. fore. with, introduce, import. gler. RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. Befrie'rigent, satisfac- Erfolg', m. result. linmögʻlidfeit. f. in. Die Deutichen fönnen erst über di The Germans can only (for the Bejini'tigen, to pacify, Chcfeß', n. law. tory. Gelin'gen, succeed. possibility. Verbieten, to forbid. tortur'ur'tbeilen, feittem' sie first) judge of literature, soften. Mittheilen, to import, | Borstellen, to repro felbft cine Literatur' haben (Göthe). since they themselves have a Girgensinnig, stubborn, communicate, be- sent, literature, introduce, wilful. stow, give. Er ift an'griogen mit dem Kleite der He is clothed with the garment personate. of justice. RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. Es ist ihm sehr lich, daß Sie wegen He is very glad that you aro Note, that gefälligst, unlike the phrase Sect. LXXIV. 1, is employed Page 17
one part is over or under another. We have drawn dotted lines EXERCISE 59. in the illustration (Fig. 1) to show the various directions in which 1. 38. 8. £875. 15. 103. the pencil might be held between the eye and the object, and the 2. 3:1 9. £33 Gs. 8d. 16. The first. result it gives in deciding how the parts are placed in connection 3. 4.. 10. £6,947 18s. 40. 17. £52 10s. with each other. 4. In the Three per 11. £13 108. 10d. 18. £51,350 103. Cents. 12. £19 16s. sd. less ; 19. £818 8s. 5. 4; 41. M'u per cent. less. 20. £77 28. 437d. LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC.-XXXIX. 6. In the Three and 13, 90 and £33 68. 8d. 21. £475, FELLOWSHIP, AVERAGES, a Half per Cents. 14. 91/763341, or 91.28 MIXTURES IN CERTAIN 7. 100. PROPORTIONS, ETC. nearly. 1. Ir several partners have invested different sums in an undertaking, it is manifest that the profits or losses must be divided HYDROSTATICS.–V. among them in proportion to the capital each has invested in EQUILIBRIUM OF FLOATING BODIES METACENTRE-CAPILthe business, if the capital of each has been in use for the same LARY ATTRACTION-HYDRAULIC MACHINES-WATER-WHEELS. time. The method by which the share of each is determined in this WE have now examined at some length the effects produced on case is called Simple Fellowship. It is manifestly the same as bodies by immersion in liquids, and have seen that one of the that given in Lessons in Arithmetic, XX., on Ratio and Propor-conditions of equilibrium is that the weight of the diaplaced tion, Arts. 7, 8 (Vol. I., page 343), where a given number is fuid shall be equal to that of the body immersed. This, howdivided in proportion to certain others. ever, is not the only condition that must be complied with in EXANPLE.--A, B, and C put into a business £300, £500, order to ensure equilibrium. Suppose, for instance, that we and L800 respectively. At the end of a year they have gained have a solid of the shape of A B in the an. A 2400. What is the share of each ? nexed figure, and that the end B has a piece We have to divide £400 in the proportion of 300, 500, 800, or, what of lead affixed to it, so as to render it B is the same thing, in the proportion 3, 5, 8. heavier than the other. Let us now see According to Lessons in Arithmetic-XX, Art. 7, since 3 + 5 + 8 = what are the forces acting on this body, 16, we divide 400 into 16 equal parts, each of which is £25. One force is its own weight, which acts The respective sbares of A, B, and C will be £75, £125, and £200. through its centre of gravity G, and as the 2. If the sum invested by each partier is not used for the end B is heavier than the other, this point same period of time, so that we have to take into account not is nearer that end; the other force acting Fig. 18. only each sum, but the time during which it is employed, the upon it is the buoyancy of the liquid which case is called one of Double or Compound Fellowship. acts through the centre of gravity of the displaced liquid, that EXAMPLE.—A, B, and C contribute to a business as follows : is, upwards through o'. Now these two forces are equal to one A puts in £1,200 for three months, B £1,000 for six months, another, and act in opposite directions, but their lines of action and C £800 for twelve months. How must they divide a profit do not pass through the same point; and hence, as we saw in of £800 ? our Lessons on Mechanics, they constitute “a couple," and proA's £1,200 for 3 months is the same as 3 x £1,200, or £3,600 for 1 duce a tendency in the body to twist round. In order, then, month. that there should be equilibrium, the points G and G' must be in B's £1,000 for 6 months is the same as 6 * £1,000, or £6,000 for 1 the same vertical line. Now either G or G' may be the higher, and, according to this, C's £800 for 12 months is the same as 12 * £800, or £9,600 for 1 A B is in a state of stable or unstable equilibrium. If the month, Hence the shares must be in the proportion of 3,600, 6,000, 9,000; centre of gravity of a B be above that of the displaced liquid, Le, of 3, 5, 8. the body will remain at rest until some disturbing force acts Hence, procceding as in Simple Fellowship, the shares will be tendency to rotate will come into action, and the body will move on it; but as soon as it is moved at all from its position, the respectively further and further from its original position. If, on the other £800, 1. £900, . £800; that is, £150, £250, £100. hand, G' be above g, and the body be then deflected slightly This example sufficiently explains the following from its position, the forces acting on it Rule for Compound Fellowship. will draw it back. Hence it is said to be Multiply each capital by the number of units of time for in a condition of stablo equilibrium. In which it is employed; the shares will be in the proportions of the case of floating bodies, or of vessels these products, and will be determined as in a case of Simple going to sea, it is clearly of the utmost Fellowship. importance to be sure that they are in this EXERCISE 60. condition, as otherwise a little wind will 1. A traveller divided 808, among 4 beggars in such a manner that cause them to incline, and they must then 23 often as the first received 10s., the second received 9s., the third 88., turn over. We will see, then, what are the Fig. 19. and the fourth 78. What did each receive ? conditions requisite to ensure safety. 2. A, B, and C engage in business, putting in respectively £3,500, 15,610, and £0,000. What would be the share of each out of a profit downwards, and it would then remain at rest. Now let it be The body A B, in Fig. 18, would be found to turn till B was C: 41,000? 3. A, B, and C contribute respectively to a speculation £160, £240, turned a little from its vertical position, as in Fig. 19. The and L180, and they gain £264. What will be the share of each ? dotted line represents its axis, in which both G and G' were 4 A, B, C, and D embork in a business, and put in respectively situate, but in the new position G' will be at one sido of this 2,000 for 6 months, £1,500 for 9 months, £1,000 for 12 months, and axis. Draw from this point a line vertically upwards to repre2759 for 15 months. If at the end of 15 months the profits are found sent the buoyancy of the water, this line will cut the axis in to be £1,000, how must they be divided ? some point, m. If this point be above , the body is in a stato 5. A and B form a partnership for a year. A contributes £5,000, of stable equilibrium ; if it be below, the body is unstable. to which at the end of 6 months he adds £1,000 more; B contributes This point m is called the metacentre. Hence, if the metacentre L,), and at the end of 9 months withdraws £2,000 from the busiHow must they divide a profit of £1,500 at the end of the year? Now from this we learn several important things. The first is, bo above the centre of gravity, the vessel will float in safety. 6. A, B, and C form a partuership ; A contributing £1,000, B £2,000, 13d C £3,000. After 9 monthg C withdraws, and after 3 months more that in a vessel the centre of gravity should be as low down as D is admitted to the partnership, contributing £1,500. At the end possible. A captain accordingly arranges to stow the heaviest of 18 months, the partnership being dissolved, the profits are found part of his cargo in the lowest part of the hold ; and for the to be £W. How must they be equitably divided ? same reason, in a ship almost empty, or in a pleasure-boat, a large amount of heavy material, such as clay or pig-iron, KEY TO EXERCISES IN ARITHMETIC.-XXXVIII. is stowed away as ballast. If the lower part were left empty, EXERCISE 58. or filled with light cargo, and heavy goods placed on the deck, 1. (^) 314 years. () 37 years. 3. 69!; days. the centre of gravity would be raised dangerously high, and the 2 () 1111's m. (*) 113 m. 4. 5 years. vessel, in all probability, would capsize. Forgetfulness of this Page 18
LESSONS IN ITALIAN.-III. of tz in the word switzer, or dz in the word adze. According to modern orthography, the x is generally doubled between two II.-PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS AND CONSONANTS single vowels in the middle of a word, but not after a consonant (continued). and not before diphthongs the first vowel of which is i; as, for For further practice in the pronunciation of words in which examples, ia, ie, io, where it must remain single, and has the vowels and mute consonants are combined, the reader's attention hard sound. is directed to the following table as a continuation of the one Pezzo pô-tzo Piece. given in the previous lesson. Pizzo pée-tzo Moustache. It will be well, before commencing this exercise, to refer to Pozzo pó-tz@ A well. the explanatory notes therein contained. I would especially Puzzo póo-tzo A bad smell. desire my pupil readers to repeat aloud every word successively, Pagato pah-gáh-to Paid. until they have made themselves quite familiar with their various Ithaca ée-tah-kah Ithaca in Greece. and distinct sounds. Agape áh-gah-pai Agape, or Christian love-feast. Embroidery. English, Vegeto vê-jai-toStout, robust. Veggo vey-go I see. Aceto ah-tchái-to Vinegar. Town in Naples. in each syllable like the English g in get. Cedoto tchai-dai-tai Yield ! Cadiz. Egida ai-jée-dah Ægis. Tacito táh-tchee-to Tacitus, Vagito vah-jóe-to An infant's cry. Pece pái-tchai Pitch. Rigoro ree-go-ai Rigour. Pino pée-no Pine. Epocha e-po-ka Epoeh. Poco po-ko Little. Pagode páh-go-dai Pagoda, Jacopo jáh-ko-po Jacob. Aguto ah-géo-to Nail. Acuto ah-kbo-to Acute, ingenious. Tapino tah-pée-110 Wretched. Cicuta tchee-kóo-tah Water hemlock. Sapone sah-pó-nai Soap. Ceauto tchai-doo-to Yielded. Apogeo ah-po-jó-o Apogee. Capacitato kah-pah-tchee-táh-to Capacitated. Educato ai-doo-káh-to Educated. Vocativo vo-kah-tée-vo Vocative. Zobedeo tzai-bai-de-o Zebedee. Tucidide too-tchée-dee-dai Thucydides. Abituato ah-bee-too-áh-to Habituated. Zodiaco dzo-dée-ah-ko Zodiac. Agarico ah-gáh-ree-ko Fungus growing on larches. Idiota ee-dee-o-tah An idiot, Abigeato ah-bee-jai-áh-to Stealing of cattle. Vegetativo vai-jai-tah-tée.vo Growing, Altero ahl-tê-ro Haughty. Docapitato dai-kah-pee-táh-to Decapitated. Altire ahl-tée-rai To mount, Decaduto dai-kah-dóo-to Decayed. Agitato ah-jee-táh-to Agitated. Epicuro ai-pee-kóo-ro Epicurus. Pedagogia pai-dah-go-jée-ah Education and government of children. Rent. III.-THE SEMI-VOWELS. All, quite. Vano váh-no Vain, There are six semi-vowels in the Italian language, so called Vero vai-ro True. because in their utterance a vowel must be placed before the Vino vée-no Wine. consonant. They are not pronounced in one syllable only, as Voto vó-to Vow. in the case of the mutes, but require the utterance of two syl. Avuto ah-vóo-to Had. lables, which syllables are substantially the same, though in an Bavaro báh-vah-ro Bavarian. inverse order. The semi-vowels are Severo sai-ve-ro Severe. 1. Ff, named in the alphabet efc (pronounced in the follow. Divino dee-Vée-no Divine. ing manner-éf-fai). Lavoro lah-vó-ro Labour. Dovuto 2. L l, named in the alphabet elle (pronounced el-lai). It do-yo-to Debt, duty. Davvi dáhy-vee Ho gives you. has two sounds—one like the English consonant l; the second Ervi év-vee Is there. is a peculiar sound, of which I shall have occasion to speak in Udivri 00-dív-vee He heard you. the pronouncing tables. Dovvi döy-vee I give you. 3. M m, named in the alphabet emme (pronounced ém-mai). Fuovi fóov-vee Was there. To ensure perfect accuracy in the pronunciation, I may remark Zara tzah-rah Zara, a town. that when m is preceded by a vowel with which it forms one Zoro dzê-ro Cipher. syllable, and a consonant being the next, it must be very Zitella tzée-tel-lah Girl. softly sounded, and the voice must glide quickly to the next Zona dzó-nah Zone, girdle. consonant, almost as if it formed part of the same syllable : Mazara mah-tzáh-rah Mazzara in Sicily. for examplo, ambizione, ahm-bee-tzee-ó-nai, ambition; empio, In this and a few other cases, I am compelled for the sake of ém-peeo, impious; ombra, om-brah, a shadow. completeness of system, to make a slight departure from strict 4. N n, named in the alphabet enne (pronounced en-nai). orthography. This word being properly written Mazzara, with Generally speaking, this letter is pronounced just as in English; two z's, as well as the following words-gazzera, azzimo, bazzotto, but the observation made on the m is equally applicable to n. azzuffa. In similar circumstances, the voice must glide quickly from the Gazera gall-dzai-rah A jay. n to the succeeding consonant: for example, andare, ahn-dih. Azimo âh-dzee-mo Unleavened. rai, to go; entrare, en-tráh-rai, to enter; onda, ón-dah, & ware. Azufa ah-tzú-fah He comes to blows. After g, n has a peculiar sound, which I shall have occasion to Pazzo páh-tzo Fool. explain in the pronouncing tables. Often n is pronounced like There is very little difference between the pronunciation of m before words commencing with the consonants b, m, and P; the single - and .. The zz, as well as %, may have the sound as, gran bestia, pronounced grahm bê-steeah, a boorish, insolent Page 19
Let us consider the forms of comparison of adjectives. Ινδος, -ου, δ, Indian. | Νομιζω (νομος), Ι| Σπαρτιατικος, -η, -ον, Καλλιας, •ου, και, think, I hold as Spartan. THE FIRST FORM OF COMPARISON. Callias, a proper customary. . Τιμιος, -α, -ον, hor Ουδεις, -ενος, no one; oured, esteemed, -τερά Κυκλωψ, -ωπος, και, ουδεν, nothing. valuable. Cyclops. Πατρις, -ιδος, ή, one's Χρησιμος, -η, -ον, ADJECTIVES IN -ος, -η (-α), -ον. Λακεδαιμονιος, -ου, και, mother country. useful. 8 Lacedaemonian, Σιωπη, -ης, ή, silence. Most of the adjectives of this class add the forms of comparison to the stem by means of the connecting vowel o or w. The English adverb of comparison than is represented by a The connecting vowel is o when a long syllable precedes; if a (Latin quam); thus, the son is wiser than the father, is in Greek, short syllable precedes, the connecting vowel is w. A short | ο νιος σοφώτερος εστιν η και πατηρ. Another form of comparison syllable is a syllable the vowel of which is short ; a long syllable drops the n, and instead, as in the previous instance, of having is a syllable the vowel of which is long. Diphthongs are long, the same case after the n, than, as before it, puts the second and a vowel followed by two consonants, or one double consonant, noun in the genitive, as o υίος σοφώτερος του πατρος εστιν. is long. A long vowel or a diphthong is said to be long by nature; EXERCISE 53.-GREEK-ENGLISH. a vowel made long by standing before two consonants, or one double consonant, is said to be long by position. The rule is 1. Αριστειδης πτωχιστατος ην, αλλα δικαιοτατος. 2. Ο exemplified in these words : Κυκλωπες βιαιοτατοι ησαν. 3. Καλλιας πλουσιωτατος ην Αθηναιων. 4. Ουδεν σιωπης εστι χρησιμώτερον. 5. Σιγη ποτ' Positive. Comparative. Superlative. εστιν αιρετώτερα λογου. 6. Ουδεν εστι σοφιας τιμιωτερον. 7. Σοφια κουφ-ος, light ; κουφ-ο-τερος, lighter; κουφ-ο-τατος, lightest. ισχύρ-05, strong; ισχύρ-ο-τερος, stronger; ισχύρ-ο-τατος, strongest. | απλουστατη. 9. Οι γεραιτεροι ταις των νεων τιμαις αγαλλονται. πλουτου κτημα τιμιώτερον εστιν. 8. Η Λακεδαιμονιων διαιτα την λεπτ-ος, thin; λεπτ-ο-τερος, thinner; λεπτ-ο-τατος, thinnest. 10. Η πατρις τοις ανθρωποις φιλτατη εστιν. 11. Οι Ινδοι παλαισοφ-ος, wise; σοφ-ω-τερος, Wiser; σοφ-ω-τατος, wisest. τατον εθνος νομιζονται. 12. Ω παιδες, εστε ήσυχαιτατοι. 13. εχύρ-ος, secure; εχύρ-ω-τερος, securer; εχύρ-ω-τατος, securest. Οι Σπαρτιατικοι νεανιαι ερρωμενεστεροι ησαν των Αθηναίων. 14. Contracted words in -eos, -ous, and -005, -olls, undergo con- Πολλοι των χελιδονων εισι λαλιστεροι. 15, Οι δουλοι πολλακις tractions also in the comparative and superlative; the former | ψευδιστατοι και κλεπτιστατοι εισιν. blend e and w into w; the latter assume the connecting syllable εσ, and blend it with the foregoing o; thus- EXERCISE 54.-ENGLISH-GREEK. 1. The father is wiser than the son. 2. The mother is more πορφυρ-εος, purple ; πορφυρ-ους. πορφυρ-εω-τερος, πορφυρ-ω-τερος. talkative than the daughter. 3. Virtue is the most valuable 4. Socrates was the wisest Athenian. 5. The πορφυρ-ω-τατος. Athenians were wiser than the Lacedæmonians. 6. No one of απλοος, simple; απλούς. the ancient Greeks was wiser than Aristides. 7. Men are απλο-εσ-τερος, απλ-ουσ-τερος. quieter than boys. 8. The Lacedæmonians were very strong.! 9. Swallows are very chattering. 10. The raven is very thievish. Here belong also contracted adjectives of two terminations 11. Socrates' manner of life was very simple. in -ους And -ουν, as ευ-νοος, «υ-νους (well-disposed), ευ-νοον, ευ-νουν; ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. Comparativo, ευνο-εσ-τερος, ευ-νουσ-τερος ; superlative, ευνο-εσ. τατος, ευ-νουσ-τατος. In adjectives of the third declension, the comparison-forme The ensuing four adjectives in -alos--namely, yepalos, old; are added to the adjective stem, either immediately or by means παλαιoς, of old, ancient ; περαιος, belonging to the other side (of of the connecting syllable εσ or ισ. The adjective stem appears the river); oxudalos, idle-take the endings -Tepos and -TATOS, in either the neuter or in the genitive, after the removal of the without any connecting vowel, as termination -os. The adjoctives in -vs, -ela, -v; in-ns, -es; in-os, -av, as well as Positive. Comparative. Superlative. γεραι-ος. γεραι-τερος. γεραι-τατος. uarap, blessed, affix the comparison-forms immediately to the stem ; asNote that didos, loving, commonly has in the comparative Positive. Nouter, Comparative, Superlative, μαλλον φιλοs, and in the superlativo φιλτατος. γλυκυς, Sweet, •υ, γλυκυ-τερος, γλυκυτατος. The following adjectives in -os-namely, evoios, fair (weather) ; αληθης, true, αληθεσ-τερος, αληθεσ-τατος. ήσυχος (δ and ή), quiet; ισος, like; παραπλησιος, similar; ορθριος, πενης, poor, πενεσ-τερος, πενεστατος. early in the morning); oylos, late; pwios, in the dawn-append μελας, black, •αν, μελαν-τερος, μελαν-τατος. the connecting syllable ar to the stem, so that the comparative and superlative exactly correspond to the forms of the preceding, The adjectives nous, sweet, Taxus, sıcist, and podus, much, taki μακαρ, blessed, «αρ, μακαρ-τερος, μακαρ-τατος. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. . the second comparison-forms, namely, those in -ιων and -ων. μεσ-05. . μεσ-αι-τερος. μεσ-αι-τατος. The adjectives in -wv, -ov (gen. -ovos), assume the connecting Two adjectives in -os--namely, eppwuevos, strong, and arpātos, syllable co; for example, evdaruw (nom. -ov), fortunate, happy. unmixed-append the connecting syllable eo to the stem, as Positive. Neuter. Comparative. Superlative. . ερρωμεν-εσ-τερος, ερρωμεν-εσ-τατος ; ακρατ-εσ-τερος, ακρατ-σ- ευδαιμων, ευδαιμον, ευδαιμον-εσ-τερος, ευδαιμον-εσ-τατος. 8ο αιδοιος, -α, -ον, modest, has in the superlative αιδοι Adjectives in -1ę take as their connecting syllable partly to partly 10, asThe following four adjectives in -os-namely, lalos, talkative; μονοφαγος, eating alone; οψοφαγος, fond of good eating; αφηλιξ, Genitive, αφηλίκος, growing old. and πτωχος, poor, begging-take ισ for their connecting syllable, Comparative, αφηλικ-σ-τερος. as λαλ-ος, λαλ-ισ-τερος, λαλ-ισ-τατος. Superlative, αφηλικ-εστατος. Adjectives in -ης (gen. -ου), after dropping the ης, take the αρπαξ, Genitive, αρπάγ-95, robbing. connecting syllable io, as Comparative, αρπαγ-ισ-τερος. Positive. Superlative, άρπαγ-ισ-τατος. κλεπτ-ισ-τερος. The adjectives in -els, -ev, whose stem ends in vt, append the So also one in -ης of the third declension-namely, ψευδης, -ες terminations -tepos and -tatos immediately to the stem; but in (gen. -ος, -ους), false–malkes ψευδιστερος, ψευδιστατος. the coming together of two r's the first changes into o, whereon the foregoiny v is dropped; the process and the result may be VOCABULARY. presented thus :-- . χαριεντ-τερος. with the dative, 1 Αριστειδης, «ου, o, Εθνος, -ους, το, χαριεν-τερος. am proud of. Aristides. people, nation. Com. χαριεσ-τερος. Sup. χαριεσ-τατος. Page 20
SECTION LXXXII.-GOVERNMENT OF VERBS, ETC. vos marchandises à perte. 24. Vous et moi nous vendons tou1. In French, as in other languages, when a verb has two jours à profit. 25. Votre père, votre frère et moi, nous avons subjects in the singular, it is generally put in the plural | acheté des marchandises. [$ 114 (2)]: EXERCISE 160. L'oncle et la tante sont arrivés, The uncle and aunt are arrired. 1. Do we incommode you, my brother and I ? 2. No, Sir; Votre frère et votre seur sont-ils Are your brother and sister gone ? you do not incommode us; we are very glad to see you. 3. Are partis ? you not afraid to disturb your friend ? 4. We are afraid to 2. When a verb has two or more subjects of different persons, disturb him; he has much to do. 5. Is my foot in your way, it is put in the plural, and assumes the termination of the first Sir ? 6. No, Sir; your foot is not in my way. 7. Will you and person rather than that of the second or third, and the termi- your brother go to Germany this year? 8. We intend to go nation of the second in preference to that of the third : there, he and I. 9. He, you, and I, should write our lessons. Vous et moi irons demain à la You and I will go hunting to-mor. 10. Should you not, you and your friends, adapt yourselves to circumstances ? 11. We should do so, if it were possible. 12. chasse, Vous et lui irez demain à l'école, You and he zill go to school to. Do I not disturb you, Sir ? 13. You do not disturb me by any means. 14. Does not my little boy disturb you ? 15. He does Sa mère et moi nous avons écrit His mother and I have written that not disturb me. 16. He disturbs nobody. 17. Docs not your cette lettre, lettor. partner sell his goods at a loss? 18. He never sells at a loss. 3. The abovo examples will show that, when a verb ha3 19. He and I always sell at a profit. 20. Do you persist in several subjects, all of them pronouns, or partly pronouns and your resolution P 21. Your friend and I persist in our reso. partly nouns, the words moi, toi, lui, cux, are used instead of lution. 22. I never feel under constraint at your house. 23. je, ta, il, ils. A pronoun recapitulating the others may, as Be under no constraint (make yourself at home). 24. Are you in the last example, be placed immediately before the verb not wrong to incommode them? 25. I do not intend to incom. {$ 33 (10) (11)]. mode them. 26. We do not like to incommode ourselves. 4. For further rules on this subject, see $$ 114 and 115, and 27. My little boy and I will, perhaps, be in your way. 28. also the next section. No, Sir; we are very glad of your company. 29. Do I disturb 5. Gêner corresponds in signification to the English to trouble, you? 30. No, Sir ; you do not disturb us. 31. Do I disturb to incommode, to disturb, to be in the way, and to hurt (in speak- your father ? 32. No, Sir; you disturb no one. 33. Excuse ing of shoes and garments). So gêner means to constrain, or me, Sir, if I disturb you. 34. Have yon not been very lavish ? trouble one's self. 35. No, Sir; I assure you that your son and I have been very economical. Est-ce que je vous gêne? Am I in your cay ? RÉSUME OF EXAMPLES. KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN FRENCH. Où irez-vous, votre frère et vous ? Where will 300 go, your brother and EXERCISE 93 (Vol. II., page 10). Lai et moi irons en Angleterre. He and I acill go to England. 1. What has been taken from you ? 2. My books, my pencils, and Vous, elle et lui, vous achèterez du You, the, and he will buy ulieat. my penknife have been taken from me. 3. Do you know who has Lle. taken them from you ? 4. I do not kuow the person who bas taken Eax et moi, nous nous sommes fait Thes, and I have hurt our heads. them from me, but I know that he lives here. 5. Have you asked mal à la tête. for your books ? 6. I have asked my cousin for them. 7. Has he 9. Has much Tous et lui, vous devriez vous prê. You and he should adapt yourselves returned them to you? 8. He has paid me for them. fruit been stolen from you this year ? ter aux circonstances. to circumstances, 10. Vegetables have been stolen Loi et moi, vous gênerons sans 11. Have you paid He and I will arithout doubt incom. from me, but no fruit has been stolen from me. doute. the peasant for your hat ? 12. I have not paid him for it, I have 13. Whom have you asked for information ? His cousine et moi, nous craignons My cousin and I fear to be in your raid the hatter for it. 14. I have asked the traveller. de vous gêner. 15. Do you know who has just knocked tay. Je ne me gène jamais chez mes I am never under constraint with at the door? 17. For whom 16. It is Mr. L., who is asking for you. amis. my friends. did you ask? 18. I asked for your brother. , 19. Has your brother Ve vous gênez pas; mettez vous à Be under no constraint; make your paid all his debts ? 20. He has not paid them yet, because he has not received his income. Fotre aise. self com fortable. 21. Have you paid him for what you Nous n'aimons à gêner les bought of him? 23. Have you not paid We do not like to incommode others. 22. I have paid him for it. pas autres. them your rent? 24. I have paid it to them, 25. They have paid Nous n'aimons pas à nous géner. We do not like to incommodo our. us for our house. eeltes. EXERCISE 94 (Vol. II., page 11). VOCABULARY. 1. Avez-vous payé votre propriétaire ? 2. Je lui ai payé mon loger. À perte, et a loss. Nullement, by no Prodigue, prodigal, 3. Lui avez-vous payé les fenêtres que vous avez cassées ? *. Je les À proît, uith a profit. larish. lui ai payées. 5. Le chapelier a-t-il payé tous ses chapeaux ? 6. 1 ne Bras, m., ari. Pardon, ercuse me. Société, f., company, les a pas payés, il les a achetés à crédit. 7. Pavez-vous tous les jours Déringer, 1, to disturb. Persist-er, 1, to persist. society. ce que vous devez ? 8. Jo paie mon boucher toutes les semaines. 9. Econome, economical. Place, 1., room. Tous deux, both. Lui avez-vous payé sa viando ? 10. Je la lui ai payée. 11. Qui arez. vous demandé, ce matin ? 12. J'ai demandé M. votre frère. 13. EXERCISE 159. Pourquoi n'avez-vous pas demandó mon père ? 14. Je sais que M. 1. Si nous restions plus longtemps ici, nous craindrions de votre père est en Angleterre. 15. A-t-on payé ses chapeaux au chapeTous gêner. 2. Vous ne nous gênez nullement; votre société lier ? 16. On les lui a payés. 17. Vous a-t-on pris votre argent ? bous est très-agréable. 3. N'avez-vous pas été trop prodignes, 18. On m'a volé mou chapeau, 19. Avez-vous demandé votre argent Toms et votre frère ? 4. Lui et moi au contraire, nous à votre frère ? 70. Je le lui ai demandé, mais il ne peut me le rendre. avons été très-économes. 5. N'avez-vous pas tort de gener 21. N'a-t-il pas d'argent ? 22. Il vient de payer toutes ses dettes, et De monsieur ? 6. Nous ne le gênons pas nous n'avons nulle votre pire ? 24. Je ne lui en ai pas demandé, je sais qu'il n'en a pas. 23. Avez-vous demandé de l'argent à M. ment envie de le gêner. 7. Est-ce que mon bras vous gêne, 25. Chez quel libraire avez-vous achctó vos livres ? 26. Jo les ai Monsieur? 8. Non, Monsieur ; j'ai assez de place, vous ne mo achetés chez votre libraire. 27. Arez-vous tort de payer vos dettes ? 9. Ne devriez-vous pas vous prêter aux circon- / 28. J'ai raison de les payer. 29. Qui me demande ? 30. Le médecin stances? 10. Nous faisons, elle et noi, notre possible pour nous vous demande. 31. Qui frappe ? 32. Votre cordonnier frappe. Ipariter. 11. Ce jeune homme persiste-t-il dans sa résolu. tion? EXERCISE 95 (Vol. II., page 42). 12. Nous y persistone, lui et moi. 13. Persistez-vous tous deux à rester ici ? 14. Nous y persistons tous deux. 1. Did the banker receive much money last week? 2. He received 15. Cet homme est-il gêné dans ses affaires ? 16. Il était much. 3. As soon as you perceived your brother, did you not speak r'sé dans ses affaires il y a un an. 17. Ne vous ginez pas, to him? 5. Here 4. As soon as I perccived him, I spoke to him. Monsieur. 18. Je ne me gêne jamais, Monsicur. 19. Est-ce you worn your new clothes already? 6. I have not yet wor” them. que mon frère vous dirange? 20. Non, Monsieur, il ne me 7. When he gave you money yesterday, did you thank him? 8.1 I thauked himn, and begged him to thank you. 9. Have yo'ı four your di Tange paz. 21. Je ne voudrais pas vous déranger. 22. Par- books? 10, I have not found them yet. 11. Ven you came to see dos, si je vous dérange. 23. Vous et votre associé avez vendu / us, did you not finish your affairs with Page 21
them thon, and paid him. 13. Have you not seen your eldest sister, write the terms of the subtrahend after those of the minuen!. during your stay in Lyons? 14. I have not seen her, not go to bed too soon last night? 16. I went to bed late. 17. At what hour did you riso this morning ? 18. I rose at five o'clock ; Otherwise. -Put the quantity to be subtracted in brackets, I generally rise early. 19. Did you not seek to escape from your prison and write it after the quantity from which it is to be subtracted, last year? 20. I have never tried to escape. 21. Have you sold your with the sign between them; then apply the Rules of property ? 22. I bave not sold it. 23. What have you given to the Addition. soldier! 24. I have given him nothing. 25. During his stay at B., EXAMPLES. we gave him all that he wished. (1.) From 6a + 9b, take 3a + 4b. EXERCISE 96 (Vol. II., page 42). Here, change the signs of the subtrahend, but not those of the minuend, thus :-1. Que recûtes-vous la semaine dernière ? 2. Nous reçûmes cinquante ва + 9ь — За 46. Next reduce these terms, by Art. 52, francs de votre ami, et vingt-cinq de votre frère. 3. Menátes-vous votre fils à l'église hier? 4. Je ne l'y menai pas. 5. Que perdites. and you have the answer, 3a + 5b. vous l'année dernière ? Nous perdimes notra argent, nos habille (2.) From 166 (3.) 14da (4.) — 28 (5.) --- 166 (6.) - 14da ments et nos chevaux. 7. Les avez-vous cherchés ? 8. Je les ai Tako 12b 6da 16 126 6da cherchés, mais je ne les ai pas trouvés. 9. Parla-t-on de votre frère, 45 hier? 10. On parla de lui et de vous. Answer, 11. Qu'est.ce que le médecin 8da - 12 46 8da vous a donné? 12. Il ne in'a rien donné. 13. À quelle heuro votre (7.) 16b (8.) 12 (9.) 6da (10.) — 16 (11.) 121 (12.) 6da spur se leva-t-elle hier? 14. Elle se leva à cinq heures. 15. Vous 286 166 14da 166 - 14da êtes-vous levé de bonne heure ce matin? 16. Nous nous sommes levés å six heures et demie, 17. Votre cousin a-t-il vendu toutes ses pro- - 125 - 46 -- 8da + 4b + 8da priétés? 18. Il ne les a pas vendues, il les a données à sa sœur ainée. 19. Le voyageur vous a-t-il raconté ses aventures ? 20. Il me les a (13.) + 166 (14.) + 14da (15.) - 28 (16.) --- 166 (17.) 14.la racontées. 21. Cet homme a-t-il cherché à parler à votre père? 22. - 12b 6da + 16 + 6da Il a cherché à lui parler. 23. Le professeur a-t-il parlé de votre frère, pendant son séjour chez vous ? 21, Il a parlé de lui. 25. Votre ami + 20da - 44 - 286 - 20da a-t-il porté son habit neuf ? 26. Il ne l'a pas encore porté. 27. Avez-|(18.) From 8ab, take bry. Ans. Sab -- 6xy. vous remercié votre frère ? 28. Je l'ai remerció, 29. Qu'avez-vous donné à votre scur ainée ? 30. Je ne lui ai rien donné, jo n'ai rien (19.) From baay (20.) 16aazz à lui donner. 31. Quand M. votre frère vous donna un livre, l'année Take 17ay 20ax dernière, le remerciátes-vous ? 32. Je ne le remerciai pas. 33. Est-il tard? 34. Il n'est pas tard, il n'est que six heures. 35, Fait-il beau Answer, baay — 17ay 16aaex 20ax temps ou mauvais temps? 36. Il fait très-beau temps. (21.) 6dd + 3d ---- 4ddd 10dc + 2dddd + 4dy LESSONS IN ALGEBRA.-IV. 6dd + 30 --- 4ddd - 10dc- - 2dildi — 4dy 61. From these examples, it will be seen that the difference SUBTRACTION. between a positive and a negative quantity may be greater than 56. SUBTRACTION is the finding of the difference between cny two either of the two quantities. In a thermometer, the difference quantities or collections of quantities. between 28 degrees above zero, and 16 degrees below, is 44 EXAMPLES.—(1.) Charles has 5a pears, and James has 3a degrees. The difference between gaining 1,000 pounds in trade, pears. How many more pears has Charles than James ? and losing 500 pounds, is equivalent to 1,500 pounds. In this example, we wish to take 3a pears from 5a pears. 62. Proof.-Subtraction may be proved, as in arithmetic, by But subtraction is denoted by the sign - Hence the expres- adding the remainder to the subtrahend. The sum ought to be sion 5a 3a pears represents the answer. But 5a -- 3a = 2a equal to the minuend, upon the obvious principle, that the dif. pears; which is the answer. ference of two quantities added to one of them, is equal to the (2.) A gentleman owns a house valued at £4,500, but he is in other. debt £800. How much is he worth? EXAMPLES.-(1.) From 2xy — 1, subtract -- xy + 7. Here we have £4,500 — £800 = £3,700. Ans. Operation. Proof. 57. Let us now attend to the principle upon which these Here, Minuend 2xy --1 Add — xy + 7 Subtrahend. operations are performed. Let us suppose that you open a Subtrahend -- cy + 7 To 3xy -- 8 Remainder. book account with your neighbour, and that when cast up, the debtor side, which is considered positive, is £500, and the credit Remainder 3.ry -8 2.ry --1 Minuend. side, which is considered negative, is £300. On balancing the (2.) From h+ 3h1 (3.) hy ah (4.) nd — 7 by account, you find that he owes you £500 — £300 = 200. Now, Take 3h 9bx 5ly - 6ah 5nd by if you take £50 from the positive or debtor side, it will have the same effect on the balance, as if you added £50 to the negative Answer 2h + 12b - 4hy + 5ah - und . - 6by or credit side; and on the other hand, if you take £50 from (5.) (6.) (7.) (8.) the negative or credit side, it will have the same effect on 3abm my 17 + 4a.c ax + 76 the balance, as if you added £50 to the positive or debtor - 7abm + Gry 20 4ax + 156 de. 58. In like manner, if, in the expression 12a — 50, you take 10abm - 7ey +3+ 5ad + 5ax 86 + 10ah 3a from 12a, it will have the same effect on the expression, as 63. When there are several terms alike in the subtrahend, if you added 3a to 5a, and retained the negative sign in the sum; thus, 9a 5a is the same as 12a 8a. Again, if in the expres they may be united and their sum be used. Thus, sion 12a -5a, you take 3a from 5a, and retain the negative sign EXAMPLES.-(1.) From ab, subtract 3am + am + 7am in the difference, it will have the same effect on the expression, + 2am + bam. Here ab Зап - am as if you added 3a to 12a ; thus, 12a - 2a, is the same as - 7am - 2am -- 6am = ab-19am. 150.--- 50. Answer. (2.) Fromy, subtract a tata + a. 4a. 59. Hence universally, teking away a positive quantity from an algebraic expression is the same in effect as adding an equal (3.) From ax— -bc + 3ax + 7bc, subtract 4bc—2ar + bc + 4ux. negative quantity; and taking away a negative quantity is the Answer. 2ax + bc. same as adding an equal positive one. (4.) From ad + 3dc — bæ, subtract 3ad + 7bx dc + ad. Answer. 4dc - 8bx - 3ad. 60. Upon this principle is founded the following 64. The sign placed before the marks of parenthesis which GENERAL RULE FOR SUBTRACTION. include a number of quantities, requires that, when these marks Change the signs of all the quantities to be subtracted, i.e., of are removed, the signs of all the qnantities thus included should the subtrahend, or suppose them to be changed from + to —, and be changed. Thus a - (b − c + d) signifies that the quantities from -- to +; then if the quantities are ALIKE, unite the terms b-c and + d are to be subtracted from a. Remove the as in addition (Arts. 49, 50); but if the quantities are UNLIKE, parenthesis, and the expression will then become a -hto-, Page 22
LESSONS IN LATIN.-XXIX. meaning; as, legendum est, it is to be read; that is, reading must be done by some one. The subject of the action is indicated by THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. pronouns in the dative case; thus :SOME verbs of the third conjugation seem to partake of qualities of the verbs of the fourth. In the present tense the stem with Mihi amandum est, I must love. Tibi amandum est, thou must love. the parts formed from it is strengthened by the vowel i, and so Ei amandum est, he must love. partly corresponds to the forms of the fourth conjugation. The Nobis amandum est, we must love, i, however, disappears before a consonant. I give a specimen Vobis amandum est, you must love. in capio, 3, I take. Illis amandum est, they must love. ACTIVE VOICE. The participle present has often a cansal force, or assigns the PRESENT TENSE. Indicative. Subjunctive. Imperative. Infinitive. Participle. reason of the action expressed in the sentence. It must someSing. Capio. Capian. Capere. Capiens, times be rendered into English as if it were a verb in the indi. Capis. Capias. Cape, capito. cative mood; and sometimes as if it were an infinitive. Use Capit. Capiat. Capito. only can make these peculiarities quite clear and easy. Plu. Capímus. Capiamus. [tote. The participle present and the participle perfect passive are Capitis. Capiatis. Capite, capis used with a noun in the ablative case, forming what is called Capiunt, Capiant. Capiunto. “ the ablative absolute” (ab and solutus, disconnected, indepen. IMPERFECT TENSE, dent ; that is, in construction). Sing. Capiebam. Caperem. Observe that the Romans employed the second person sinetc. etc. gular when they spoke of or to a single person. Consequently, you must translate you as if it were thou, in the English-Latin Sing. Capiam. exercises, except when more persons than one are obviously in. Capies, etc. tended. PASSIVE VOICE. VOCABULARY. PRESENT TENSE. Sing. Capior. Capiar. [tor. Angustire, -arum, 1, a. Exprobro, 1, I reproach Publici juris factu with. Capěris. 1 Capiaris. narrow way, narrow Capere, capr. est, was established, limits. Capitur. Non supplicanti, with. Recupero, 1, I regain. Capiatur. Capitor. Plu. Capimur. Capiamur. [piminor. Appropinquo, 1, I ap- out his entreating it. Reporto, 1, I carry of, proach. Orbis the terrarum, obtain, Capiamini. Capimini, caCapimini. De, of, from, over. world. Capiuntur, Capiantur. Capiuntor. Res-publica, rei-publi. Detrimentum, i, n., Pectus, -óris, D., the cæ, the state (a comIMPERFECT TENSE, injury. breast (E. R. pecto- pound word, of Sing. Capiebar. Caperer. Ex, out of, aftor. ral). which both parts etc. etc. Ex labore sudanti, to Persona, -e, 1, a mask, are declined). sweating from a character. Teter, -ra, -rum, foul, Sing. Capiar. the effoct of labour. Potio, -ōnis, f., drink. vile. Capieris, etc. Lenio, 4, I soothe. ing or draught, Thus conjugate cupio, 3, I wish, desire; facio, 3, I do, make; EXERCISE 104.- LATIN-ENGLISH. fodio, 3, I dig ; jacio, 3, I throw; pario, 3, I bring forth; rapio, 3, I plunder ; sapio, 3, I taste, etc. ; dico, 3, I say; duco, 3, I lead ; latione æger amici animus lenitus sit. 1. Amici mei unā domo capi non possunt. 2. Dic nobis quá conso 3. Non capiunt angustiæ pecfacio, I do or make; fero, 3, I bear. The 2nd person singular of toris tui tantam personam. 4. Nec te orbis terrarum capiet. 5. Ca. the imperatives of the last four verbs are respectively dic, duc, piendus est mihi cibus. 6. Tibi docendum est. 7. Doceus pueros, fac, fer. valde amaberis. 8. Dic cur puer punitus sit. 9. Bellum cepit tinein. Let it be again remarked that the participles in -us are de- 10. Vide ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat. i1. Dic mihi quid tibi clined like adjectives in -Us, thus : a sorore scriptum sit. 12. Nullum vitium tetrius est quam avaritia, Amatus, -a, -um. Docturus, -a, -um. præsertim in principibus rempublicam gerentibus. 13. Cogitantes cæAmati, -a, -i. 14. Odiosum est genus Docturi, -æ, -i. lestia, hæc nostra ut exigua contemnimus. hominum officia exprobrantium. 15. Ex labore sudanti frigidæ aqua Amato, -æ, .0. Docturo, -, -0. Amatum, -am, -um, etc. Docturum, -am, -um, etc. potio est perniciosa 16. Vir bonus viro bono non supplicanti succur. 17. Ciconiæ in alienas terras migratura in unum locum congreIn all instances they must agree with their nouns. So also gantur. 18. Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem congregatur, ludos must the infinitive passive of the past tense, as eruditum esse, publicos spectatura. 19. Omnes dolores, patienter tolerati, minus eruditam esse ; eruditos esse, to have been instructed, the parti. acerbi sunt. 20. Dux dimittit milites ob eximiam virtutem landatos. ciple changing as the noun changes. 21. Multi juvenes in primă pueritiâ a parentibus male educati, in perThe participle future in -rus is frequently used after a verb, piciem ruunt. 22. Regnante Xerxe (abl. abs.), Græci de Persis denoting motion to point out the object or design; as, veniunt splendidissimam victoriam reportaverunt. 23. Inter bonos viros et expugnaturi urbem, they come with a view to capture the city. Deum amicitia est, conciliante naturá (abl. abs.). 24. Appropin. Besides the conjugations now set forth, there is another re quante hiểme, multe aves mitiores regiones petunt. 25. Recuperatā pace, artes efflorescunt, 26. Regibus exterminatis, Romani liberam cognised by grammarians. This is called the Periphrastic Con. rempublicam fundaverunt. 27. Terra mutată, mores hominum non jugation. It is called periphrastic (Greek, tepi, per'-i, about; mutantur. 28. Legibus divinis sancte observatis, vita nostra beata and opaors, phra'-sis, a speech), because it is a kind of circumlo erit. cution; the changes of idea not being expressed by additions EXERCISE 105.---ENGLISH-LATIN. to the stem, as in the ordinary conjugations, but by two sepa- 1. True friends can be received in a small house. 2. The narrow rate words. Thus such a conjugation or form is made by the limits of this house will not receive so great a character. 3. Tell me participles and the several tenses of the verb esse, to be; for what your father has said to you. 4. Bear the water to thy mother, example, 5. Avarice in parents who govern their houses is a great evil. 6. AvaAmans, amaturus, amatus, amandus. rice blotted out, evil is blotted out. 7. Thinking of his nativo Sum, eram, ero, fui, fueram, fuero. country, the soldier lost his life. 8. To one who is in fear (fearing), I supply the meanings of these forms : a friend is a great solace. 9. The state being disturbed, who can be happy ? 10. A large multitude of men have come to drink wine. Amans sum, I am loving; the action proceeding and incomplete. 11. The soldiers being praised, were dismissed. 12. In the reign of Amaturus sum, I am about to love ; an intended and immediately | Victoria (Victoria reigning, abl. abs.), the Popular EDUCATOR (Edufuture action. cator Popularis) was established. 13. The book being changed, you do Amatus sum, I have been loved ; completed action, passive voice. not change your thoughts. Amandus sum, I ought to be loved; action denoting vecessity in time to come. DEPONENT VERBS. I have here limited myself to the present tense sum; changes I have already explained to you the meaning of the term de. of import are introduced by the other tenses of the verb, corre- ponent in the phrase Deponent Verbs, Deponent verbs are sponding to the signification of those tenses. passive in form, but active in signification. I havo already The neuter of the participle in -dus, commonly, but incor- ! informed you that there are deponent verbs in each of the rectly, termed the nominative of the gerund, has an impersonal | four conjugations. Under the guidance of this information you Page 23
Da ladelte ter Vater abermals 11nd READINGS IN GERMAN.-IV. sagte 311 Dah ley'-yel-tai dair fah'-ter ah'-ber-mahlss öðnt zaha-tai tsoo 4. Der Morgontra um. ter Mutter : In Träumen und Thränen gleichen wir Großen Dair m 8r-gh en-tr 0 u m. dair modt'-ter: In troi'-men dönt trey'-nen gli .yen veer gro'-ssen wohl tem flcinen Polly Möchten wir auch nur in GenügsamEin Fleiner Knabe, Namens Leopold, fam Morgens vole daim kli'-pen pol'-lee. Möy'-ten veer onch noor in gai-du'y'-zahmIne kli'-ner knah'-bai, nah'-menss ley'-o-polt, kahm dess mòr-ghenss feit und bescheitener Freude an tem Kleinen und hernieter Schlaffämmerlein und Wenigen aus seinem weinte bitterlichy, kite dont bai-shi'-dai-ner froi'-dai an daim kli'-nen dönt vey'-ni-ghen herr-nee-der ouss zi-nem shlahf'-kem-mer-line ošnt vine'-tai bit'ter-lyy, also daß ihm die Thrinen über die Wangen liefen. Sein Vater ihin ähnlich sein. eem eyn'-llý zine, al-zo dass eem dee trey'-nen ü"-ber dee vang'-en lee'-fen. Zine fah'-ter VOCABULARY. aber und seine Mutter traten bestürzt hingu, tenn sie Traum, m, dream. ah'-ber bënt zi-nai mõõt'-ter trah'-ten bai-shtürtst' hin-tsoo', den zeo | Glied, n. limb. Wir, we. Knabe, m. boy. Fragen, to ask. Seufzer, m. sigh. meinten, es sei dem Sinde ein großes Hebel oter mine”-ten, ess zi daim kin”-dai ine gro'-ssess ü"-bel bai geyg'-net, oder Pieter, down, nether. Fehlen, to ail, miss,' limouth, m. gloom. Schlaf, m. sleep. fail, lack. Dit, often. es sei frant und empfinde heftige Schmerzen und Reißen im Kammer, f. chamber. Wer, interrogative' Wünsten, to wish; n. ess zi krank õõnt em-pfin'-dai hef-ti-gai shmerr'-tsen ðånt ri'-ssen im Bitterlidi, bitterly. pronoun, who. wishing. Haurt oder in den Gliedern. Und fie fragten tas Kind, und Also, so. Zu leide thun, to do Verlangen, to demand; houpt o'-der in dain glee'.dern. öðnt zee frahchy'-ten dass kint, čont Wange, f. cheek. harm. n. longing, deCaufen, to run. Auftbun, to open. mand. sprachen: Liebesfiind, was feblet dir, wer hat dir was zu Treten, to step. Munt, m. mouth. Gleichen, to resemble. shprah'-den: Lee'-bess kint, vass fey'-let deer, veyr hat deer vass tsoo Bestürzt, perplexed. Vorher, before. (Cicich, alike.) Leite gethan? Da that tas Kind seinen Mund auf und sprach : Meinen, to think, to Zwölf, twelve. Immer, always. li'-dai gai-tahn'? Dah taht dass kynt zi-nen moont ouf oổnt shprahch): mean, Nietlicy, pretty. Berathidlagen, to conAch ich hatte vorber zwölf nierliche weiße Schifchen, und Es sei, there was, Weiß, white. sult. ach is hat-tai fore-heyr' tswölf neet-liy-yai vi'-ssai sheyf-yen, öõnt there had. Schaf, a. sheep. Ernstlich, serionsly. sie gingen um mich her und Todten mir die Hand, und mit Begegnen, to meet, Pecten, to lick. Suchen, to look for, happen. zee ghing'-en öðm mij heyr bånt leck'-ten meer dee hant, öðnt ly i Sißen, to sit. to seek. Groß, great, large, Unter, among, under. Camm, n. lamb. Taß unter ihnen mit einem Şirtenstab. Aber nun sind big. Ihnen, dative of sie, i Stellen, to place, to zahss õõn'-ter ee'-nen mit i'-nem hirr'*-ten-shtahp. Ah'-ber noon zint liebel, n. evil. to them, them. put. fie alle fort und ich weiß nicht, wo sie geblieben. A18 Orer, or. | Hirte, m. shepherd. Erfreut, rejoiced. zee al- lai fort dönt jy vice niyt, vo zee gai-blee'-ben. Es sei, it was, it Stab, m. staff. Scrzen, to caress. dicic gesagt hatte, begann er von neuem bitterlich were. zu Fert, away, forth. Ausschen, to look. dee'-zess gai-zahcht' hat-tai, bai-gan' eyr fon noi-em bit-ter-liy tsoo Krant, sick. Wisjen, to know. Gilf, eleven. Empfinten, to feel. weinen. Wo, where. Begobren, to demand. vi’-nen. Heftig, violent. Or, he. Genügsamkeit, f. con Simerz, m. pain. Dieser, tiese, dicses, this. tentment. (Genug, merften tie Gitern die Noth tee Kinder und daß es (Schmerzen, to pain, Merten, to perceive, enough.) Dah merrk'-ten dee el'-tern dee note dess kin'-dess öðnt dass ess smart.) to notice. Bescheiten, modest. ein Traum gewesen, und sie lächelten unter cinanter beim. Neißen, n. tearing Noth, f.distress, need. Freute, f. joy. ine troum gai-vey'-zen, öðnt zee ley'-yel-ten oðn'-ter ine-an'-der hime'- (acute pains), v.a. Gewesen war, had Wenig, little. lich. Der Vater aber sprach : Wir lächeln wohl, Mutter, und to tear. been. Ähnlich, like, resemJlý. Dair fab'ter ab'-ber shprahch: Veer ley'.yeln vole, mööt'-ter, čðnt Haupt, n. head, chief.! Heimlich, secretly. bling. toch find jinsre Seufzer und unser linmuth oft tie Thränen doch zint čðn'-zrai zoif-tser Čint ődn'-zer öðn'-moot oft dee trey'-nen KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GERMAN. ter Kinder und unser Wunsden und Berlangen, gleichete EXERCISE 99 (Vol. II., page 118). dess kin'-dess, oönt don'-zer vün'-shen öðnt ferr-lang'-en, gli'.yet ess 1. Lehrt Gure Kinder gute Sitten nach zuahmen. 2. Grabmt seinem nicht oftmals Polly's Träumen ? Vater in allen seinen Gewohnheiten nach. 3. Vernünftige Eltern steuern nist 8ft -mahlss pôl-leess trọ?-men ? tem unartigen Betragen ihrer Kinter bei Zeiten. 4. Steure muthig tas Polly aber war noch immer sehr betrübt um die zwölf Schiff durch die wogende See. 5. Es begegnete ihm oft, daß er sein Buch Pol-lee ah'-ber vahr nödi im'-mer zeyr bai-trü'pt' òüm dee tswölf sudite und es in seiner Tasche fand. 6. Die Schiffe, welche nach Australien Schäfchen. berathschlagten tie Eltern ernstlich, was zu geben, müssen ten Aequator pafsiren. 7. Sie sollten das Beispiel Ihres sheyf'-yen. Dah bai-raht'-shlahch-ten dee el-tern errost-lly, vass tsoo Brüters nachzuahmen suchen. 8. Ich sehe seine Unschuld in seinem Betr.: gen. 9. Die Unsterblichfeit der Seele leugnen ist so viel als Gott abídwören. thun sei, und ter Pater erhob sich und sprach: Pelly, ich 10. Die Polizei versicherte sich des Diebes. 11. ahme stets tas Gute nach, toon zi, dönt dair fah'-ter err-hope' zřý čönt shprahch: P31'-lee, YV aber nie tas boje. will gehen und bcinc Schäfchen suchen. lind ging und vill ghey'-hen cont di-nai sheyf'.yen zoo-chen. EXERCISE 100 (Vol. II., page 118). vùnt eyr ghink ošnt faufte ein lamm und brachte es 11716 stellte c8 so, tai 1. The prince who ill-treats, his people is called a tyrant. 2. He kouf-tai ine lam öönt brach'- tai ess õõnt shtell'-tai ess zo, dass asks me about things which I cannot tell him. 3. Call me what you like, but not a traitor, 4. Those people must be called hypocrites who te: Knabe el fab. Da ward tor Sinabe sehr crfreut und speak fair but act basely. 5. They have christened the princess Louisa. dair knah'- bai ess zah. Dah vart dair kpah-bai zeyr err-froi't õónt 6. I did not ask him for this out of curiosity. 7. Attila, King of the lich hinzu 11910 Huns, called himself the scourge of God. herzte tas lämmchen und sprac: : tas 8. I call him a friend who leef hin-tsoo' cont herrts'-tai dass lem'-yen õõnt shprald: Yah, dass does not remind me of my excellencies, but affectionately of my errors. 9. He calls all those who are not with him, enemies and rebels. 10. ist es, tas ist e8! ebenso jah 08 aus! und war sehr The teacher called the scholar a lazy boy. 11. I asked him his name ist ess, dass ist ess! ey'-ben-zo zah ess ouss! oönt eyr vahr zeyr in vain. 12. I do not deserve that the people should call me a traitor. crfreut, aber von den eilf andern Lämmern sagte 13. I give you this keepsake as a testimony of my love and respect. err-froit', ah'-ber fon dain elf an’-dern lem'-mern zahch--tai eyr niýts been committed, when they heartily repent of them. Page 24
LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-XXX. Latin Words. Meanings. Stems. English Words. LATIN STEMS (continued). Dico dict dictate, predict, diction, Dies day di dial, diary, meridian. Words are undergoing constant change of signification. The Medius middle medi mediate, mediocrity. changes are in general so slow as scarcely to be noticeable, Dignus rorthy digni dignity, dignify. except at considerable intervals. There is a certain elasticity Diurnus daily diurn, journ diurnal, journal. of mind which contracts and expands, and expands and con- Doceo I teach doc, doct docile, doctor, doctrine. tracts. Corresponding with these internal movements is a Doleo I grieve dol dole, dolorous, condole. contraction ard expansion of the import of words. The term Dominus master domin domineer, dominion, dom “import” furnishes an illustration. The import of a word is, Domus a house domestic, domicile. Donum gift don according to the etymology of the term, that which the word donation, donor. Dnco I lead carries in itself. That something, that load or freight, is a duo, druct duct, induce, educate. Duo two du dual, duel. variable quantity; it varies in quality as well as in quantity. Durus hard dur durable, durance. The vase swells with its contents, and so its capacity is aug. Ebrius drunken ebri ebriety, inebriate. mented. Edo edible. Among the changes which words undergo, two of great im. Ego I ego egotist, egotism. portance may be specified: one is a change from good to bad, Emo (6) em, empt red(e)em, exemption. the other is a change from bad to good. On the former I add a Flecto reflect, inflect, Flexus bent few things here; the latter must stand over for a little space. flex flexible, flexile. Words which originally had a good meaning may degenerato Flictus (fligo) dashed flict conflict, afflict. Flos (floris) a flower flor foral, florist. so as to have a bad meaning. Conventicle is a harmless word, Fluctus fluctu fluctuate. signifying only a small place of meeting. Our political and Fluo I flow fuent, influence. religious strifes, however, have thrown around it a feeling of Fluxus a flowing flua reflux, efflux. contempt, and in this feeling it is sometimes applied to the Fædus chapels of the Nonconformists. } (fæděris) a treaty feder federal, confederate. “It behoveth that the place where God shall be served by the whole Foro perforate, church be a publick place, for the avoiding of privy convonticle, which, Fors (fortis) chance fort fortuitous, fortunate. covered with pretence of religion, may serve unto dangerous practices.” Fortis fortify, fortitude. -Hooker. Fossa fosse. Fossus dug The word cunning derivatively denotes knowledge, and the foss fossil. Frango I break skill that ensues from knowledge. In this sense it was current frag, fring fragment, infringe. Fractus broken fract fracture, fraction. at the time when our present version of the Scriptures was Frater a brother frater, fratri fraternal, fratricide. made; for example Frigeo frigid, refrigeration. “If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, Fructus fruit fructi fructify. Fruor fruition. Chinning is of the same origin as king, and both denote mental Fugio I fly fug refuge, subterfuge. Fugitum fugit fugitive. superiority. But, as is exemplified in the slang phrase, “a Fulmen knowing one,” knowledge ill-directed may issue in craftiness. fulmin fulminate. The word craft, from which the latter is derived, was originally, Fundo fund refund. too, very innocent. Its inoffensiveness is preserved in the term Fusus poured fus fusible, infuse, refuse. craft as applied to a trade : Gelu gel, geal, gelat congeal, congelation, gelat“A poem is the work of the poet ; poesy is his skill or craft of Gens (gentis) a nation gent gentile, genteel. [inous. making."--Ben Jonson. Genu gonuflexion. Gero I carry Our craft is the Saxon kræft, or the German kraft, which denotes ger, gest belligerent, gesture, digestion. Exter outcard exter external, exterior. internal strength, such as comos from essential virtues or from Faber a workman fabr fabric, fabricate. knowledge and skill. | facil, facul, facilitate, faculty. Facilis The students of these lessons should always bear in mind eney difficult. how necessary it is for them to acquire facility in composition. I make Ş fact, fect, fit factor, perfect, benefit, Facio They cannot adopt a better plan than that which I have fre fic, fy soporific, purify. quently pointed out, namely, to read a passage from some good Sopor(sopāris) heavincss, sleep sopor soporiferous. Fallo I deceive English author, and then endeavour to reproduce it in writing. fall fallacious, infallible. Fanum a templo fan profane, profanation. One of the most elegant writers in our language, Mrs. Bar. Fari fable, ineffable. bauld, who in her husband's school superintended the lessons in ratus spoken fat fate, fatal. English composition, was accustomed to pursue a plan which to Felix (felicis). happy felic felicity. some extent is similar to what I recommend, and which for many Femina femin feminine, ef feminacy. years I followed in my own school. Lucy Aikin, her biographer, Fero I bear fer ferry, infer, circumference. tells us : "On Wednesdays and Saturdays the boys were called in Ferveo I boil fervid, effervescence. separate classes to her apartment; she read a fable, a short Fidelis faithful fidel fidelity, infidel. Fido I trust story, or a moral essay to them aloud, and then sent them fid confide, diffidence. Filia back into the school-room to write it out on their slates in a daughter filial, affiliate. Filius their own words. Each exercise was separately looked over by Filum a thread filament. her; the faults of grammar were obliterated, the vulgarisms Fingo I feign fig figmont. were chastised, the idle epithets were cancelled, and a distinct Fictus feigned fict fiction, fictitious. reason was always assigned for every correction; so that the Finis fin final, finite, definite, defini. arts of editing and of criticising were in some degree learnt Fiscus the treasury fisc fiscal, confiscate. [tive. together. Many a lad from the great schools, who excels in Fissus cleft fiss fissure. Latin and Greek, cannot write properly a vernacular (from the Flatus a puff of wind flat flatulent, inflate. Latin vernaculus, native) letter, for want of some such dis “Modern languages have only one variation, and so the Latin ; but cipline.” the Greek and Hebrew have one to signify two, and another to signify LATIN STEMS. more than two; under one variation (the former) the noun is said to Latin Words. Meanings. Stems, English Words. be of the dual number, and under the other of the plural.”—Clarke, Curro cili, cuir incur, curricle, current. “ Latin Grammar." Cursus a ruining Curs, cour excursion, succour. “A duel, called by the Greeks monomachia (single-fight), and by the Datus given dit, dat addilion, date, datum, data. Latins duellum, receiving its denomination from the persons engaged Deere in it, is properly a fight or combat between two persons."-South. Graca decor decorous, decoration. "I suppose I need not take any pains to prove the unlawfulness, nay Deklentis) a tooth Page 25
LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-XXX. Latin Words. Meanings. Stems. English Words. Dico dict dictate, predict, diction. Dies a day di WORDS are undergoing constant change of signification. The dial, diary, meridian. Medius middle medi mediate, mediocrity. changes are in general so slow as scarcely to be noticeable, Dignus worthy digni dignity, dignify. except at considerable intervals. There is a certain elasticity Diurnus daily diurn, journ diurnal, journal. of inind which contracts and expands, and expands and con. Doceo I teach docile, doctor, doctrine. tracts. Corresponding with these internal movements is a Doleo I griove dole, dolorous, condole. contraction and expansion of the import of words. The term Dominus a master domin domineer, dominion. “import" furnishes an illustration. The import of a word is, Domus domestic, domicile. Donum don according to the etymology of the term, that which the word a gift donation, donor. Dnco I lead carries in itself. That something, that load or freight, is a duc, duct duct, induce, educate. Duo tico du dual, duel. variable quantity; it varies in quality as well as in quantity. Durus hard dur The vase swells with its contents, and so its capacity is aug. Ebrius durable, durance. drunken ebri ebriety, inebriate. mented. Edo edible. Among the changes which words undergo, two of great im. Ego I ego egotist, egotism. portance may be specified: one is a change from good to bad, Emo (e) em, empt red(e)em, exemption. the other is a change from bad to good. On the former I add a Flecto reflect, inflect. Flexus few things here; the latter must stand over for a little space. bent dexible, flexile. Words which originally had a good meaning may degenerate Flictus (fligo) dashed flict conflict, afflict. Flos (floris) so as to have a bad meaning. Conventicle is a harmless word, flower flor floral, florist. Fluctus signifying only a small place of meeting. Our political and fluctu fluctuate. Fluo I floro flu Muent, influence. religious strifes, however, have thrown around it a feeling of Fluxus a flowing flux reftur, efflur. contempt, and in this feeling it is sometimes applied to the Fædus chapels of the Nonconformists. (fæděris) federal, confederate. “ It behoveth that the place where God shall be served by the whole Foro perforate, church be a publick place, for the avoiding of privy conventicles, which, Fors (fortis) chance fort fortuitous, fortunate. Fortis covered with pretence of religion, may serve unto dangerous practices.” strong fortify, fortitude. -Hooker. Fossa fosse. Fossus dug The word cunning derivatively denotes knowledge, and the foss fossil. Frango I break frag, fring fragment, infringe. skill that ensues from knowledge. In this sense it was current Fractus broken fract fracture, fraction. at the time when our present version of the Scriptures was Frater a brother frater, fratri fraternal, fratricide. made; for example- Frigeo frigid, refrigeration. “If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, Fructus fruit fructi fructify. Fruor fruition. Fugio Cunning is of the same origin as king, and both denote mental fug refuge, subterfuge. Fugitum to fly fugit superiority. But, as is exemplified in the slang phrase, “a fugitive. Fulmen knowing one,” knowledge ill-directed may issue in craftiness. fulmin fulminate. The word craft, from which the latter is derived, was originally, Fundo fund refund. too, very innocent. Its inoffensiveness is preserved in the term Fusus poured fus fusible, infuse, refuse. craft as applied to a trade : Gelu frost gel, geal, gelat congeal, congelation, gelat. “A poem is the work of the poet; poesy is his skill or craft of Gens (gentis) nation gent gentile, genteel. (inous. making."--Ben Jonson. Genu genu genuflexion. Gero I carry Our craft is the Saxon kroft, or the German kraft, which denotes ger, gest belligerent, gesture, digestion. Exter outucard ecter external, exterior. internal strength, such as comes from essential virtues or from Faber a workman fabr fabric, fabricate. knowledge and skill. Facilis facil, facul, facilitate, faculty. 0194 The students of these lessons should always bear in mind ficul difficult. how necessary it is for them to acquire facility in composition. S fact, fect, fit factor, perfect, benefit, Facio I make They cannot adopt a better plan than that which I have fre & fic, fy soporific, purify. quently pointed out, namely, to read a passage from some good Sopor(sopõris) hcariness, sleep sopor soporiferous. Fallo I deceive English author, and then endeavour to reproduce it in writing. fall fallacious, infallible. Fanum One of the most elegant writers in our language, Mrs. Bar. a temple fan profane, profanation. Fari to speak fa fable, ineffable. bauld, who in her husband's school superintended the lessons in Fatus spoken fat fate, fatal. English composition, was accustomed to pursue a plan which to Felix (felicis). happy felic felicity. some extent is similar to what I recommend, and which for many Femina fomin feminine, ef feminacy. years I followed in my own school. Lucy Aikin, her biographer, Fero I bear ferry, infer, circumference. tells us: “On Wednesdays and Saturdays the boys were called in Ferveo I boil fero fervid, effervescence. separate classes to her apartment; she read a fable, a short Fidelis fidelity, infidel. Fido I trust story, or a moral essay to them aloud, and then sent them fid confide, diffidence. Filia back into the school-room to write it out on their slates in a daughter filial, affiliate Filius a son their own words. Each exercise was separately looked over by Filum a thread fil filament. her; the faults of grammar were obliterated, the vulgarisms Fingo I feign fig figment. were chastised, the idle epithets were cancelled, and a distinct Fictus feigned fict fiction, fictitious. reason was always assigned for every correction; so that the Finis fin final, finite, definite, defiru-arts of editing and of criticising were in somo degree learnt Fiscůs the treasury fisc fiscal, confiscate. [tive together. Many a lad from the great schools, who excels in Fissus cleft fiss fissure. Latin and Greek, cannot write properly a vernacular (from the Flatus a puff of wind fat fatulent, inflate. Latin vernaculus, native) letter, for want of some such dis "Modern languages have only one variation, and so the Latin ; bu cipline." LATIN STEMS. the Greek and Hebrew have one to signify two, and another to signit more than two; under one variation (the former) the noun is said t Latin Words. Meanings. Stems. English Words. be of the dual number, and under the other of the plural.”_ Clark Chro I ፡፡ cui, curr incur, curricle, current. “ Latin Grammar." Cuinis a runing curs, co exer.ion, succour. “A duel, called by the Greeks monomachia (single-fight), and by ti D.lity giren dit, dat addilion, date, datum, data. Latins duellum, receiving its denomination from the persons engage Depar in it, is properly a fight or combat between tudo persons." decor -South, (ileciris) decvrous, decoration. "I suppose I need not take any pains to prove the unlawfulness, Da luntis) a tooth dont Page 26
LESSONS IN GERMAN.-XXXIX. | 15. Dicies Buch hatte einen starten Abgang. 16. Der junge Kaufmann erzählte mir, daß der Abgang bereutend zugenommen habe. 17. Je nach SECTION LXXVIII. -VARIOUS IDIOMATIC PHRASES dem c$ mir in den Sinn komint, reise ich von hier ab. (continued). 18. Je nachdem er gelaunt ist, kann er der leidlig ste, aber auch der unverträglichste Menit Der Schlag, " the blow, the stroke” (commonly connected with sein. 19. Je nachdem er es anfängt, wird der Erfolg sein. 20. In so fern rühren), often denotes palsy, apoplexy; as :-Er ist von dem Sốlag ich Dir nüßlich sein kann, will ich es von Herzen gern thun. 21. Er wird gerührt worden, be has been struck with the palsy. Er hatte einen mich mit seinem Rath unterstüßen, in jo fern es ihm möglich ist. 22. Scin Anfall vom Schlage, he had an apoplectic fit. Vater versprach mir die Sache zu befördern, in so fern es in seiner Macht läge. 1. Abgeben=to go away, to leave; as :—Der Zug ist schon abges 23. So etwas ist mir nie eingefallen. 24. Das Concert geht um halb sieben an. gangen, the train has already left (started). Es geht gut ab=it 25. Mein Freund hatte einen herrlichen Einfall. 26. Es ist bei dem fröh. sells well ; as :- —Der Wein geht gut ab, the wine sells well (goes off lichen Deutschen ein Einfall scherzer als der antere. 27. Auf die Frage, well). was ein Ginfall wäre, antwortete Einer : , wenn ein Haus einfällt.“ 2. Er läßt sich nichts abgehen=he lets nothing (advantageous) go EXERCISE 151. from him, that is, he stints himself in nothing. 3. Je nachdem=ever after, or according as; as:-Je nachdem ich 1. My sister has a cold ; she took cold one wet evening. 2. Muße habe, werde ich Sie besuchen, as, or according as I have leisure That case does not concern me, and therefore I shall not trouble I will visit yon, etc. myself about it. 3. Has the train already left ? 4. No, it has 4. Einfallen signifies literally, to fall in, or into; hence, to fall not left yet. 5. Has the train left for Oxford ? 6. Two trains down, or to ruin, to decay, etc. With the dative it signifies, to have already left this morning for Oxford. 7. Did the debate come into the mind, to occur; as:-Gs ist mir nie eingefallen, so pass off quietly? 8. No, it was a very stormy one. 9. English etwas zu thun, it never occurred to me to do such a thing. goods sell well in every country. 10. This grammar has a great 5. So fern, or in so fern=in so far as, if, in case ; as : -Idy sale. 11. According to your knowledge you will be rewarded. erlaube es dir, in so fern es von mir abhängt, I will permit it, so far as 12. Since he has been struck with the palsy, he has not been able it depends upon me. In so fern es die Zeit erlaubt, if, or in case the to attend to his business. 13. He was struck with the palsy time permit, etc. during our visit to your house. 14. As far as it concerns me, I 6. Angehen, used intransitively, signifies, to begin; as :-Der shall take every precaution. 15. In spite of their poverty, Gottesdienst in Deutschland gebt gewöhnlich des Morgens um neun Uhr an, these people stint themselves in nothing. 16. To mankind the church-service in Germany generally conimences in the morn: nothing is better than a good education. 17. I do not know ing at nine o'clock. Used transitively, it signifies, “ to concern, whether he will grant my request. to be of consequence ;" as :-Das geht ihn an, that is his concern, SECTION LXXIX.-VARIOUS IDIOMATIC PHRASES or that concerns him. Das geht mich nichts an, that does not con (continued). cern me (is of no consequence to me). The obsolete word lei (sort, kind) still remains in combination VOCABULARY. with the numerals, forming what are called the variatives; thus, Abgang, m, sale, mar. In so fern. (See 5, Sinn, mind, Ginerlei, of one kind, the same; Dreierlei, of three kinds ($ 48); ket ("run"). above.) :-Dreierlei bringe ich zu dir, erwähle dir eines, three (sorts of) things Abfühlen, to cool. I bring (to) thee, choose thee one. Ge ist ihm einerlei or eind, ob Kümmern, to concern, Sißung, f. session, An'geben. (See 6, trouble. sitting. cr geht, oder bleibt, it is the same to him whether he goes or stays. 1. Geben, with the preposition über, is often used with the sigabove.) Leitlich, tolerable, sup- Un'verträglich, unsoci. nification “to transcend, to surpass ;” as :Debat'te, f. debate. portable. able, intolerant. -Zufriedenheit geht über Einfall, idea, Naß, wet. Vorsicht, f. precau. Reichthum, contentment surpasses wealth. thought. Rasch, quick, swift. tion. VOCABULARY. Gin'fallen, to fall in, Schlag, (See Zuʼnebmen, to increase. Bogūnóstigen, to favour | Upmna'sium, n. gym. Stüc, n. piece. above.) Zusammenfallen, to Bonn, n. Bonn. nasium, classical Teich, m. pond. Grfal'ten, to take cold. Schnupfen, m. cold (in tumble, to fall to- Einerlei', of one kind, school. Trägheit, f. idleness. Gelaunt', disposed, the head). gether, to fall to the same. Heilsam, beneficial. Umge:bung, f. neighhumoured. ruin. bourhood, environs RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. up, education. Nachtheil, m. disad. Un befümmert, unconDer Schlag rührte ihn auf der linken The palsy struck him on the Gnte, f. duck. vantage. cerned, careless. Seite. left side. Entja'gen, to re- Nußlos, useless. Universitāt', f. univerEr stand ta wie vom Schlag ge. He stood there as if struck with Men'schengeschlecht', n. sity. rührt'. the palsy. mankind. Fünfchen, n. sparklet. Verhältniß, n. relaWo ging der Streit an? Where did the contest begin ? Gang, m. direction, Pfeifchen, n. little pipe. tion,circumstance, Was gehn mich seine Freuden an? How do thy pleasures concern Rindfleisch, n, beef. situation. (Götbe). mo? Gerul'dig, patiently. Schaß, m. treasure. Wildpret, n. venison. Das Dampsīchiff geht um vier Ilhr The steam-boat leaves at four Sefühl', n. touch. Schlafen, to sleep. Wobliabrt, f. welfare. ab. o'clock. Geschäft', n. affair, Schul-rigkeit, f. obli. Zu'bringen, to pass, Diese Waare geht gut ab. This ware sells well. (See 1.) business. gation, duty. spend. Dieser Mann laßt sich nichts abgehen. This man does not stint him RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES. self. (See 2.) Wie es dem Vogel nicht einerlei' ist, As it is not the same to the bird, Die Unterre'tung ging ruhig ab. The conference passed off ob er sich in tem Kifige, oder in whether it is (finds itself) in quietly. ter freien Lust b.rin'tet, so darf es the cage or in the open air, Je nachdem die Interhal'tung ist, ist According as the entertainment einem Volfe auch nicht eins fein, so likewise can it not be the auch die Stimmung. is, so also is the humour. ob es in Sclaverei', oder in Frei same to a nation, whether it In so fern Du Recht hast, werde ich As far as you are right, I will heit ist. is in slavery or in freedom. Dir nachgeben. yield to you. Dies geht mir über Alles. This with me excels everything. EXERCISE 150. Dem Auf'richtigen geht nichts über To the upright nothing is better 1. Mein kleiner Vruter hat den Schnupfen ; er bat sich auf dem Eise die Wahrheit. than the truth. stark erfältet. 2. Wer erhikt ist und sich gu raich abfübit, fann sich leicht Manchen Menschen geht nichts über With many persons, nothing ertälten. 3. Wir jellen und nicht um Dinge fümmern, welche uns nichts Bequem'lich feit und Rube. goes beyond convenience and angehen. 4. In so weit mich diese Sadie angebt, habe ich die nöthigen repose. Sdritte gethan. 5. Dieses geht Euch nichts an. 6. Bei vieser Kunte Wir gingen über Mefau nach Pe'. We went by way of Moscow to stand er wie vom Schlag gerührt. 7. Den alten Mann hat der Suhlag tersburg. Petersburg. gerührt. 8. Der Mann ist vom Schlage gerührt worden. 9. Wie vom Der Feind ging bei Wien über die The enemy went Schlag gerührt sant jie nierer. 10. Diese Wanre geht gut ab. 11. Donau. . Danube at Vienna. Wann geht das nächste Dampfschiff ab? 12. Ich sche nicht, daß sich Es ist unrecht, rie Zeit seiner Leben& It is wrong to pass one's life in dieser Mann etwas ab'chen läßt. 13. Ist rie Sißung ruhig abgegangen? in Abgeid iedenheit von ten ü'bris seclusion from the rest of 14. Nein, fie ist nitt rubig abgegangen-rie Debatte war sehr stürmisch. gen Menschen zuzubringen. |
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