Symbiotic relationships, or symbioses (plural), are close interactions between individuals of different species over an extended period of time which impact the abundance and distribution of the associating populations. Most scientists accept this definition, but some restrict the term to only those species that are mutualistic, where both individuals benefit from the interaction.
A commensalistic relationship occurs when one species benefits from the close, prolonged interaction, while the other neither benefits nor is harmed. Birds nesting in trees provide an example of a commensal relationship. The tree is not harmed by the presence of the nest among its branches. The nests are light and produce little strain on the structural integrity of the branch. Most of the leaves, which the tree uses to obtain energy by photosynthesis, are above the nest, so they are unaffected. The bird, on the other hand, benefits greatly. If the bird had to nest in the open, its eggs and young would be vulnerable to predators. 
A second type of symbiotic relationship, mutualism, is where two species both benefit from their interaction. Some scientists believe that these are the only true examples of symbiosis. For example, termites have a mutualistic relationship with protozoa that live in the insect’s gut. The termite benefits from the ability of bacterial symbionts within the protozoa to digest cellulose. The termite itself cannot do this; without the protozoa, it would not be able to obtain energy from its food (cellulose from the wood it chews and eats). The protozoa and the bacterial symbionts benefit by having a protective environment and a constant supply of food from the wood-chewing actions of the termite.
A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another living organism, deriving nutrients from it. In this relationship the parasite benefits, but the organism being fed upon, the host, is harmed. The host is usually weakened by the parasite as it siphons resources the host would normally use to maintain itself. The parasite, however, is unlikely to kill the host. This is because the parasite needs the host to complete its reproductive cycle by spreading to another host. The reproductive cycles of parasites are often very complex, sometimes requiring more than one host species. A tapeworm is a parasite that causes disease in humans when contaminated, undercooked meat such as pork, fish, or beef is consumed. The tapeworm can live inside the intestine of the host for several years, benefiting from the food the host is bringing into its gut by eating; it may grow to be over 50 ft long by adding segments. The parasite moves from species to species as it requires two hosts to complete its life cycle. Key Points
Key Terms
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H. diminuta in the host’s body may cause oxidative stress manifested by an increase in lipid peroxidation and their products, such as MDA (malondialdehyde dialdehyde), and changes in antioxidant enzyme activity in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract: in the duodenum, a decrease in GPx activity and increase in GR activity; in the intestine an increase in GR, GSH, CAT, and GPx activity and a decrease in SOD activity; 4. The excretory-secretory products (ESP) of the parasite inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reducing the expression of transcription factors (NFκB, p65, IRF3) and the CD36 scavenger receptor; 5. H. diminuta infection causes a reduced absorption of electrolytes and glucose in the small intestine of the host; 6. By secretion of cGMP, which connects to the mucous membrane of the host intestine via the cGMP receptor, H. diminuta can affect intestinal peristalsis; 7. In the course of hymenolepidosis, the host organism produces inflammation mediators, including mast cells. The histamine-secreted mastocytes stimulate the nervous system C-fibers that lead to the release of non-noradrenergic non-adrenaline (NANC) neuropeptides, including P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and calcitonin-related peptides (CGRP). This phenomenon may lead to neurogenic inflammation and may cause a reduction of transepithelial electrical potential, reducing ion transport; e.g., Na+ and Cl−; 8. The parasite reduces villus length and deepens the crypts in the host’s digestive tract; 9. H. diminuta causes disturbances in hematological blood values and changes in the composition of plasma: an increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a decrease in biochemical parameters, including total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and globulins (GLOB). Hymenolepidosis causes a reduction in the number of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), red cell distribution width (RDW), and an increase in mean red cell volume (MCV). In the white blood cell system (WBC) there is a decrease in the number of cases or an increase in the number of eosinophils (EOS) that release the main alkaline protein (MBP) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). In the lymphocytic system, the activation of B lymphocytes responsible for the production of IgA class secreting antibodies (S-IgA) and IgE occur. In addition, B lymphocytes from H. diminuta–infected rats reduce the effects of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS), favoring the suppression of colitis and an increase in the production of interleukins (IL-4 and IL-10); 10. Hymenolepidosis causes changes in the composition of the bacterial microbiota in the gut of the host in the form of reducing the percentage of Bacillus spp. in relation to Clostridium spp. 11 H. diminuta infection affects the growth of Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression, including TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 in the host’s digestive tract. |
Which type of relationship is formed when a rat tapeworm attaches itself to a rats intestine?
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