Alfred is a long-time teacher and computer enthusiast who works with and troubleshoots a wide range of computing devices. Show
By Max Braun The different types of computers can be grouped into six major categories according to size. Each category excels at specific functions.
Generally, the size of the computer determines the processing abilities. Larger computers have higher processing speeds while smaller ones offer a better experience for personal computing. SupercomputersThese are arguably the most powerful in terms of speed and accuracy. They are types of computers used in solving complex mathematical computations. They are capable of executing trillions of instructions per second, which is calculated in floating point operations per second (FLOPS). The typical personal computer used at home and the office is only capable of calculating millions of instructions per second (MIPS). Supercomputers can go even faster with the rate of petaFLOPS (or PFLOPS). This could bring up their processing numbers to the quadrillion. Supercomputers were made popular in the 1960s by Seymore Cray. They soon became the choice for complex projects. They have evolved from the grid to cluster systems of massively parallel computing. Cluster system computing means that machines use multiple processors in one system, rather than arrays of separate computers in a grid. The operating systems that run in supercomputers vary depending on the manufacturer but are generally based on the Linux Kernel. A few popular ones include,
These computers are the largest in terms of size. They can occupy anything from a few feet to hundreds of feet. They also don’t come cheap as they can be priced between $200,000 to over $100 million. By O01326 The Top Supercomputers Since 2008
Uses of SupercomputersBecause of their superiority, supercomputers are not intended for your everyday tasks. They handle exhaustive scientific applications that require complex and real-time processing.
MainframesMainframe computers are large-sized computer types. They are equally powerful but fall short in terms of the computation ability in supercomputers. They are like big file servers, enabling multiple users from nearby and remote locations to access resources at the same time. Also known as big iron, these systems can handle massive amounts of data going in and out simultaneously. This makes them popular with businesses.
By Ing. Richard Hilber Uses of MainframesThey are used in large organizations where thousands of clients have to access data simultaneously. For example:
The price of mainframe computers, especially from IBM, starts at $75,000 and can go up to $1 million. System z9, Fujitsu-ICL VME and Hitachi’s Z800 are examples of Mainframes. MinicomputersMinicomputers are general-purpose devices without the monumental expenses associated with a larger system. Their processing power is below that of mainframe systems but above the capabilities of personal computers. By Procolotor Also known as mid-range computers, these became popular in the late 1960s but have become almost extinct because of the popularity of personal computers. The latter can now perform most of the tasks reserved for minis. The first minicomputer was unveiled in 1967 by Digital Equipment Corporation and was followed later by designs from IBM and other companies. They became popular for control related functions as opposed to computing prowess. Over the years, their usage was limited to dedicated control assignments in mid-range organizations. Minicomputers were intended for a number of activities listed below:
Texas Instrument TI-990, K-202 and MicroVAX II are examples of minicomputers. ServersThese are types of computers used to provide resources, services, and functionality to client computers in a server-client network model. Resources provided are based on the functions of a particular server, which may fall under these categories:
Their sizes will depend on purpose and tasks in the network. Of course, bigger and more multitasking installations will require multiple systems and storage installations. A common errant is that desktop systems can be used as servers. Far from it, true server systems are specialized computers with abilities far beyond what personal computers can deliver. Servers are optimized to run 24 hours and are capable of hot-swapping of storage and other hardware without having to shut down the system. By Mixabest (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons Microcomputers/Personal ComputersMicrocomputers are the smallest, least expensive and the most used types of computers. They have a small memory, less processing power, are physically smaller, and permit fewer peripherals compared to super and mainframe computers. They are more commonly known as personal computers or simply PCs. The term was initially used to refer to IBM compatible computers. They became popular in the 70s and 80s, at the dawn of the microprocessor chips. These chips meant that a machine used by one individual was now feasible. The advent of PCs meant cheaper alternatives to more expensive and centralized systems. They were more affordable for office use and created cheaper networking environments. By the mid-1990s, they became the de facto computer of choice for offices and homes. The last 20 years have seen the proliferation of even smaller systems. This signaled the start of the mobile age, which continued to go with the trend of smaller devices as the new century progressed. This ultimately gave birth to wearable computers and gadgets. The operating system used in personal computers vary, but the common ones include:
Categories of personal computers include:
Desktop ComputersDesktop computers are made up of separate components such as:
Single Unit SystemsSingle unit computers, also known as all-in-one PCs, are a sub-type of desktop computers. They integrate the monitor and system unit within a single unit. They also have connectivity to a mouse, keyboard, and other peripherals, usually through USB ports. Nettop SystemsNettops, which are sometimes called mini PCs, are small and cheap system units. They use less power and perform less processing. Common features of Nettops include the Intel Atom microprocessor, 1-2 GB memory, and Wi-Fi connectivity. Just like any other desktop, they attach to peripheral accessories via USB ports and the monitor via VGA or DVI ports. Single-Board ComputersThese are the smallest possible computers and mimic the shape and functionality of full-size desktop motherboards. They fit on miniature circuit boards, the size of an ATM card and spot numerous input/output ports for connectivity to external peripherals. Standouts are USB ports for a keyboard and mouse, HDMI output to monitors, Ethernet ports, and Bluetooth/wireless capability. A single-board computer (SBC) is an integrated piece of hardware which is called so because it only spots one board, unlike the desktop computer which features additional circuitry like memory chips and processor. It is also a low power, fan-less circuitry, low-cost system, and popular with hobbyists and developers. An SBC can easily be confused with an embedded system because of its size but is not, because it permits general-purpose functionalities synonymous with microcomputers. Raspberry Pi3, Arduino and BeagleBone Blue are popular examples of SBC. By Les Pounder Thin ClientsThese are low-cost computer types that rely on server systems in order to provide computing services to attached monitors. They communicate to the server via the remote desktop protocol and are part of the networking implementation setup known as the client/server model. While a thin client depends entirely on the availability of a server, a desktop based client (the typical desktop computer), sometimes called fat client, can operate independently of a server in case of transmission downtime. A typical thin client features most input/output ports for connectivity to peripherals. Standouts are VGA or DVI ports to the monitor, PS/2 or USB ports for keyboard and mouse, and audio input/output ports. 2. Mobile Computers (Laptops, Smartphones, Etc.)Mobile devices have become the norm in recent years. Most users opt for laptops and tablets due to ease of use on the go, and battery power. Particular features that make mobile systems a favorite include:
The most common types of mobile computers include:
LaptopsLaptops are lightweight mobile PCs with a thin screen. They were initially called notebook computers because of their small size. They operate on batteries. Unlike desktops, these systems combine the microprocessor, screen, and keyboard in a single case. The screen folds down onto the keyboard when not in use. UltrabooksUltrabooks are special laptops specifically designed to be thin and lightweight. They usually have longer-lasting batteries (5 hours minimum) and have strong hardware and processing power to run any software around. Ultrabooks also ship with the faster SSD storage in place of the slower hard disk drives that are commonly used. ChromebooksChromebooks are low-end laptops that only run the web-based Chrome operating system. After the installation of Chrome OS, additional software can only be installed via the Chrome Web Store. The OS allows you to achieve traditional PC functionality online. You can type documents, edit them, implement group discussions, have teleconferencing, and use basic online tools like search engines and e-mail. These devices are increasingly targeted at users that spend most of their time online for social activities. Their hardware includes the Intel Atom microprocessor, Wi-Fi and wired network connectivity, solid-state disks (SSD), and an average of five hours of battery life. They usually do not have optical drives. By Alvin Trusty NetbooksNetbooks can be thought of as mini laptops. They are smaller in size, price, and processing power. Just like Chromebooks, they are primarily designed for web browsing, electronic communication, and cloud computing. They are catered to users who require less powerful client computers. Their specs are similar to Chromebooks. The biggest difference is that they can run the lightweight Linux operating system. TabletsA tablet is a mobile computer equipped with a touch screen or hybrid screen, which allows the user to operate it by use of a digital pen or fingertip. Most tablets today are both multi-touch and multi-tasking, making it possible to manipulate them using multiple fingers and accomplishing multiple tasks simultaneously. Tablets are handy, especially when normal notebooks and laptops are simply too bulky for the mobile user. SmartphonesBack in 1996, a company called Palm Computing developed a gadget called Palm 1000. It was revolutionary in conception but did not actually build consumer excitement. While the idea of a miniaturized computer was not new, the fact that someone had actually been able to make a device with an operating system that could work within its limitations was a huge leap forward. It was one of the biggest innovations in the tech industry. The iPhone, released in 2007, was the first true smartphone. It became an instant hit with consumers worldwide. It started the smartphone industry that still persists today. Most smartphones today use an operating system such as IOS and Android. They often have the ability to add applications. This is in contrast to regular cellular phones which only support sandboxed applications like Java games. In terms of features, smartphones support full email capabilities as well as multiple functions to serve as a complete personal organizer. Depending on the manufacturer, other functions might include additional interfaces such as miniature QWERTY keyboards, touch screens, built-in cameras, contact management, built-in navigation software, ability to read office documents in PDF and Word file formats, media software for playing music, browsing photos, and viewing video clips. Personal Digital AssistantsPersonal digital assistants (PDAs), also called handheld computers, pocket PCs, or palmtop computers, are battery-powered devices that are small enough to carry almost anywhere. While weaker to larger systems, these are useful for scheduling appointments, storing addresses and phone numbers, and playing games. Some have more advanced capabilities, such as making telephone calls or accessing the Internet. PDAs seem to have been overtaken by tablets and smartphones, almost rendering them obsolete. Wearable GadgetsLike the term suggests, wearable computers, or simply wearables, are miniature devices that are designed to be worn or attached onto your body. Wearables are designed to function as smart devices similar to smartphones. They typically provide specific functions like health monitoring. Whereas general purpose wearables offer a fuller computing experience that includes reading emails, the lesser systems will ship as embedded devices capable of minimal functions. Examples of these devices include smartwatches, smart glasses, smart clothes, smart shoes, etc. SmartwatchesThese became popular around 2013 when Samsung launched Gear, a wristwatch fitted with sensors to communicate directly with a smartphone. Dubbed the smartphone and phablet companion, a smartwatch gives features like internet connectivity and text messaging among others. It also provides communication between the user and other devices. The leading tech companies in the world are all scrambling for opportunities in manufacturing smartwatches. Samsung launched Gear in 2013 and Apple has the Apple Watch. Other competitors include Sony, LG, and Google. Head-Mounted DisplaysAnother wearable being developed is the heads up display unit (HUD) or head-mounted display unit (HMD). This device is meant to be worn or attached to the head and uses a transparent glass display that interfaces with the human eye. It does not interfere with the user's sight. Earlier HUDs were used for military purposes. They went from using a cathode ray tube to a liquid crystal display. The technology eventually embraced laser-based projection for images and motion pictures. The current leader in this tech is Google Glass, which permits a number of functions like voice communication and reading tweets. By Tedeytan (Flickr) Smart WareSmart shoes and smart clothes are intended for health-related functions like measuring heart rate and waveform measurement. These devices are intended to encourage the wearer to have an active lifestyle. By Hamish2k Smart shoes and smart clothes can also be used for competitive purposes, such as helping athletes keep track of their running distance and speed. One of the first initiatives into developing these devices was the partnership between Apple and Nike. They created the Nike+iPod Sports Kit, a device for measuring distance and pace by the user. It worked by having the iPod communicate to the Nike show via voice prompts. Embedded SystemsThese are computer-based systems that are standalone electronic hardware designed to perform dedicated computing tasks. They are not general-purpose installations like the personal computer. Actually, they are computers which may not always seem to be computers! They include a combination of the outer hardware, microprocessor chip, and software. The core of such systems is the microprocessor or microcontroller which executes the assigned task. The embedded software, usually firmware, is but not always fixed onto volatile memory which may not always require post-installation configurations. In any case, the hardware does repetitive assignments. The old cell phones used well before smartphones became a phenomenon, could easily fall under the category of embedded systems since their sole purpose was to make and receive calls. Smartphones today, however, have evolved into general-purpose mobile computers. Firmware on these systems is written in the read-only memory (ROM) or flash memory chips. Despite the seemingly persistent firmware which is deemed unaltered, they can be re-programmed to suit evolving demands. Popular devices that may be categorized under embedded systems are listed below:
This article is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge. Content is for informational or entertainment purposes only and does not substitute for personal counsel or professional advice in business, financial, legal, or technical matters. © 2014 Alfred Amuno Commentsoseni hassan on March 16, 2020: what is the different between ram and ROM Tselot Seyoum on December 25, 2019: good job but can computers be classified by other d/t categories Engr Dynamic on December 24, 2019: what is digital computer Fatima on December 18, 2019: education is a key of life no conditions is Permanent kevn on November 28, 2019: good work, am now comfortable with the system software thank you Alfred Amuno (author) from Kampala on October 23, 2019: Thanks Hazard Hazard on October 22, 2019: Precise and clear, good artice Godswill on September 26, 2019: Carolina Comment chimwemwe soko dingiswayo on September 18, 2019: thank you Zulu on September 15, 2019: Nice article and very helpful. gideon amio on September 03, 2019: thank you very much for the information.the information are crystal clear and understandable Joe on August 07, 2019: Complete article. Thanks jannet on June 21, 2019: Thank you for the content......wow Leonard muyai on June 20, 2019: bring more and more informations your uplifting our understandings .interested about this henry on May 30, 2019: good work Faridah Sanni on May 02, 2019: You are a genius , u really helped me , but thanks king on April 16, 2019: this is good content.......thank u mumbumbus on April 02, 2019: wow...thanks Kazadi Chama on March 18, 2019: WOW!! . thank you were on point! Bliss on January 11, 2019: please what are the four type of computer and there size ggg on December 22, 2018: very help ful information hussen on December 08, 2018: good Takudzwanashe on November 21, 2018: those are beutiful ilike them emmanuel qqueen on November 11, 2018: Thanks very much for the information they are very good and extra ordinary ones Tofunmi Adebayo olazkid (blesstof) on October 20, 2018: Tanx for these information, it really helped me Favour Andrew on October 17, 2018: These were really helpful and useful,thank you so much for it,i really enjoyed reading it.It is so educational and i really appreciate this being here. Olileanya ezinwa on October 14, 2018: Thanks for this information shafiu abdullahi kadewa gezawa on August 15, 2018: thank you for this work Ella on May 17, 2018: The content of your website is exquisite. Kudos. kiliko amna on April 04, 2018: thanks for the information Student of GC university on March 16, 2018: Thanks for kindly information Mkpe, Gospel on February 21, 2018: Good work, but I will like to know more about this to guild me on my studies. thanks. pure on December 10, 2017: good work fidelis Clinton on October 28, 2017: thanks for the information Alfred Amuno (author) from Kampala on October 20, 2017: Thanks AbdulHameed for appreciating. Meanwhile, you can use Contact Author link at the top of this article for any correspondence. abdulhameed on October 18, 2017: nice job good pls can i have you contact or write it els were so that we will talk Efache Oyama on October 01, 2017: very helpful information. thanks so much shinde shubham ramesh on August 23, 2017: very nice and superbbb information I like this information Agwu chioma on August 14, 2017: WOW,thanks for the tips Pratik raj on May 27, 2017: Nice hub,well done that really worked for me, thanks Emmah on May 10, 2017: Thenks for that Alfred Amuno (author) from Kampala on January 16, 2017: Thanks for appreciating Ali ali hassan on January 16, 2017: thanks this article is very nice Alfred Amuno (author) from Kampala on November 24, 2015: Thanks Lizzie lizzie on November 24, 2015: Awesome text Alfred Amuno (author) from Kampala on February 20, 2014: Thanks Techpower. Techpower on February 20, 2014: Nicely explained -Followed bfilipek on February 14, 2014: @amuno future seems to be quite near :) It would be great to predict the future and create some new device or app for new kind of devices. Alfred Amuno (author) from Kampala on February 14, 2014: Thanks Thief for that. Carlo Giovannetti from Puerto Rico on February 13, 2014: Pretty good hub. Voted Up and Interesting. Alfred Amuno (author) from Kampala on February 11, 2014: True bfilipek, wearable devices will be the next wave in computing. In as far as flexible devices are concerned, I bet we wait to see how realistic and flexible they actually get. bfilipek on February 11, 2014: good hub! I think that wearable devices will become more and more popular. Also the world is waiting for "flexible displays" and will also bring new kinds of devices. |