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Medically Reviewed by Smitha Bhandari, MD on September 08, 2020
For some people with severe or hard-to-treat depression, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the best treatment. This treatment, sometimes referred to as "electroshock therapy," is often misunderstood and incorrectly portrayed by popular media as a harsh, cruel treatment. In reality, it is a painless medical procedure performed under general anesthesia that is considered one of the most effective treatments for severe depression. It can be lifesaving. ECT works quickly, which is why it's often the treatment of choice for people with highly severe, psychotic, or suicidal depression. For these people, waiting for antidepressants or therapy to work might be dangerous. However, the drawback is that the effects of ECT usually don't last, and further treatments will likely be necessary. ECT is never used on someone who doesn't want it. With ECT, an electrical stimulation is delivered to the brain and causes a seizure. For reasons that doctors don't completely understand, this seizure helps relieve the symptoms of depression. ECT does not cause any structural damage to the brain. The procedure itself typically requires a stay in the hospital, although more and more it is being performed on an outpatient basis. During the procedure, you will be put to sleep under general anesthesia. You won't feel anything. Your doctor will also give you a muscle relaxant. Electrodes will be applied to your scalp and deliver an electric current. This electrical stimulation causes a brief seizure. The seizure is controlled with medications so your body doesn't move. You will wake up a few minutes later without any memory of the treatment. The number of required sessions varies. Many people have six to 12 sessions administered 2-3 times per week over a period of several weeks. After initial treatment, you might require further ECT treatments in addition to depression medicine and therapy to prevent your depression from returning. Studies have shown that ECT works for many people who have treatment-resistant depression. One study of 39 people with treatment-resistant depression compared the effects of an antidepressant with ECT. After two to three weeks, 71% of people who received ECT had a positive response to treatment. But only 28% who received the antidepressant had a positive response after four weeks of treatment. The results were published in 1997 in the medical journal Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia. The most common side effect of ECT is short-term memory loss. However, some people report that they have long-term memory loss, as well. ECT also causes a brief rise in heart rate and blood pressure during the procedure, so it may not be recommended in people with unstable heart problems. A physical examination and basic laboratory tests including an electrocardiogram (ECG) are necessary before starting ECT to assure that no medical problems are present that could interfere with the safe administration of ECT. ECT can often work quickly, but 50% or more of the people who receive this treatment will relapse within several months if there is no subsequent treatment (for example, medicines) to prevent relapse. Your doctor will typically advise a medication regimen including antidepressants, or possibly additional periodic ("maintenance") ECT sessions to help prevent relapse.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure that uses a mild electrical current to cause a brief seizure. This treatment effectively treats severe mental health conditions, including depression, schizophrenia, and more. It's also safe, and modern methods use anesthesia to minimize any discomfort you might feel during the procedure.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical procedure that involves passing a mild electric current through your brain, causing a short seizure. This procedure is proven to have strong positive effects on severe, treatment-resistant mental health conditions. ECT’s history stretches back more than 80 years, and extensive research shows it’s an effective, safe technique. This treatment involves anesthesia so that you won't feel pain during the procedure. ECT often has a negative connotation because of how it's been shown in movies, television shows and other media. These portrayals of ECT are usually inaccurate about how this procedure happens, whether or not it's painful or frightening and whether or not it's effective. These portrayals are not true-to-life, and they don’t show how healthcare providers do this procedure safely and humanely. Who needs to have this treatment?ECT can treat people with severe mental health conditions and is an option for a wide range of ages. This procedure can help children (some states have specific restrictions), teenagers, and adults of all ages. The strongest benefits from ECT tend to happen in people over 60. Why is ECT used?The most common reasons for ECT are severe mental health conditions under the following circumstances:
What conditions are treated with ECT?ECT is a possible treatment for several conditions, including the following: How common is ECT?Although it's effective and safe, ECT is not a common procedure. That’s likely the case for several reasons, a few of which include:
Before you start ECT, your healthcare provider will explain to you (or to someone who can make healthcare decisions for you) what ECT is and how it works. They’ll also make sure you don’t have any underlying health conditions or reasons that might mean you shouldn’t receive ECT. Several tests are possible leading up to ECT, including (but not limited to) the following: Reasons why you shouldn’t receive ECTThere are some conditions and reasons why you shouldn’t receive ECT. Known as “contraindications,” these are all considered on a case-by-case basis. Even if you have a contraindication, providers can often adjust the treatment procedure to take these into account so you can still receive ECT. Contraindications include: Stoppage of food and liquidsBecause general anesthesia is a part of ECT, your healthcare provider will have you fast before this procedure. That means stopping food eight hours before the procedure and stopping liquids two hours before. A healthcare provider may tell you to remove jewelry, medical devices, accessories or prosthetics before having this procedure. Common examples include taking off or removing your glasses, contact lenses, hearing aids, dentures or dental plates, etc. This helps avoid any risks of injury or choking because of these items. Medication stoppageCertain medications can affect how ECT affects you, including how effective this treatment is. Your healthcare provider may ask you to stop certain medications or reduce your dosage. However, you should only stop or change medications as directed by your provider. What happens during this procedure?ECT involves multiple healthcare providers, including a psychiatrist, anesthesiology specialist and other trained personnel. Anesthesia and other preparationsECT procedures start with general anesthesia, which puts you into a deep sleep and keeps you from feeling any pain, discomfort or anxiety during the procedure. Providers will also give you a muscle relaxant to avoid any injuries or strain that might happen during the seizure. Providers will also insert a bite guard into your mouth to protect your teeth, and also insert an intravenous (IV) needle into one of your veins (usually one in your arm). The IV allows quick injection access for medications for anesthesia reasons or to counteract any side effects. Electrode placementA healthcare provider will then place electrodes, which are contact points for the electric current to travel through, against the skin of your head. The placement depends on your specific needs, and providers will choose a placement with the lowest chance of causing side effects. There are three different ways that providers can place the electrodes.
A healthcare provider will coat the electrodes in a conductive gel that should prevent irritation and burns to your skin. While the electrical current involved is very low, skin irritation and burns are still possible. Electricity requirementsECT involves a very small electrical current, up to about 0.4 amps. For comparison, a 9-volt alkaline battery can deliver about 0.6 amps of current for one hour before the battery is empty. Providers will also start the current at low levels and increase it until it has the desired effect. The electrical current duration for ECT is also very brief. For most treatments, delivery of electrical current to your brain only lasts a few seconds. Induced seizureECT uses an electrical current to cause a seizure, which is when a burst of electrical activity happens in your brain and causes affected brain cells to fire rapidly. This causes electrical and chemical changes in the way that area of your brain works, leading to improvements in how those areas of the brain work. Seizures from ECT typically last between 30 and 90 seconds. In cases where they last longer, healthcare providers can stop the seizure using injectable medications. What happens after this procedure?After the seizure stops, healthcare providers will monitor you as you awaken from anesthesia. They'll also check your vital signs to look for any signs of side effects or other anesthesia-related problems that might happen. Most people are fully conscious within 10 to 15 minutes after this procedure and can be on their feet and walk around within 30 minutes.
ECT has many advantages that make it a critical tool for treating mental health conditions.
What are the disadvantages, risks or possible complications of this procedure?Though it is extremely effective, ECT does have some disadvantages.
Most people who receive ECT recover quickly from the procedure. Most wake up within 15 minutes and can be on their feet within 30 minutes. The overall course of treatment with ECT involves multiple treatments. These can happen multiple times per week for several weeks. Usually, people receive three ECT treatments per week.
Your healthcare provider can tell you more about the potential signs and symptoms to watch for that mean you need medical attention in the near future or immediately. If you notice the following, you should call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest emergency room: When should I get emergency medical care?You should get emergency care if you have disturbing thoughts about harming yourself, including thoughts of suicide or about harming others. If you have thoughts like this, you can call any of the following:
No, the ECT procedure isn’t painful. ECT involves general anesthesia, which means you’re asleep while the procedure is happening. After the procedure, you may have some side effects, such as headache, nausea or sore muscles, but these are all normal. If you're worried about these, you can talk to your healthcare provider and ask them for guidance on what you can do to minimize these effects. Is ECT safe?Yes, advances in modern medicine and ECT procedures make this treatment very safe. If you have healthcare conditions or concerns and you're worried about if these will be a problem, you can talk to your healthcare provider about these. Your provider can take other health conditions or circumstances into account, adjusting this procedure accordingly. They might also offer alternative options better suited for your needs. Does ECT cause brain damage or memory loss?Researchers and experts have looked at ECT using many different tools, imaging technologies and diagnostic tests. The available research shows that permanent negative effects from ECT like memory loss are rare. Memory loss does happen in some cases, but it’s usually temporary and goes away within a few months. Researchers also found that ECT stimulates certain types of brain function, which improves the symptoms that happen with many mental health conditions. Does ECT work?The available research shows that ECT is extremely effective, more so than any other available treatment for depression. No one entirely understands how ECT works for depression, but there are many theories. ECT may cause changes in brain chemistry or repair changes to the brain caused by severe, chronic depression. A note from Cleveland Clinic Electroconvulsive therapy is a procedure that can help people with severe mental health conditions. It's especially useful in cases where other treatments aren't an option or haven't worked. While this procedure often provokes a negative reaction because of portrayals in movies and television shows, this procedure is safe and effective. Healthcare providers will also go through several steps to make sure you are comfortable during this procedure and have minimal side effects. ECT can make a huge difference in relieving severe symptoms for many people, and it's often a life-saving procedure.
Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 04/06/2022. References
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