 Enthält Übersetzungen von der TU Chemnitz sowie aus Mr Honey's Business Dictionary (nur Englisch/Deutsch). John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB, FBA (/ˈkeɪnz/ KAYNZ; 5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946), was an English economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments. He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and is widely considered to be one of the most influential economists of the 20th century and the founder of modern macroeconomics. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics and its various offshoots. In the 1930s, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking, challenging the ideas of neoclassical economics that held that free markets would, in the short to medium term, automatically provide full employment, as long as workers were flexible in their wage demands. He instead argued that aggregate demand determined the overall level of economic activity and that inadequate aggregate demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment. According to Keynesian economics, state intervention was necessary to moderate "boom and bust" cycles of economic activity. Keynes advocated the use of fiscal and monetary policies to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depressions. Following the outbreak of World War II, Keynes's ideas concerning economic policy were adopted by leading Western economies. Keynes died in 1946; but, during the 1950s and 1960s, the success of Keynesian economics resulted in almost all capitalist governments adopting its policy recommendations. Keynes's influence waned in the 1970s, partly as a result of problems with inflation that began to afflict the Anglo-American economies from the start of the decade and partly because of critiques from Milton Friedman and other economists who were pessimistic about the ability of governments to regulate the business cycle with fiscal policy. However, the advent of the global financial crisis of 2007–08 caused a resurgence in Keynesian thought. Keynesian economics provided the theoretical underpinning for economic policies undertaken in response to the crisis by President Barack Obama of the United States, Prime Minister Gordon Brown of the United Kingdom, and other heads of governments. In 1999, Time magazine included Keynes in their list of the 100 most important and influential people of the 20th century, commenting that: "His radical idea that governments should spend money they don't have may have saved capitalism." He has been described by The Economist as "Britain's most famous 20th-century economist." In addition to being an economist, Keynes was also a civil servant, a director of the Bank of England, a part of the Bloomsbury Group of intellectuals, a patron of the arts, an art collector, the founding chairman of the Arts Council of Great Britain, a director of the British Eugenics Society, an advisor to several charitable trusts, a successful private investor, a writer, a philosopher, and a farmer. Bio from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Photo by unknown [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons.
The central argument of The General Theory is that the level of employment is determined not by the price of labour, as in classical economics, but by the spending of money (aggregate demand). Keynes argues that it is wrong to assume that competitive markets will, in the long run, deliver full employment or that full employment is the natural, self-righting, equilibrium state of a monetary economy. On the contrary, underemployment and underinvestment are likely to be the natural state unless active measures are taken. John Maynard Keynes, 5 June 1883 - 21 April 1946, was a British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments. He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and is widely considered to be one of the most influential economists of the 20th century and the founder of modern macroeconomics theory. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, and its various offshoots. Keynes' magnum opus, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, was published in 1936. „Gesell zog die halbreligiöse Verehrung auf sich, die früher Henry George umgab, und wurde der verehrte Prophet eines Kultus mit Tausenden von Anhängern in der ganzen Welt. […] Ich glaube, daß die Zukunft mehr vom Geiste Gesells als von jenem von Marx lernen wird. Das Vorwort zu »Die Natürliche Wirtschaftsordnung durch Freiland und Freigeld« wird dem Leser, wenn er es nachschlägt, die moralische Höhe Gesells zeigen. Die Antwort auf den Marxismus ist nach meiner Ansicht auf den Linien dieses Vorwortes zu finden.“ Allgemeine Theorie der Beschäftigung, des Zinses und des Geldes, Berlin 1935, S. 299, 300 Original engl.: "Gesell, drawing to himself the semi-religious fervour which had formerly centred round Henry George, became the revered prophet of a cult with many thousand disciples throughout the world. […] I believe that the future will learn more from the spirit of Gesell than from that of Marx. The preface to "The Natural Economic Order" will indicate to the reader, if he will refer to it, the moral quality of Gesell. The answer to Marxism is, I think, to be found along the lines of this preface." - General Theorie of Employment, Money and Interest. Book VI. Chapter 23 Notes on Mercantilism, the Usury Laws, Stamped Money and Theories of Under-Consumption. VI. Allgemeine Theorie der Beschäftigung, des Zinses und des Geldes
Die „General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money“, das bahnbrechende , revolutionäre Hauptwerk von John Maynard Keynes, erschien 1936 in englischer Sprache im Verlag Macmillan. Manche seiner Kapitel sind schwierig und mühsam zu lesen. Das Buch ist, wie Keynes schreibt, das Ergebnis eines langen Kampfes, aus den alten Denkmustern auszubrechen. Seine deutsche Übersetzung erschien bereits 1936 mit dem Titel „ Allgemeine Theorie der Beschäftigung, des Zinses und des Geldes“ im Verlag Duncker und Humblot. Allerdings war die Übersetzung stellenweise missverständlich, ja sogar fehlerhaft. Erst 2006 erschien auf Initiative und mit Unterstützung der Keynes-Gesellschaft als 10. Auflage eine korrigierte, brauchbare und verlässliche Übersetzung, der 2009 eine weiter verbesserte 11. Auflage folgte (nur die Übersetzung des schwierig zu interpretierenden Begriffs der „animal spirits“ ist misslungen). Beide genannten deutschsprachigen Auflagen enthalten überdies Erläuterungen zum Aufbau des Buches, das in manchen Kapiteln theoretische und begriffliche Details vertieft, die vom Hauptstrang des Gedankengangs wegführen. Inzwischen gibt es auch eine Neuübersetzung der „General Theory“, ebenfalls bei In Englisch ist das Buch als Band VII der „Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes“ der Verlage Macmillan und Cambridge University Press unverändert wieder abgedruckt. Man findet das Buch im Internet an (mindestens) drei Stellen: Die Rubrik B ist nachstehend wie folgt gegliedert: B.I. Weltwirtschaftskrise und New Deal B.II. Kernaussagen der „General Theory“ B.III. Empfohlene Kurzdarstellungen B.IV. Erläuterungen zum Aufbau der „General Theory“ B.V. Ihre Interpretation und Hicks B.VI. Mitentdeckung und Weiterentwicklung der Theorie von Keynes und Michael Kalecki B.VII. Zeitgenössische Kritiken B.VIII. Keynes´sche Theorie und Keynesianismus B.IX. Renaissance der „General Theory“ Da Keynes das Buch vor dem Hintergrund der Weltwirtschaftskrise 1929 bis 1932 geschrieben hat, der der US-amerikanische Präsident Roosevelt ab 1933 mit seinem „New Deal“ entgegenzutreten begann, beginnt diese Hauptrubrik B mit der Rubrik „Weltwirtschaftskrise und New Deal. |
Allgemeine Theorie der Beschäftigung des Zinses und des Geldes englisch
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