Historically, the Spanish presence in Africa has been characterized by a relationship of convergences and divergences—particularly intense in the northwest part of the continent, most especially the northern region of early-21st-century Morocco and the hinterland of the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla—and the traditional contacts maintained with the Atlantic fishing grounds near the Spanish archipelago of the Canary Islands. During the 19th century, Spanish interest expanded to other regions, such as Western Sahara and the Gulf of Guinea. After Spain lost its last colonies in Cuba and the Philippines in 1898, its interest in the African continent increased. The effective Spanish colonization of Africa was finally established in the first third of the 20th century. North Morocco, Ifni, the Tarfaya region, Western Sahara, and the territories of early-21st-century Equatorial Guinea comprised what broadly could be defined as Spanish colonial Africa. Spain’s colonial presence in Africa—with its different periods of colonization, various links between the colony and the metropoles, a plurality of legal forms (protectorate or colony), and diverse regional contexts (Arab world or sub-Saharan region)—produced a geographical and administrative division of the colonies. There was a distinction between North Morocco—whose very colonization was accompanied by a series of violent clashes that had immediate repercussions in Spain—and Spanish Western Africa, which constituted the other African colonial space. In the early 21st century, this division made by the Spanish administration is reflected in academic research, but few publications have made a comprehensive study of the Spanish colonization of Africa. Although the number of publications on Spanish colonial policy in Africa has increased in recent years, many subjects have not been addressed as of the mid-2010s. Political studies have only slowly given way to research into history, economy, anthropology, literature, health, education, and religion. Because of this research, it is now possible to have a broader understanding of this topic, with complementary views of Spanish colonization in Africa. Studies of Spanish colonial policy on the continent have not been grouped into a separate field; rather, these studies are incorporated into thematic areas or geographic areas. Thematic areas include modern history, political science, anthropology, and geography. Geographic areas include North African studies, North African and Middle East studies, and African studies (when the topic is North Morocco, Western Sahara, or Equatorial Guinea). This demonstrates the complexity of Spanish Colonial studies, the lack of interconnection in the field, and the dearth of comprehensive studies for the African context. Comparative studies of Spanish colonialism in Africa are scarce (Aixelà Cabré 2017). Case analyses have dominated academic interest, making it difficult to evaluate the specific features and overall dynamics of Spanish colonialism. Salafranca Ortega 2001, a descriptive work, constitutes the first attempt to produce a general publication about the political aspects of Spanish colonial policy in Africa. The most notable comprehensive analyses in the field are Pardo Sanz 2010, Torre del Rio 2007, and Vilar 2010. Together, those references provide different working angles and views of Spanish colonialism in Africa. Topics related to identity, film, and literature in Martin-Márquez 2008, Carrasco González 2000, and Elena 2010 constitute the first attempts to analyze Spanish African colonization as a whole, using a cross-cutting approach.
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From 1492 to the 1800s, Spanish explorers were the bullies of the New World. Beginning with Columbus in 1492 and continuing for nearly 350 years, Spain conquered and settled most of South America, the Caribbean, and the American Southwest. Yeah, they kept themselves busy. Christopher Columbus and his crew arrived in 1492 after sailing the ocean blue in a quest to find a faster trade route to Asia. They wanted riches and the eternal glory of being really cool by discovering the better water highway to Asia. They also wanted to spread what they thought was the Best Religion Ever, Catholicism. Maybe the explorers thought they were bringing something great (religion and Catholicism) to the local tribes, but they actually brought diseases that killed millions of Native Americans. To add insult to smallpox, the Spanish explorers enslaved the Native Americans who weren't killed and then took their natural resources. It was a pretty ugly time period for the Native Americans, who fought back and won some key battles, but in the end they were dealing with so many diseases that they weren't exactly in tip-top fighting shape. Sound too good to be true? (For Spain, that is.) Well, it was. The growth of a racially-mixed society eventually caused rifts to develop between Spain and its American colonies, and by 1824, all of Spain's New World colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico had fought for and won their independence. So, it's hard to say that anything "good" came out of the conquest, but that's the thing with history. It happens whether you like it or not. Hate 'em or hate 'em less, the Spanish explorers did leave a deep and lasting mark on the Americas. To see the Spanish legacy, all you have to do is look around you. See those horses and that wheat? The conquest brought those. Ever notice that there are more than 400 million people who practice Catholicism in Latin America today? The conquest did that. Does the phrase "Spanish language" ring any bells? Of course it does because more than 8% of the world speaks it as a first language. That's the conquest again. Say what you will about the conquistadors, but you can't say they weren't important. Ever wonder how we, as modern Americans, got here? After all, our society doesn't look much like the societies that existed here in the Western Hemisphere during the previous few thousand years. And while the American people today are descendants of peoples from every continent, American culture does look a lot like European culture. Which is funny because Europe is far away. European culture in America began not with the English, but with Spain, which over the course of about one hundred years, managed to conquer the native societies of Latin America and install a forceful presence in what's now the United States. Christopher Columbus is a controversial figure today, celebrated by some as a great hero, while others attack him as a historical villain, responsible for the often-vicious conquest of the Americas by the Spanish who followed in the wake of his "discovery" of this continent. Whether you imagine Columbus in the role of hero or villain, there's no denying his importance. Columbus opened the Atlantic to European explorers, adventures, merchants, and the famous conquistadores. And the process that Columbus set in motion led to the foundation of the United States about three hundred years after Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue. The Spanish were able to colonize much of South and Central America, but the territory that later became the United States stood on the far periphery of Spain's New World empire. Only in the West did the Spanish have a serious presence in territory that's now the United States, and Spanish penetration of California and New Mexico came only in the 17th and 18th centuries. Spanish place names and institutions are still found all over California and the Southwest. But even more important than the physical remains of Spanish society in the United States is the mere fact that the Spanish came here, paved the way for later European nations to come here, and provided the models on which those other societies thrived. There would be no United States without Spain, and it's with Spain that the history of the United States as we know it began. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (1999) John Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830 (2006) Robert Hine and John Mack Faragher, Frontiers: A Short History of the American West (2007) William Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico & History of the Conquest of Peru (1845, reprint 2000) Alan Taylor, American Colonies: The Settling of North America (2002) Hugh Thomas, Conquest: Cortes, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico (1995) MusicInkuyo, Land of the Incas (2003) Xavier Quijas Yxayotl, Aztec Dances (2003) Various Artists, Panorama: Dances of the Renaissance (2001) Various Artists, Grand Tour: Music from 16th and 17th-Century Italy, Spain, and Germany (1996) Shirley Rumsey, Music of the Spanish Renaissance (1994) ImagesCortes in Mexico Pizarro in Peru The Aztec Capital Movies & TV The Fountain (2006) Cabeza de Vaca (1991) The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1968) Captain from Castile (1947) Sacred City of the Mayan Indians (1936) WebsitesPrimary Sources Central Pre-Columbian Societies Latin American Network Information Center Historical DocumentsTranslations New World, Old Maps |
What countries did Spain colonize
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