In the 16th century, the great powers of Europe asserted the right to establish colonies on the other continents of the world based on international law claims of “first discovery and occupation.” On September 11, 1609, the Dutch ship, the Halve Maen, entered New York Bay and sailed up the mighty river it found there. The river is known as the Hudson in honor of the ship’s captain, Henry Hudson. The colony was named New Netherland. New Netherland was much larger than the State of New York and extended from the Delmarva Peninsula to southwestern Cape Cod, and included lands that now form parts of the States of New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut. New Netherland also claimed small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. By 1611, Dutch merchants had started to sail across the Atlantic Ocean to New Netherland to trade cloth and other commodities for beaver and otter pelts. In 1614, a group of Dutch merchants formed The New Netherland Company and obtained a three-year fur trading monopoly from the Dutch government, the States General of the United Provinces. Although that company established an outpost known as Fort Orange on Castle Island near Albany in 1615, these merchants were not settlers. In 1621, another merchant group incorporated the Dutch West India Company (the Company) and obtained from the States General a charter that granted it a twenty-four-year trading monopoly in all the lands claimed by the Dutch in the Americas and Africa. The charter, dated June 3, 1621, gave the Company almost complete administrative and judicial power, including the power to “appoint and remove governors, officers of justice and other public officers, for the preservation of the places, keeping good order, police and justice in like manner for the promoting of trade.” By 1623, the Company had drawn up plans to settle New Netherland and the first ships, laden with colonists and supplies, arrived in the colony in 1625. Against the backdrop of the 17th century Anglo-Dutch wars, Charles II of England ordered the invasion of New Netherland in 1664. The English claim to the colony was based upon the voyages of exploration commissioned by Henry VII that had discovered the Atlantic coast of North America in 1497 and 1498.
Richard Nicoll was commissioned to lead the attack and when the English fleet sailed into New York harbor, the Dutch recognized the superiority of the invading fleet and surrendered to the English on September 8, 1664. This change of sovereignty was confirmed in the Treaty of Breda, 1667. The Third Anglo-Dutch war broke out in 1672 and, in 1673, a Dutch fleet arrived in the New York harbor. The Governor of New, York, Francis Lovelace, was engaged in negotiations with Governor of Connecticut and was absent from the colony. When the Dutch issued a demand for surrender, the Governor’s deputy, Captain John Manning, without authorization, immediately complied. The colony was renamed New Netherland and the Dutch form of government was restored. Within a year, the Third Anglo-Dutch war ended with the 1674 Treaty of Westminister that returned New Netherland to English rule. 
Unknown Director of New Netherland, 1624 Adriaen Jorisz Thienpont was appointed the first Director of New Netherland on June 20, ...
Unknown Provisional Director of New Netherland, 1625-1626 In 1625, the Amsterdam Chamber of the Dutch West India Company sent an ...
c. 1580-Unknown Provisional Director of New Netherland, 1625 Captain Cornelis Jacobson Mey was an experienced captain in the Dutch merchant ...
1580-1638 Director of New Netherland, 1626-1633 Pieter Minuit, born in 1580, was a Walloon from Wesel, Duchy of Cleves. By ...
1595-c. 1645 Director of New Netherland, 1632-1633 Bastiaen Jansz Krol, a silk worker by trade, was born in Harlingen, Friesland ...
1606-1657 Director of New Netherland, 1633-1637 Wouter Van Twiller was born in Nieukirk, Holland on May 22, 1606, and became ...
1597-1647 Director of New Netherland, 1638-1646 Willem Kieft was born in September 1597 in Amsterdam, Holland. Educated to become a ...
c. 1612-1672 Director-General of New Netherland, 1647-1664 Pieter Stuyvesant was born in Friesland in the Netherlands around 1612. He studied ...
1628-1679 Governor of New Netherland, 1673 Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge (the Younger) was the son of Lieutenant-Admiral Johan Evertsen and ...
Unknown Governor of New Netherland, 1673-1674 Anthony Colve, a Dutch naval captain, was appointed Director-General of New Netherland in August ...
1637-1677 Governor of New Netherland, 1673 Jacob Benckes was born on September 10, 1637, in the city of Koudum, in ... Fiscael, 1625-1664, 1673-1674The Role of the Fiscael
Unknown Schout-Fiscael of New Netherland, 1626-1631 During Director Pieter Minuit's administration, the Schout-fiscael was Jan Lampo, an Englishman from Canterbury ...
Unknown Schout of New Netherland, 1632-1634; 1634-1635 Coenraad Notelman, a cousin of Patroon Killiaen van Rensselaer, was appointed by the ...
Unknown-1658 Schout-Fiscael of New Netherland, 1633-1636 Vice Director of New Netherland, 1647-1651 Lubbert Van Dincklagen, widely regarded as an honorable ...
Unknown Schout-fiscael of New Netherland, 1636-1638 Jacques Bentyn (or Bentin), an Englishman, was appointed by the Dutch West India Company ...
Unknown Schout-fiscael of New Netherland, 1638-1639 Ulrich Lupolt, a native of Stade, Germany, who on March 28, 1638 replaced Jacques ...
Unknown-1647 Schout-Fiscael of New Netherland, 1639-1647 Around the late 1630s, the Dutch West India Company realized the pivotal role the ... Schout, New Amsterdam, 1653-1665, 1673-1674
c. 1601-c. 1656 Schout-fiscael of New Netherland, 1652-1656 Schout-fiscael of New Amsterdam, 1653-1656 Cornelis van Tienhoven was born in Utrecht, ...
1610-1674 Schout of New Netherland, 1657-1664 Schout of New Amsterdam, 1657-1660 Nicasius de Sille was born September 23, 1610, in ...
Unknown Schout of New Amsterdam, 1660-1665 The Dutch West India Company ordered the separation of the office of Schout of ...
1620-1685 Schout of New Amsterdam, 1664-1667 First Sherrif of New York City Allard Anthony, born in 1620, was a prominent ...
Unknown-1689 Schout of New Amsterdam, 1673-1674 Anthony de Milt (de Mille) is believed to have sailed from Amsterdam, Holland on ... About the Period
From 1626 onward, the Director and Council, acting together, exercised all executive and legislative power within New Netherland. These men ...
Under the 1629 Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, patroons were empowered to administer civil and criminal justice, in person or ...
Long Island and Other Local English Courts In the early 1640s, many English families from Connecticut arrived in Long Island ...
William de Key (under the power of attorney for Govert Loockermans) v. Nicholas Coorn October 6, 1644 Public Property -- ...
Note: This description has been abstracted from: Henry Wilson Scott. The Courts of the State of New York: Their History, ...
In 1660, following petitions by the colonists, the offices of New Amsterdam schout and New Netherland Schout-fiscal were separated and ...
Dutch relations with the Native Americans began well and the Company's Instructions to Director Willem Verhulst mandated that the indigenous ...
The winter of 1643 was an extremely difficult time for the colonists of New Netherland. The Indian War continued, food ...
When Director-General Pieter Stuyvesant arrived in New Netherland in 1647, he requested the people to select eighteen representatives, from among ...
Introduction Seventeenth-century settlers in Flushing drafted a protest that became a watershed of religious freedom in the New World. Let’s ...
In 1621, the parliament of the Dutch Republic awarded a charter to the Dutch West India Company (a private joint ...
To encourage agricultural settlement in New Netherland, the Dutch West India Company issued a Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions on ...
Shortly after the implementation of the 1629 Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, conflict arose between the Dutch West India Company ...
Disputes between the Company and the patroons continued and, in January 1640, the Dutch parliament sought a final settlement between ...
This order was promulgated by the Dutch Parliament in response to the Remonstrance of New Netherland. Clause 17 of the ...
Under the Articles of Surrender, the formal transfer of power was conducted with full military honors. Colonists could choose to ... Jaap Jacobs. The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-century Amerirca (2009). Adriaen van der Donck. A Description of New Netherland (1665). Edited by Charles T. Gehring and William A. Starna and translated by Diederik Willem Goedhuys (2008). E.B. O’Callaghan. Annals of New Netherland (1865), in The Register of New Netherland, 1626-1674, p. xi-xx. Further ReadingJean Zimmerman. The Women of the House: How a Colonial She-Merchant Built a Mansion, a Fortune, and a Dynasty (2006). Russell Shorto. The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America (2005). Opening Statements: Law, Jurisprudence and the Legacy of Dutch New York.edited by Albert M. & Julia C. Rosenblatt. (2013). Articles by Jaap Jacobs: Bibliography |
Why did it take the New York colony is nearly 20 years to establish a legislature?
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