____ is the process of translating the detailed designs into computer code.

Language Processors –  

Compilers, interpreters, translate programs written in high-level languages into machine code that a computer understands. And assemblers translate programs written in low-level or assembly language into machine code. In the compilation process, there are several stages. To help programmers write error-free code, tools are available.

Assembly language is machine-dependent, yet mnemonics used to represent instructions in it are not directly understandable by machine and high-Level language is machine-independent. A computer understands instructions in machine code, i.e. in the form of 0s and 1s. It is a tedious task to write a computer program directly in machine code. The programs are written mostly in high-level languages like Java, C++, Python etc. and are called source code. These source code cannot be executed directly by the computer and must be converted into machine language to be executed. Hence, a special translator system software is used to translate the program written in a high-level language into machine code is called Language Processor and the program after translated into machine code (object program/object code).  

The language processors can be any of the following three types:  

1. Compiler : 
The language processor that reads the complete source program written in high-level language as a whole in one go and translates it into an equivalent program in machine language is called a Compiler.  Example: C, C++, C#, Java.   

In a compiler, the source code is translated to object code successfully if it is free of errors. The compiler specifies the errors at the end of the compilation with line numbers when there are any errors in the source code. The errors must be removed before the compiler can successfully recompile the source code again

2. Assembler :
The Assembler is used to translate the program written in Assembly language into machine code. The source program is an input of an assembler that contains assembly language instructions. The output generated by the assembler is the object code or machine code understandable by the computer. Assembler is basically the 1st interface that is able to communicate humans with the machine. We need an Assembler to fill the gap between human and machine so that they can communicate with each other. code written in assembly language is some sort of mnemonics(instructions) like ADD, MUL, MUX, SUB, DIV, MOV and so on. and the assembler is basically able to convert these mnemonics in Binary code. Here, these mnemonics also depend upon the architecture of the machine. 

For example, the architecture of intel 8085 and intel 8086 are different.
 

3. Interpreter : 
The translation of a single statement of the source program into machine code is done by a language processor and executes immediately before moving on to the next line is called an interpreter. If there is an error in the statement, the interpreter terminates its translating process at that statement and displays an error message. The interpreter moves on to the next line for execution only after the removal of the error. An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code.            

Example: Perl, Python and Matlab.

Difference between Compiler and Interpreter – 
 

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Computer Science Exam #3

_____ was the first high-level programming language actually implemented.

____ is the FORTRAN implementation of "input.

Directing the flow of control in a FORTRAN program by using ____ statements is similar to using the various JUMP statements in the assembly language.

Code filled with GO TO statements that send the flow of control all over the place is known as "____.

____ was originally designed for systems programming, in particular for writing the operating system UNIX.

A program to interact with an I/O device is called a _____.

____ is the most widely used language for writing system software because of the versatility its design philosophy bestowed on it.

Today _____ is still strong in the transportation industry (aircraft, helicopters, subway systems, European high-speed train control systems) and in safety monitoring systems at nuclear reactors, as well as in financial and communication systems.

Java ____ are programs designed to run from Web pages.

____ source code is freely available and can be used, distributed, or modified by anyone.

A(n) ____ is a model or mental framework for representing or thinking about something.

A ____ occurs when a function, in the course of acting on its argument values to produce a result value, also changes other values that it has no business changing.

Logic Programming Language

A ____ goes a step further toward not specifying exactly how a task is to be done.

A ____ expresses a property about a single object or a relationship among several objects.

____ is really a catchall term for a variety of approaches to computing architectures and algorithm design.

The task of finding the largest number in a list can be solved in a MIMD parallel fashion using the _____ model.

Using a single processor, finding the largest of N numbers takes ____ time.

Patterned after the human brain, ____ can involve massive interconnections of many extremely simple devices.

____ was born out of frustration with existing languages and environments for systems programming.

_____ is a proprietary language�intellectual property belonging to Microsoft Corporation.

SQL is designed to be used with databases, which are collections of related facts and information.

With what is SQL designed to be used?

HTML is used to create HTML documents that, when viewed with Web browser software, become Web pages.

Programming in a procedural language consist of sequences of statements that manipulate data items.

Of what does programming in a procedural language consist?

When a query or question is posed to a program it begins with the storehouse of facts in a database.

Briefly discuss the relationship between facts and queries in logic programming.

Explain what an expert system is.

In an expert system a human "expert" in that domain contributes fact based on his or her knowledge and experience.

A(n) ____ is a set of independent computer systems connected by telecommunication links for the purpose of sharing information and resources.

In the early days of networking, the most common way to transmit data was via ____, dial-up telephone lines.

The voice-oriented dial-up telephone network was originally a totally ____ medium.

A modem modulates a standard analog signal called a ____ wave so that it encodes binary information.

A ____ uses the same wires that carry regular telephone signals into your home.

In the commercial and office environment, the most widely used broadband technology is ____.

One of the most widely used standards for wireless local access is called ____.

____ is a low-power wireless standard used to communicate between devices located quite close to each other.

A ____ connects hardware devices such as computers, printers, and storage devices that are all in close proximity.

TCP requires that the two programs at the source and destination node initially establish a(n) ____.

A ____ is a shared public file where anyone can post messages and everyone is free to read the postings of others.

____ are systems that create communities of users who share common interests and activities and which provide multiple methods of online interaction.

____ is the ability to share physical resources, such as a printer or storage device, as well as logical resources, such as software and information.

A ____ contains massive amounts of information that can be electronically searched for specific facts or documents.

____ is a general term applied to any use of computers and networking to support the paperless exchange of goods, information, and services in the commercial sector.

A ____ makes internetwork connections and provides routing between different WANs.

____ is a software package that allows users to log on remotely to another computer and use it as though it were their own local machine.

____ provides a way to move files around the network quickly and easily.

____ is a collection of documents interconnected by pointers.

A(n) ____ is the worldwide identification of a Web page located on a specific host computer on the Internet.

Assembly language programs are ____ specific.

In assembly language, the programmer must take a microscopic view of a task, breaking it down into tiny subtasks at the level of what is going on in individual ____.

High-level Programming Languages

____ were created to overcome the deficiencies of assembly language.

Machine language is also known as ____ code.

The software translator used to convert our high-level language instructions into machine language instructions is called a(n) ____.

The high-level language instructions are known as ____ code.

The object code for a task that needs to be performed often can be stored in a(n) ____.

Procedural languages are also called ____ languages.

____ are instructions in the programming language.

A ____ stores and fetches values to and from memory cells.

____ is the rules for exactly how statements must be written in a programming language

Ada, Java, C++ and C# require a ____ to terminate an executable program statement.

The ____ evaluates a proposed project and compares the costs and benefits of various solutions.

A ____ involves developing a clear, concise, and unambiguous statement of the exact problem the software is to solve.

____ is the process of translating the detailed designs into computer code.

____ takes place on each module (subtask code) as it is completed.

____ a program means running it on many data sets to be sure its performance falls within those required limits.

____ includes online tutorials or help systems that the user can bring up while the program is running, and (less often) written user's manuals.

Integrated Development Environment

Most programming languages are now presented within an ____.

____ allows miscommunications between the user and the programmer to be identified and corrected early in the development process.