Which of the following was not among the United Nations eight Millennium Development Goals in 2000

The 8 Millennium Development Goals

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UN Millennium Development Goals Report 2014 (PDF)

The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the eight goals set by the 189 UN member states in September 2000 and agreed to be achieved by the year 2015. The Millennium Declaration was signed at the September global summit held at the UN headquarters in New York and the 149 international leaders in attendance committed to combating disease, hunger, poverty, illiteracy, discrimination against women and environmental degradation. The MDGs were derived from this Declaration, and specific indicators and targets were attached to them.

The following are the eight Millennium Development Goals:

1. to eliminate extreme poverty and hunger; 2. to achieve global primary education; 3. to empower women and promote gender equality; 4. to reduce child mortality; 5. to promote maternal health; 6. to fight malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other diseases; 7. to promote environmental sustainability; and

8. to develop a universal partnership for development.

The implementation of these eight chapters of the Millennium Declaration was agreed to begin in 1st January 2001, and the UN agreed to be holding such summits every five years to assess its progress towards achieving the MDGs. The first follow-up to the Millennium Summit was held in 2005 at the 2005 World Summit.

Since 2001, the UN has given a lot of priority to the implementation of these MDGs, and though most of the targets had not been achieved by 2015, a substantial positive progress has been recorded over the 15 years.

Recent gains in millennium development goal 1 have seen the number of hungry people in the world decrease to fewer than 1 billion, though the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations believes that this number is still unacceptably high.

Millennium Development Goal 1 has three targets:

To halve the proportion of people whose daily income is less than $1.25
To achieve full and productive employment, as well as decent work for all, including young people and women
To halve the proportion of individuals suffering from hunger in the period between 1990 and 2015.

Millennium Development Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger. Click To Tweet

Pioneering efforts have led to profound achievements including:

A considerable reduction in extreme poverty over the last 25 years. In 1990, nearly 50 percent of the population in developing nations lived on less than $1.25 a day. As of 2015, that proportion has dropped to 14 percent.
The number of people living in extreme poverty worldwide has reduced by more than 50 percent. In 1990, 1.9 billion people were said to be living in extreme poverty, compared to 836 million in 2015. Most progress was seen in the new millennium.
The number of living on more than $4 a day – those in the working middle class – has nearly tripled between 1991 and 2015. In 1991, this group made only 18 percent of the population, and rose to 50 percent in 2015.
The proportion of undernourished people in the developing world has dropped by almost 50 percent since 1990; from 23.3 percent in 1990 – ’92 to 12.9 percent in 2014 – ’16.

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There is only one target for millennium development goal 2:

To ensure that children universally – including both boys and girls – will be able to complete a full course of primary education by 2015.

The Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN claims that nearly 57 million primary school age children are not able to attend school; 80 percent of whom live in rural areas. This has made the urban-rural knowledge and education divide today’s main obstacle to achieving global primary education by 2015.

Millennium Development Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education for boys and girls. Click To Tweet

The fact that rural children are highly affected by hunger and malnutrition has also seriously affected their learning ability. As such, food security and primary education should be addressed at the same time to give rural people the capacity to feed themselves and overcome hunger, poverty, and illiteracy. Social protection brings together all efforts for education and food security towards increased effectiveness. (more…)

There was only one target under millennium development goal 3:

To eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and in all levels of education by 2015.

It is important to promote the total and equitable participation of both men and women in efforts aimed at improving poverty reduction, food security, and sustainability of rural development. Without gender equality and the economic and social improvement for rural women, food security cannot be achieved.

Millennium Development Goal 3: Promote gender equality in all levels of education and empower women. Click To Tweet

Some of the achievements of MDG 3 include:

An increase in the number of girls in school in 2015 compared to 2000. The developing world as a whole has achieved the goal of eliminating gender disparity in all levels of education, including primary, secondary, and tertiary.
In Southern Asia, the number of girls enrolled in primary school was 74 for every 100 boys in 1990. By 2015, there were 103 girls enrolled for every 100 boys.
The proportion of women in vulnerable employment compared to total female employment has reduced by 13 percent in the period between 1991 and 2015, compared to a 9 percent decrease for men.
Significant gains in women’s parliamentary representation in nearly 90 percent of 174 countries for which data has been available in the past two decades. At the very least, the average proportion of women in parliament has increased by nearly 100 percent during the last 20 years, yet this still translates to one woman for every five men.

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The Millennium Development Goal 4 has only one target:

To reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds in the period between 1990 and 2015

Undernutrition is estimated to contribute to more than 33 percent of all deaths in children under five. So, efforts to improve household food security and nutrition have increased the chances of children growing to adulthood.

Millennium Development Goal 4: Reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds. Click To Tweet

In this regard, FAO programmes, in combination with efforts by the Renewed Efforts against Child Hunger and Undernutrition (REACH) and WHO, WFP, and UNICEF have helped communities and households secure access to nutritionally adequate diets to minimise child undernutrition. Efforts include the provision of training materials, community-centred initiatives, training programmes for local and national staff, nutrition education programmes, and promotion of forums on community nutrition and household food security.

Improving complementary feeding for babies, or giving foods in addition to breast milk, has led to significant reduction in the child mortality caused by undernutrition. (more…)

Hunger and malnutrition were observed to increase the incidence and fatality rate of the conditions that contribute to nearly 80 percent of maternal deaths.

In this regard, millennium development goal 5 has two targets:

To reduce the maternal mortality ratio by 75 percent
To achieve universal access to reproductive health

MDG 5: Reduce maternal mortality by 75 percent & achieve universal access to reproductive health. Click To Tweet

Improving maternal health is critical to saving the lives of hundreds of thousands of women who die due to complication from pregnancy and childbirth each year. Over 90 percent of these deaths could be prevented if women in developing regions had access to sufficient diets, basic literacy and health services, and safe water and sanitation facilities during pregnancy and childbirth.

Some of the achievements of MDG 5 include:

A 45 percent reduction in the maternity mortality ratio worldwide since 1990, though most of the reduction occurred since 2000
A 64 percent reduction in maternal mortality ratio in Southern Asia between 1990 and 2013, and 49 percent in sub-Saharan Africa
A 12 percent increase in the number of births assisted by skilled health personnel globally in 2014 compared to 1990 – 59 percent to 71 percent.
An increase in the proportion of pregnant women receiving four or more antenatal visits in North Africa from 50 percent in 1990 to 89 percent in 2014.
Increase in contraceptive prevalence among women 15 – 49 years old – whether married or in some other union – from 55 to 64 percent between 1990 and 2015.

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HIV, malaria, and other diseases directly and indirectly impact food and nutrition security, rural development, and agricultural productivity. At the same time, malnutrition and food and nutrition insecurity can increase vulnerability to disease.

In this regard, Millennium Development Goal 6 has three targets:

To halt by 2015 and have started to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
To achieve global access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for those who need it by 2010
To have ceased and started reversal of the incidence of malaria and other major diseases by 2015

Millennium Development Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other major diseases. Click To Tweet

Some of the achievements of MDG 6 include:

40 percent reduction in new HIV infections from 3.5 million cases in 2000 to 2.1 million cases in 2013
A massive increase in the number of people living with HIV receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART) globally, from 800,000 in 2003 to 13.6 million in 2014. ART have helped avoid over 7.6 million deaths from AIDS between 1995 and 2013.
Averting over 6.2 million deaths associated with malaria between 2000 and 2015, mostly of children under five years in sub-Saharan Africa. The universal malaria incidence rate has also reduced by an estimated 37 percent, and the mortality rate by 58 percent.
The delivery of over 900 million insecticide-treated mosquito nets to malaria-endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2004 and 2014.
Tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment interventions conducted between 2000 and 2013 saved an estimated 37 million lives. The TB mortality rate reduced by 45 percent between 1990 and 2013, while prevalence rate fell by 41 percent within the same time period.

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It is critical that the natural resources base and ecosystems are managed sustainably to ensure that people’s food requirements and other social, economic, and environmental needs are sufficiently met. Climate change, conflicts over access to resources, and increased water scarcity all pose a threat to not only environmental sustainability but also food security.

As such, millennium development goal 7 has 4 targets:

To integrate the principles of sustainable development into every nation’s policies and programmes, and also reverse the depletion of environmental resources
To reduce biodiversity loss and achieve a substantial reduction in the rate of loss by 2010
To halve the proportion of the universal population without sustainable access to clean and safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015.
To achieve substantial improvement in the lives of a minimum of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.

MDG 7: It is critical that the natural resources base and ecosystems are managed sustainably . Click To Tweet

An estimated 30 percent of total land area on the planet is forested. An estimated 1.6 billion people depend on forests directly for their livelihoods, plus they provide other benefits enjoyed by all, including clean air and water. Forests also provide a habitat for millions of plants and animals, as well as catchment for 75 percent of the world’s fresh water. They help in the adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, though they are under threat from deforestation.

Hunger and poverty tend to compel the disadvantaged to over-exploit resources on which their livelihoods depend. Policies, institutions, and strategies for protecting, conserving, and enhancing natural resources should be strengthened to deliver an enabling environment, and be based on the specific resource challenged faced in a given location.

Some of the achievements of MDG 7 include:

The virtual elimination of ozone-depleting substances since 1990. Consequently, the ozone layer is expected to recover by around the middle of the century
Substantial increase in marine and terrestrial protected areas in many areas since 1990. In Caribbean and Latin America, coverage of terrestrial protected areas increased from 8.8 percent in 1990 to 23.4 percent in 2014.
The number of people using improved drinking water sources has increased from 76 percent in 1990 to 91 percent in 2015.
2.6 billion people have gained access to better drinking water since 1990. Of these, 1.9 billion have access to piped drinking water on premises, with 58 percent of the global population enjoying this level of service in 2015.
147 nations in the world have fulfilled the drinking water target; 95 nations have achieved the sanitation target; and 77 nations have met both.
2.1 billion people in the universe have gained access to improved sanitation. At the same time, the proportion of people practising open defecation has reduced by nearly 50 percent since 1990.
A reduction in the proportion of urban population in developing nations living in slums from 39.4 to 29.7 percent in the period between 2000 and 2014.

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To further develop an open, predictable, rule-based, non-discriminatory trading and economic system
To address the special needs of the least developed countries
To address the special needs of small island developing States and landlocked developing countries
To deal exhaustively with the debt problems of developing nations
To provide access to affordable essential drugs in the developing world – in collaboration with pharmaceutical companies
To avail benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications, in collaboration with the private sector

MDG 8: Develop a global partnership for development & avail benefits of new technologies Click To Tweet

Some of the achievements of MDG 8 include:

A 66 percent increase in official development assistance from developed nations in real terms in the period 2000 to 2014, reaching $135.2 billion
In 2014, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Luxembourg continued to exceed the UN official development assistance target of 0.7 percent of gross national income
Imports from developing to developed countries admitted duty-free increased from 65 percent in 2000 to 79 percent in 2014
The proportion of external debt service to export revenue in the developing world reduced from 12 to 3 percent between 2000 and 2013.
95 percent of the global population is covered by a mobile cellular signal as of 2015
The number of mobile-cellular subscription has grown by nearly tenfold in the last 15 years, from 738 million to over 7 billion between 2000 and 2015
Internet penetration has increased from about 6 percent of the global population to 43 percent between 2000 and 2015. Consequently, 3.2 billion people are now linked to an international network of content and applications.

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But how do you tell which change is good?

The word ‘development’ is widely used to refer to a specified state of advancement or growth. It could also be used to describe a new and advanced idea or product; or an event that constitutes a new stage under changing circumstances.

Generally, the term development describes good change. But how do you tell which change is good?

In this regard, researchers explain three ways that the term ‘development’ is used:

Development as a vision:
Here, the term is used to describe how desirable a society or a region is, possibly with regard to what it can become

Development as a historical process:
This refers to social change that occurs over extended periods of time due to inevitable processes. For instance, it is widely believed that both communism and capitalism are an inevitable outcome of progress.

Development as action:
This refers to deliberate action to change things for the better, as with providing aid to alleviate hunger

All of these are definitions of development, but when it comes to distinguishing between nations that are more developed than others, or when describing some other international aspect, usually more meaning is implied in the word.

So, how do you tell what country is more/less developed than the other?

In terms of wealth, it is perhaps easier to identify countries that are richer or poorer than others. However, the typical indicators of wealth only reflect the amount of resources available to a specific society.
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At the start of the century, all 189 United Nations Member States unanimously agreed to forge a commitment via the Millennium Declaration to assist the poorest to achieve better living standards by the year 2015.

In most developing countries, the MDGs have formed a critical element of government policy-decisions for performance benchmarking. Although Africa as a whole has experienced remarkable change since the goals were set in 2000, sub-Saharan Africa is claimed to be the region that has witnessed the least MDG progress compared to other developing regions.

Although considerable achievements have been made on many of the MDG targets universally, progress has not been uniform across the developing regions and nations, leaving substantial gaps. Millions of people are lagging behind, especially the poor and disadvantaged due to their age, sex, ethnicity, disability, and geographic location. (more…)