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Foundry For Sale : Foreman Desires Iron, bronze, and aluminium. Admiralty HAND MACHINERY, in first-class condition FROM STOCK OR FOR QUICK DELIVERY. tests. Hydraulic and air compressors First Class cupola COAL CUTTERS, including Jeffrey Shortwallone 14in. SHAPING MACHINE, by Pratt and eXperience. Up-to-date machine moulding, I wenty-three Whitney years foundry experience. Munitions. --Address, P985, Engi and Heading Machines, also Diamond Machines, with Two 20in Single-geared PILLAR DRILLING Four “FORTUNA" Hack Sawing Machines.. Stock ncer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. £15 each spare parts. 985 33 MACHINES, bv Prentice Bros... Two Improved WET TOOL GRINDERS, with 14in. X 350 K.W. ALTERNATOR, three-phase, 50 cycles, Three COLD IRON SAWING MACHINES. 2in. wheel 550 volts, by B.T.H Co., driven by 600 I.H.P. Cross-com- capable of cutting joists up to 12in. x bin., with One Small Double-ended DRY GRINDER on stand, pound Engines by Barclay, 26in. U.P. cyl., 40in. L. P. cyl., selt-acting variable feed and adjustable side table £85 each 8in. din. wheels Stock , flyc. Very fine set. One PLATE EDGE PLANING MACHINE, by Two Hand-feed MILLING MACHINES. Stock Craig and Donald, 12ft. bed, with turnover tool. Two UNIVERSAL TOOL and I'TTER GRINDERS, an box for cutting both ways, screw fitted with ball Stock complete on pillar. , 300 , , 40 cycles, 480-500 education as PREMIUM PUPIL, the course to include both £185 end thrust bearings. Three So. 2 "FOSTER" i ijoin. WIRE-FEED volts; Generators 200 KW., D.C., compound wound. Works and Drawing-office. --Address, 2002, Engineer Office, 33, One PLATE EDGE PLANING MACHINE, by CAPSTAN LATHES Stock Each set on separate sole-plate. Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. J. Buckton and Co., 9ft, bed, with turnover tool- 80 H.P. PHOENIX MOTOR, A.C., 625 volts, One Ball Bearing SENSITIVE BENCH DRILLING box for cutting both ways, screw titted with ball MACHINE. Jin. Stock £185 40 cycles, 3-phase, 290 r.p.in. end thrust beurings One SECOND-HÄND 6in. LATHE on 10ft. Gap Bed, AIR COMPRESSOR, 22in Single-gcared PILLAR DRILLING £25 with 2in. hole through spindle, friction back-geared MACHINE, by Cincinnati Machine Tool Co. headstock Stock (Government Contractors), employing 500 hands, have Fraser and Chalmers, 800 cub. ft. capacity, steam and Two Double-wheel EMERY GRINDERS, by Sterne 3 weeks Ono 5din. SLUTTING MACHINE air cyls , 18in dia by 3ft. stroke. VACANCY ; varied classes of work done, affording excellent and Co., Glasgow, take wheels 15in. dia. x 2in. 4 weck One 8 in. Ditto £15 each thick opportunities premium moderato. -Address, 2000, Engineer HORIZONTAL CROSS-COMPOUND CORLISS One 9 in. LATIE, 8ft. bed Ottice, 33, Vortolk-street, Strand, W.C. One SWING JIB DRILLING MACHINE, single VALVE ENGINE, 17 H.P. cyl., 33in. L.P. cyls., 42in. £100 Two 6 in. x 6ft. BED LATHES stroke. Patent cut-off motion. Makers, Musgraves, Bolton. geared, 9ft. arm, fitted with motor. 110 volts Ope sin. Centre x lyin. CAPST.IN LATHE. 2. Ton LOCO. STEAM CRANE, by Johnsons, one 22in. Single geared PILLAR DRILLING Two Bfin. x 8ft. SCREW.CUTTING LATHES MACHINE, by J. E. Spydes £22 10. Od. 4ft. 84in. gauge ; boiler insured 80 lb. pressure. 5 Jogies and Shipman 5.8in. SENSITIVE PILLAR One 24in. Seli-acting Double-geared AR DRILLING MACHINES. £25 Stock DRILLING MACHINE, by Barnes and Co. Waterworks Engineer of Leamington hils a VACANCY SADDLE TANK LOCO., 12in. cyls., 4 wheels All Machine Tools are offered subject to the approval of in his office for a PUPIL-Address, TOWN HALL. 707 coupled, 120 lb, steam presstiro. One small EMERY GRINDER, suitable for £7 10s. the Ministry of Munitions. LOCO., 9 in. cyls., 14in. stroke, 6 wheels coupled, grinding twist drills. &c. Ono with trailing bogie, 2ft. gauge. Back-geared MILLING MACHINE,' by James Archdale and Co. £25 JAMES W. CARR and CO., Ltd., one RADIAL DRILLING hy J. 36, Queen Victoria-street, London, E.C. Buckton Co., 24in. spindle, 7it arm, -acting £105 WAKEFIELD, One loin.' Single-geared PILLAR DRILLING Aeroplanes and Airships. Construction, Design, and MACHINE, by Lud. Locwe and Co, soli-acting £35 Draughtsmanship. Complete Postal Courses. Fees reason. & AT MILBURN HOUSE, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. Two HORIZONTAL BEAM BENDING and able. Also preparation for A.M.I.E.E., A.M.I.M.E., and STRAIGHTENING MACHINES, by De Berge RAILS. A.M.I.C.E.--PENNINGTONS, 254, Oxford-road, Manchester. Tel : 44 Wakefield ; 867 Newcastle. and Co. £110 each 2018 1 Tel. Add. :* Engineer, Wakefield.' 2017 0 One 5in. Cut STEAN RIMMER, by B. and s. 260 TONS OF GOOD RELAYABLE Massey £85 One Heavy Type SHAPING MACHINE, by Buck STEEL FLANGE, and Hickman, box bed 9ft. long, fitted with two and all ENGINEERING EXAMINATIONS.--Mr. G.P. tables, self-acting, £135 about 74 lb. per yard; also a quantity from 14 lb. upwards. Quantity of BULLHÉAD RAILS, all suitable for Siding. KNOWLES, B.Sc., A.M.Inst.C.E., &c., personally PREPARES One Bethlehem" Universal BENDER, for bending 40 Tons of TEE RAILS, 34in. X 2 in. lengths up to 30ft., ALL ACCESSORIES TO SUIT CANDIDATES, either orally or by correspondence. Hundreds suitable for reinforcing work. angles, tees, channels, joists. &C., fitted with £120 of successes during the past twelve years. 5 IL P. motor, 110 volts, and reversible switch Courses can be B. M. RENTON AND CO., EIGHT HEAVY FLY-WHEELS, 8ft. dia., solid rim, commenced at any time.-39, Victoria-street, Westminster. S. W £10 One Gas fired RIVET HEATER 10in. face x 15jin, 6 arms, bore 8 in., approximate One HYDRAULIC STRETCHING P813 und Market-place-buildings, High-street, Sheffield. Spl 300 weight 40 tons eich. STRAIGHTENING MACHINE, by Fielding ROPE FLY-WHEEL, 10ft. dia. x 27in. face, 11 grooves and Platt, ram 8in. dia. ; will take bars up to £175 18ft, long working pressure 1700 lb. - for 15in. ropes, 8in. bore, weight 4 tons, Three C.I. LEVELLIG SLABS, 6ft. x 3ft... £20 each HIGH-PRESSUREWELDED PIPING WITH SCREWED P971 o Apply, CRITTALL, Manor Works, Braintroe. ERY of good Second-hand B.H. and F.B. STEEL RAILS, FLANGES FISH-PLATES, CHAIRS, POINTS and CROSSINGS.-Send Straits Settlements, 168ft. of 18in. dia. requirements to 705, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, SEEKS AGENCIES 180ft. of 14in. dia, Strand, W.C. FOR ARTICLES OR MATERIALS Also Bends for same, and smaller quantities of 24in , used in connection with 3in., 4in., 7in., 9in., 12in., 13in, and 16in, diameter. FOR SALE volt SHUNT-WOUND MOTORS, perfect condition. MECHANICAL, MARINE, OR MINING ENGINEERING WRITE FOR COPY OF SECOND-HAND MACHINERY Apply, full particulars and price, CRITTALL, Manor Works, CATALOGUE. AND STORES. P970 G Eraintree. VERTICAL GAS ENGINES, by Westinghouse, direct Write, BELLS, 34, Fenchurch-street, London, GEO. COHEN, SONS and COMPANY, coupled to D.C, Generator, 400 vots, 250 rpm. Two 56), K.W. Three- 600, Commercial-road East, London. Old-established Firm of Telegrams : * Coborn, Step, London," ., 290 r.p.m 106 KW. Two-crank VERTICAL COMPOUND ENGINES, Engineers in Westininster, with excellent offices and con bargain.- Apply, CRITTALL, Braintree. direct compled to Three-phase Aliernator, 650 volts, 174 amps., nections, are PREPARED to REPRESENT Midland and 40 cycles, 300 rers. Northern Firms in London.-Address, 327, Engineer Office, 50 K VÝ. High-speed VERTICAL ENGINE, direct coupled 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. 327 D TO CHANGE OVER 10 ELECTRICAL POWER. to Generator, 500 volts, 100 amps, 500 revr. One high-pressure STEAM ENGINE, Corliss motion, CROSS.COMP. HORI. ENGINE, by Robey and Co, 191n. cylinder . stroke, 3ft. -wheel to take eight and 33in. cvls, by 42in, stroke, self-contained STEAM ENGINE, crls. 12in and 2lin, X CROSS-COME HORI. DROP-VALVE ENGINE, by Robey 24in. Stroke, by Davey Laxman; excellent condition, with Open SOLE condition and Co., 16in, and 26.11. cyls. by 361, stroke. BOILER 241t. X 7ft., 100 lba, steam, together or separate, seen 6ft. DRIVING PULLEY, with eight 11 new ropes. CROSS-COMP. HORI. TORLISS ENGISE, by Marshalls, SELLING RIGHTS for Canada for British Iron, Steel and working.-A. UNDERWOOD, 3, Queen-street, E.C. Metal Products, Tools, Machinery. &C.-Fullest particulars to 18ft. x 8ft. diameter STEEL DOILR, complete with all 144in. and 25in. cyls, by 32in, stroke CROSS-COMP. self-contained HORI. COND. ENGINE, by boiler fittings ISCEG, care of W'm. Porteous and Co., Glasgow. P984 p WOOD TANK, about 20ft, long. Ruston, Proctor, 1011 and 17), cyls, by 24in, stroke. 300-Light DYNAMO, 110 volts, Perfect condition. 8 N.H.P. TRACTION ENGINE, on springs, by Wallis and One SAND BLAST APPARATOS, suitable Steevens, insure 140 lb. working pressure. castings. One 275 KW. BELLISS-KERR, 480 550 volts. YATALOGUE of Stock MACHINERY, 2-3000 Lots, free on application. Inspection invited. Australia, is DESTROUS of REPRESENTING first-class Two 85 KW, BELLISS MAVUUR, 220 volts ENGINEERING FIRMS interested in Government, Railway, All the above plant can be seen working, One 75 K.W. BELLISS WESTMINSTER, 110 volts. ALBION WORKS and Mining Work. Ample recommodation for any firm EDWARD FOSTER and Sox, Ltd., Brass Founders and One 68 KW. BELLISS, G.E.C., new, 220 volts. Tel. : "Forward, Sheffield." Spl.4101 SHEFFIELD. desirous of having a London office for interviews, &c. First Finishers, Central Brass Works, Halifax. MOTORS, ALTERNATING CCRRENT. class references to be exchanged.-- Address, 143, Engineer Two 30 and one 10 HP. Protected Type Squirrel Cage, Othce, 33, orfolk-street, Strand. W.C. 143 1 three-phase, 25 period, 400 , house Co. 6fin. paungers, 18in, stroke, incta, pumpe, pump-rods, and One 50 H.P., throc-phase, 25 period, 500 volt, 480 r.p. in., | SPRING BUFFER WAGONS, LAMINATED Scott Mountain's nake. for 3 in. Bars ; 12in. LATHE or BORER; Set of 12in. criss heads, &c. - For full particulars apply TITOS, W. WARD, SPRINGS. F. GILMAN, 62, Lightwoods-bill, Birmingliam. 200 Ten-tonners, side doors, £40 each. volls, DC. ; 18in. FOUR JAW CHUCK; 2010. 24in. or 3in. 150 Ten-tonners, new siue doors, full length, £50 each. LINE SHAFT, with Hangers or brackets; 50 HP 180 Eight-tonners, side doors, £38 cach. HYDRAULIC PUMPS, 8in. CAPSTAN CHASING ATHE 70 Eleven-tonners, hoppers, bottom doors, £50 cach. DEAD BUFFER WAGONS. cylinder x 2016 stroke; pump cylinder 2uin. Ibout 200 yards of lvin cast irou thanged STEAM PIPES. 50 Ten-tonners, side and end doors, £25 each. About 120ft, of 3in. SHAFTING, and 12 BEARINGS." 35 Eight-tonners, siue and bottom doors, £22 each, RHYS HARRY, Llanelly. 14in. Six-coupled Pockett LOCO., copper box, 140 lb. w.p. 200 G 25 Eight-tonners, ballast wagons, drop sides, £22 cach. £900, SECOND-HAND BOILER SHELL; must be suitable All the above wagons in first-class condition, and can be for insuring for 120 lb, working pressure. 1214. Six-coupled Manning-Wardle LOCO, 140 lb. w.p., Size not particular, recommended. They are for use on private siding. Inquiries but about 10ft. 1o 20ft. long preferred -Address, 263, Engineer copper box, brass tubes. £650. solicited i'or all types of wagons, for any service, new or secondOfice, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. 9in, Four-coupled Manning-Wardle LOCO., steel box and hand. 2286 tubes, 120 lb. *. £350, 10din. X 17in. cylinders, with 70 K.W. single phase, 50 8in. Four-coupled Manning-Wardle LOCO., copper box, JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. 9in brass tubes, 120 Ib. w.P. Low price. 714 o ROTARY KILN, about 100ft. long, for caleining ders, new copper box and tubes, 160 lb. w.p. £650. purposes. Offerers please give full description and particulars 3ft. Gauge Bagnall LOCO., four-coupled, 6in. cylinders, of will, where it can be seen and price ; any size about 100ft. lb. w.p., new tubes. £350. with Newton's Patent Suction Gas Plant. Inspection considered. --Address, 267, Engineer Office, 3, Norfolk-street, For 'or Sale, One Radial Drilling ', Two 2ft.' bin. Gauge Kerr-Stuart LOCOS, copper boxes, invited.-SMART and ELSOM, Stafford-street, Derby. ` 1966 G Strand, W.C. 267 F MACHINE, rake of arm 5ft. geared, bed 3ft. Oin. x 2it. 160 lb. w.p. £400 cach. 2ft. Gauge Bagnall LOCO., 8in. cylinders, 140 lb. w.p. £300. bin, planed and grooved for bolts to fix work vertically and 5. Ton Wallis and Stevens STEAM TRACTOR, 160 lb. w.p. horizontally, four-speed cones, traverse gear for feed. Als) anted £300 TURBO ALTERNATOR SET, 440 volts. 250 H.P. SECOND-HAND 5-10 Ton STEAM LOCO. CRANES, holes, Also COUNTERSHAFT, BRACKETS, FAST and GAS ENGINE, by Crossley Brothers, Limited. Every descripby good makers: standard gauge. Send full particulars and LOOSE PULLEY, with striking gear complete.--Apply, tion of plant in stock at our works, and for immediate delivery. lowest price.-- Address, 705, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, THOS, OXLEY, Ltd., Shiloh Works, sheffield. Telegranis, JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. -HARRY H. GARDAM and Co., Limited, Staines. Strand, W.C. “ Ironical, Sheffield.” Tolephone 4630 (three lines).
“Proc. Inst. Civil Eng.," 166 vols., cloth, rare set, £17 17s.; Grant-Francis “Copper Smelting, 25s.; “Proc. Inst. Meck. Eng." 1674 to 1914, £14 14s. ; Lewis " Commercial Organisation Factories,” £2 25.; Sekon's "History of the Great Western Railway," l0s, 6d. ; Bell's " Manilacture Iron and Steel,” 1884, £2 28.; Bell's - Chemical Phenomena Iron Smelting, 1872, £2 28.; Vosmaer Mechanical and Other Properties of Iron and Steel," 1891, 21s. ; Brassey's “ History British Navy," 5 vols., 355 ; " Railroadiana," a Catalogue ci Books, Panuphlets, Maps, Guides, Time Tables, &c., connected with Origin, Rise and Development of Railways, post free; Flower's "History of the Triide in Tin," 1880, rare, 256. Lewes'" Acetylene," rart, £22$. ; " Caledonian Railway: Its Origin and Completion," 10s. 6d. 100,000 books in stock; any subject state wants.-EDWARD BAKER'S Great Bookshop 14-16, John Bright-street, Biriningham.
8 LOCO. TYPE BOILERS (Portable and Semi-portable), insured working pressures, 80 to 150 lbs. 10 STEAM WINCHES, 6in, and 7in. cylinders by 10in. stroke. 16 DUPLEX PUMPS, FROM STOCK AND FOR QUICK DELIVERY. FEED WATER HEATER, AIR COMPRESSOR, 3 AIR RECEIVERS, 3 THREE-THROW CRANKSHAFTS, 2 Orders subject to the approval of the with DEEP and BOREHOLE , 6ain. centre x 4ft. straight bed HAND LATHES. Two GENERAL CONTRACTOR'S PLANT.-A. C. PUTTER and weeks ; Dew. CO., Lant-street, Borough, London, S.E 3049 9 in. x 8ft, straight bed S.S.S.Scr. LATHES. Two weeks ; 94in. x 8ft. gap bed S.S.S.Scr. LATHES. One week ; new. One 10in, and one llin. centro SLIDING and SURFACING Sale, Several 36 H.P. LATHES, 9ft. and lift. straight beds. Stork new : GARDNER ENGINES, on closed-in chassis, in first-class One 9 in. x 16ft. gap bed S.S.S.Sur. LATHE, chuck. Stock; second-hand. working order = Apply; Box 4. M. Advertisement Depart- ment, Central News, Lid., 5, New Bridge-street, E.C. One 12 in. x 12ft. straight bed SLIDING and SURFACING LATHE, chuck Stock ; second-hand. Ten 22in, WET TOOL GRINDERS, with wheel. Ten days ; new. Em- One SAW SHARPENER, for saws up to 20in. diam. PIRE," by Mason, 16in by 10in, jax, on wheels, alunast Stock ; new. One American FILE SHARPENER. Stock ; new. Co. A UNDERWOOD), 3, Queen-street, E.C. Two Jones-Shipman 23in. Three-spindle DRILLS, with chucks. Stock ; nex.
Three weeks ; new, 160 lb. llercules " POWER HAMMERS. Four weeks ; new. 60 lb. “Goliath" POWER HAMMERS. To wecks; new One in stroke KEYSEATER, by Baker Bros. Stock ; second hard. Eighteen JOKE CRUSHERS. Stock; new. 8in. centre 8ft. S.S Ser. hali gap bed LATHES ; also with 6ft. beds, Three weeks; new. sin. x 6in. LACKSAW MACHINES. Stock; new. 6in. and Sin. stroke “British Bulldog" SLOTTING MACHINES. Four weeks; new. ** British Bulldog" DUPLEX HORIZONTAL BORERS, VERTICAL BORING MILLS, and DUPLEX DRILLS. THE JUDSON-JACKSON COMPANY, LTD., 50, Marsham-street, Westminster, London, S.W.Telegrams : Ozonistic, London, Telephone : Victoria, 5089.
For Triple Expansion Mortar Pan, 7ft., on Wheels, For For Sale, Air Compressor For Sale, Two 8 H.P. Portable et LAD : MAKERS. For or , Sale Approximately 3000 For Sale, Two 50 H.P. Suction New Creosoted Sleepers. — For BURLEY&SON LTD. HORNBY ROAD,BOOTLE,LIVERPOOL. For Sale, Blowers—7in., 5in., and For Sale, 10-Ton Steam Derrick Steam Boilers, campered cont , THE ENGINEER DIRECTORY.
SALE, 9ft. x 9in. x 44in. SLEEPERS, in small or large GAS ENGINES atd PLANTS by National Gas Engine 1 704, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, w.C. guantities. State number and place for delivery.--Address, Immediate delivery.-E. WHEELER, Midsomer Norton, Bath. P987 6 All Types and , 4ft, , Cornish, LaunchiField-tubes hit steel lartice jib, seen under steam. -A' UNDERWOOD, Air -Heaters, &. - THE 3, Queenstrant EC GRANTHAM BOILER & CRANK CO., Ltd., Grantham Page 3
the Franco-Prussian War intervened, and after it was be alternately forced into and abstracted from the Railway Company. Subsequently the younger Harriover M. Gamond gave up the idea of making an tube. The estimated cost was £12,260,000. was resident engineer in charge of the works island at the Varne and of using it for his tunnel, Mr. J. F. Bateman, who worked in conjunction at Hartlepool Docks, which between the years 1872 considering that it would afford a point too easily with an Austrian engineer named Révy, proposed to and 1881 underwent extensive alterations, the vulnerable by an enemy, and he transferred the line lay a cast iron tube between Dover and Cape Gris Nez. operations also including the diverting outside of the tunnel to between Calais and Dover. The inside surface of this tube was to be machined so the dock area of the loop line between East and The estimated cost of the tunnel was 200 million that the vehicles might fit accurately into it and be West Hartlepool. francs, say, £8,000,000, and it was calculated that by propelled by pneumatic pressure. The estimate cost On the death of Mr. T. E. Harrison, which occurred using Brunton boring machines the work could be of the scheme was £8,000,000. in 1888, the railway system, for the purposo of carried out in from four to five years. As a further Mr. Zerah Colburn, who was at one time the Editor engineering works, was split up into two divisions, proof of M. Gamond's ingenuity it may be said that of THE ENGINEER, proposed to construct a tube in North and South, and Mr. Č. A. Harrison was he proposed to work the engines hauling trains using sections in a dry dock on the coast. The tube was to appointed as engineer in charge of the northern the tunnel by means of compressed air, and that he be passed through the dock gates, in which there was division, which at that period extended from Berwick intended to obtain the power necessary to compress a kind of stuffing-box arrangement. As each length southwards as far as Ferry Hill, and from the coast the air by taking advantage of the tides, the water at of, say, 1000ft. was added to the tube, water was to westward to Consett, and was afterwards enlarged high tides being held up in small bays on the be admitted into the dock and the whole floated out, in area. Later on, when further subdivisions of coast. In discussing the idea, Le Génie Civil the gates closing on the rear end of the tube, and the line were effected and district engineers appointed, remarks that as the practical utilisation of the holding it tightly for the next length to be added. Mr. Harrison was given the post of engineer-intides has be realised, M. Thomé In 1870, Mr. Thomas Page, the engineer of the chief, and under his direction many very large de Gamond I was in this, as in many other direc- elegant suspension bridge at Chelsea, advocated a and important works were designed and carried tions, ahead of his time. As it was, he died in tubular railway on the bed of the Channel between out. Among these may be mentioned the King 1875, aged sixty-eight years, just when it seemed that Dover and Cape Gris Nez. His proposition was to Edward Bridge at Newcastle ; the Alexandra Bridge his project was about to be realised, since syndicates divide the route of 18 miles into nine parts by means over the Wear at Sunderland; the line and its had been formed on both sides of the Channel for the of eight iron shafts, which were to be moored in the important viaducts between Seaham and Hartlepool ; purpose of constructing the tunnel. The French Channel. The tubes were to be laid between the the line between Birtley and Annfield Plain ; the syndicate was, as a fact, constituted on February 1st shafts and covered up with concrete. coal staiths at Dunston and Blyth; and the doubling of that year, one day before his death. According to Another tubular scheme was that of Mr. Peter W. our contemporary, above quoted, this syndicate had Barlow, who proposed to lay a double railway tube à capital of 2,000,000 francs, half of which was across the Channel from Dover to Calais in twelve subscribed by the Northern Railway Company of months. His idea was to construct the tubes of iron France, one-quarter by the house of Rothschild, and or steel plates riveted together, surrounded and the remainder by various notable persons. Its protected by 2ft. 3in. of brickwork laid in asphalt, avowed objects were to obtain a concession from the outside of which was to be a casing of bin. timber French Government, and, if successful in this respect, planking. The tubes to have an internal to form a company to carry out the work. . As a fact, diameter of 13ft. Mr. Barlow stated that an English the consent of the Government was obtained and a contractor had undertaken to lay a double line of law passed in August, 1875, which declared the tubes across the Channel_ upon an estimate of scheme of public utility and granted a concession for £5,000,000. the construction of a “railway starting from a point The last tube scheine for notice is that of Mr. Paul J. to be determined upon the line between Boulogne and Bishop, the engineering details of which, with Calais, descending beneath the sea in the direction estimates, were worked out by Mr. Perry F. Nursey of England with the object of making junction with in 1870. The scheme consisted in laying two elliptical a similar line starting from the English coast in the cast iron tubes in a parallel course on the bed of the direction of the French littoral.” The concession was Channel between Dover and Cape Gris Nez, each tube for a period of ninety-nine years, starting from the carrying a single line of rails. The total length of the time when the railway was actually at work, and the line was 21 miles, and the approximate estimated State undertook not to grant for thirty years, cost was about one million sterling per mile. The counting from the same date, any concession for tubes were to be lined with 12in. brickwork in cement, another railway between the two countries. This over which there was to be a skin of zin. boiler plate, concession is still in force. which would render the interior surface flush and even The details of the proposed methods of construction There were numerous proposals for ferries and entertaining as many of them are, we have not space Whiz petrolite In our next issue we propose to relate the further CHARLES A. HARRISON of the lines between Gateshead and Pelaw and Power Oglite OBITUARY. between Newcastle Central and Heaton, &c. Many of these works have been described in our columns Fig. 3 -SECTION OF PROPOSED VARNE ISLAND JOHN GIBSON NEWBIGGING. from time to time. Mr. Harrison retired rather more than a year what was being done on this side of the Channel. The death occurred on Saturday last of Mr. John the company till his death. He became a member was for some time a member of the Council of that we even attempt to give a chronological list of them. 1900, Mr. Newbigging had been gas engineer, first, body. ROBERT C. MCKINNEY. The board of directors of the Niles- Bement-Poud which they put forward. Wo will leave, for the request. He has taken a prominent part in the company announces the death of its chairman, Robert moment, the question of tunnels in order to discuss recent movement in connection with the stripping of C. McKinney, at Greenwich, Connecticut, on October 3rd, other suggestions for improving the means of com coal gas for the manufacture of explosives, and for aged sixty-five. Since he APPLIANCES FOR HANDLING MATERIALS AT PORTS.* By Sir JOHN PURSER GRIFFITH, M.A.I., M. Inst. C.E. number 190,850 and the annual output 6,068,000,000 (Concluded from page 367.) Coal HANDLING APPLIANCES ON TIE RIVER THAMES. The enormous importation of coal into the Thames schemes there was, first of all, that of Mr. James in the kingdom was built for the Manchester Corpora- for domestic and manufacturing purposes has naturally Mr. resulted in some of the best installations in this country Chalmers, who, in 1866, proposed to lay two cir- tion, the capacity being ten million cubic feet. cular iron tubes on the bed of the Channel SO Newbigging was 53 years of age. He was a member for the discharge of coal being found in the Port of London. as to form a double line of railway. The tubes were of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Although there is some admirable equipment belonging to the several gas companies, yet I propose confining to be lined with brickwork and cased externally with my reference to the plant used by Messrs. William Cory timber. Mr. Chalmers held that, as the tidal currents CHARLES A. HARRISON. and Son, Limited. I am especially indebted to their alternated up and down channel, the tubes would engineer, Mr. H. Shoosmith, M. Inst. C.E., for information eventually become silted up and an embankment On Saturday last Mr. Charles A. Harrison, who and facilities to inspect the company's plant. This 150ft. wide at its base and 40ft. high would be forined was formerly Chief Engineer of the North-Eastern plant represents the experience gained from a very large from shore to shore, the top being from 80ft. to 120ft. Railway Company, died at Hexham after an illness coal trade, extending over a period of 50 years. below the level of low water. In 1858 Messrs. Cory took the first step in the mechanical There were to be three which had lasted for some months. ventilating shafts, one in mid-channel and the others Mr. Harrison, who was the son of an officer in which had been built for wreck-lifting, and was of con discharge of coal. They purchased å hulk, or barge, each about a mile from either shore. The estimated the Royal Artillery, was born in the Madras Presidency siderable beam. On this they erected six hydraulic cost of the scheme was £12,000,000. in 1848. He was therefore in his 68th year at the cranes, made by Messrs. Armstrong, three on each side In Mr. Charles Marsden's scheme there was to be time of his death. He received his early education of the barge. The barge was fitted with a gasworks, a wrought iron tube with a double skin, the annular at Marlborough College, and was then apprenticed hydraulic plant, and capstans, and was so successful space between the tubes being filled with concrete. to his uncle, the late Mr. T. E. Harrison, who was * The Institution of Civil Engineers. The James Forrest There were to be no ventilating shafts, but air was to at that time Chief Engineer to the North-Eastern Lecture, 1916 Page 4
and at the same time reduce shop costs. It should also be at non-technical schools should be regarded. There is very LBTTBRS TO THE BDITOR. borne in mind that angles have to be heated to be bent, and little How much in Tyndal's lectures, but there is a great deal therefore the quality of the material after heating may be very of How and Why, and yet through every one of them. there (We do not hold ourselves responsible for the opinions of our different from its quality on leaving the rolling mills. breathes the scientific spirit. If that spirit can be cultivated Correspondents.) The question of riveting also is given very little attention. in elementary and public schools precise science can safely In a design recently issued by a well-known firm of consulting be left to specialised colleges. A PLEA FOR UP-TO-DATE BRIDGEWORK IN THE engineers a plate girder was correctly designed so far as main October 27th. Prior LIEN. UNITED KINGDOM. sections were concerned, but the rivets taking the horizontal shear at the end were 35 per cent. below strength, while those Sir,- In almost every branch of engineering great progress connecting the girder to its adjacent member were 40 per cent. ELECTRICITY AND THE ECONOMICAL USE OF COAL. has been made during the past twenty or thirty years ; designs seant. This is only one example of many, having continually improved, elliciency increased, and working A large amount of bad design is undoubtedly offset to some SIR, -In your issue of October 20th, certain economies are cosis fallen. This progress must, of course, be increased still extent by a high standard of workmanship, which is probably suggested by Mr. Chattock whereby coal may be carbonisod at inore if German markets are to be captured and held after the as high, if not higher, in this country than elsewhere. This, large centres near the coalfields, the gas converted into electric war. Judging from the work which is being turned out to-day. however, hardly seems the right way to face the problem. It energy, and as such distributed throughout the country. and the designs which are being issued from various Government would appear to be more economical to make a good design Mr. Chattock mentions that a commencement has already and railway offices and consulting engineers, steel bridges and first, and then to demand such a standard of workmanship as been made in this direction ; coal is being gasified at the pit, other structures form a striking exception to this progress. the work requires. Some engineers, for instance, specify the the gas being used for firing boilers and producing electrical Indeed, many engineers boast that “what was good enough same high standard for ordinary building construction as for energy : mention is also made that the Corporation of Brighton twenty years ago is good enough to-day." This argument is large and complicated bridgework. This is altogether are now considering a similar scheme. not worth discussion. The stagnation in this branch of engineer- unnecessary, and specifications should be drawn up requiring how far gas and electric undertakings could co-operate in this Centralisation has not hitherto proved its practicability, but ing is borne out by the lack of up-to-date English literature on various standards for various classes of work. It might also be the subject, and is probably due to some extent to the fact that mentioned that more attention to duplication of design and direction is worthy of full consideration. our technical institutions do not specialise in the subject. They details would obviate the necessity for so much erection of It is quite possible to supply gas of a calorific value suitable do, of course, teach stresses and strains, but this is a simple work in the shops before dispatch. This is a source of great either for generating current or heating boilers. By means of matter when compared with deciding on the distribution of the loss both in time and output. a mixture of poor quality coal and coke dust, approximately dead, live, wind, and other loads, the permissible unit stresses These methods must be a serious handicap to British makers, 140,000 cubic feet per ton of producer gas may be obtained under varying conditions, and choosing the most economical who, if permitted to make their own designs to some standard from one ton of this fuel, the gas having a calorific value of 130 B.Th.Us. specification, would be quite certain to turn out more up-to-date sections having obtained the stresses. per cubic foot. In the making of the gas 2} tons If our bridgeyards are to have even a fair chance of competing work—both more efficient and less costly. The difficulty could of exhaust steam are required for every ton of fuel gasified, and in open markets, it is high time that some attention should be be overcome by several means. it is a matter of economics whether it would not be better for given to this subject. The present haphazard method of (1) The Board of Trade could issue regulations. The the generating station to turn over a portion of their exhaust designing and placing orders for work in this country must be present regulations cover one small page, which compares steam to the gasworks, for conversion into producer gas, to be a severe handicap to British makers when competing for export very unfavourably with similar regulations issued by returned to the generating station as a fuel after extraction of work. Little or no attention appears to be given to duplication, other countries, and which are quite inadequate to ensure the by-products ; due regard being given to the loss of engine and complicated details involving smith work seem to be the the stability of such structures. efficiency, and the cost at which this efficiency is purchased. rule rather than the exception. Consequently, the output is (2) Manufacturers could decline to manufacture structures A scheme of this deseription is now in operation at this works, restricted, and the shop cost is higher than in countries where which they did not consider satisfactory. This would the exhaust steam from the generating plant being passed on wages are higher ; but the worst feature is that the standing mean their losing a certain amount of business, but to the gas producers ; the by-products are then extracted from charges are 20 high. In The Times Engineering Supplement of would doubtless pay them in the end. the producer gas, and the latter used for heating coke ovens, September 29th, 1916, a direct comparison is made between the (3) The railway companies, the Civil Institute, or the The cost of the current generated demonstrates the economy outputs of British and American manufactures per wage earner: British Standards Committee could issue regulations. effected thereby. No separate figure is given for structural work, but if this could In any regulations one of the most important features to be If the poor class coals and coke dust can be gasified and so be determined the result would probably be startling. All this covered is the limiting the length of compression members displace the better class coals used in boiler firing at generating could easily be rectified by the drawing up of a standard specifica relating to their radius of gyration. One of the best features of stations much economy will result, not only in the actual waste tion for design and workmanship, and the preparation of a few the American specitiration is a similar limit to the length of at the boilers, but also in the heavy stand-by charges 30 typical designs with details to be generally adopted thronghont tension and bracing members, thus securing a certain amount necessary at all electric generating stations. the country. of rigidity to members even though subjected to tension only. Birmingham, October 30th. W. CHANEY Another most important feature of this subject is the question Recommendations might also be made with regard to economic of public safety. There can be no doubt that some of our bridges spans and depths of girders, on which subject there is a great R. H. WHITE. are stressed very much higher than was intended when the designs deal to be learned. CANAL HAULAGE. were prepared. The material is not improving with years, and London, October 24th. loads are tending to increase, so that it would appear that sooner SIR,---I have read with much interest the recent correspond. or later some structure will have to bear a combination of live SCIENCE TEACHING IN GENERAL SCHOOLS. ence in THE ENGINEER regarding the question of utilising eanals and wind loads which will result in failure, with the resulting in this country. It seems to me, however, that one of the main loss of life. There is no doubt that when such failure occurs the Sir, --Science is one of those words which defy complete points most of your correspondents miss is the question as to the whole subject will be thoroughly investigated, but it would be definition. In the course of time its original meaning has been besi means of hauling boats when in the canal. much better to try and avoid this beforehand, rather than wait lost. It is now used to cover those subjects which are neither It seems to be generally agreed that steam tugs with their for such a disaster. literary, artistic, commercial, theological or legal. It is, propellers are not good for efficient haulage, owing to the damage Probably the commonest fault is the use of the same unit however, important to remember that all these subjects have caused to the banks and bottom of the canal, on account of the tensile stress for all parts of all structures. It has been pretty sciences of their own, which, whilst they are not, in common wash from the propellers. Then there is the question of using clearly demonstrated that the shock or impact due to a tr usage, classed as sciences, are none the less scientific in their electric locomotives along the tow path of the canal, on some. load is much more severe on short members such as rail bearers-nature. It is only because the laws in some of them are not what the same principle as is used in towing boats through the or stringers-cross girders, and the shorter main girders than definitely formulated, and room is therefore left open for locks of the Panama Canal; but notwithstanding this it seems on the longer main girders. Most continental countries provide opinion, and in others because taste or sentiment are still to be a settled principle amongst the owners of our canals for this by specifying the permissible stress in the form of a commanding factors, that one hesitates to class them as sciences, merely to rely upon our old friend, the horse, painfully towing sliding scale, starting with about four to five tons per square inch Science has nothing to do with individual taste, nothing with the barge along at the rate of some two iniles an hour, with for short members, rising to 7 tons per square inch for girders sentiment, and, above all, nothing with opinion. Opinions frequent stoppages for food, &c. It seems to me that some over 100ft. In America a similar result is obtained by using are only possible where knowledge is lacking, and it is the system of haulage with wire ropes would, after all, form the a constant stress of about 7! tons per square inch, but adding whole business of science to sweep ignorance away and to most efficient method. a percentage to cover impact based on the loaded length. This remove all scope for different conclusions from the same premises. I refer to wire rope haulage such as is always used in the case increment is about 100 per cent. for short spans down to 50 per This is effected by the forinulation of scientific laws, which, of of aerial wire ropeways. In this case the loads to be conveyed cent. for 300ft, spans, so that the final result is a slightly lower course, are not laws in the legal sense of the term, but brief are automatically attached to the hauling or tow rope, and net stress than the continental method. The practice of using descriptions of sequences of events which experience has shown readily conveyed for distances of 20 to 30 miles at a speed of a constant figure of 64 tons per square inch, as called for by the always retain the same order and the same magnitude. The about five miles per hour. It would be a simple proposition to Board of Trade, must mean that the short members are seriously business of the sci ist is to increase he number of these have such tow rope running on both sides of the canal, ming over-stressed, while the longer members are unnecessarily heavy. generalisations or to apply them to purposes useful to man. an outward and return rope. These ropes could be in sections Another most important feature is the effective length of It is well that we should note these two branches of science of 5 to 10 miles, and driven by a source of power, either steam, members in compression. The failure of the first Quebec bridge pure and applied--and distinguish them from technology, gas or electricity. These ropes would run at a constant speed brought to light many new phases of this question which cannot which is not necessarily scientific. Technology requires a of, say, 4 to 5 miles per hour, and the barges could be automatie. be considered too carefully: and particularly with regard to knowledge of certain processes used in manufactures. These ally attached to these running ropes in such a manner that the the stresses in the top chord of main girders. The particular processes are prescribed either by logical science or by experi-speed of the barges could be regulated from full speed of, say: feature which impresses any structural engineer visiting this ence---rule-of-thumb--and certain rules are laid down which, 5 miles per hour down to, say, 15 yards per minute, or, say, half country for the first time is the lack of lateral bracing to the if followed, will produce the desired result. The amateur a mile an hour, for convenience in passing through locks, or when top chords- some quite long spans being without bracing in photographer is a technologist of this kind. In the production passing other boats, or passing under bridges, &c. By such an any shape or form, whilst others have what are sometimes of a picture he makes use of the sciences of opties, chemistry, arrangement the actual cost of haulage would be less than one. called " basket handles” or struts from chord to chord raised and mechanies, but he acquires a perfect result without under- tenth that of horse haulage, at more than double the speed, and above the level of the chord with the ends curved downwards standing any one of them. Again, the person who crosses a without the necessary stops for food and shelter, such as are at and connected to the top flange by a few rivets. These “ basket rond busy with traflic employs automatically the higher mathe- present necessary. handles " are neither use nor ornament, In such cases it maties in deciding the course to be taken to void moving J. WALWYN WHITE. difficult to see how the effective length can be determined, or vehicles. This, be it noted, a dog does equally well, or even Widnes, October 31st, 1916. how the girder can possibly withstand the 56 lh. per square better : but when motor cars first became common on the road foot wind pressure stipulated by the Board of Trade. The many dogs were run over, because the speed of the cars was assumption is that the effective length is not considered at all, an unknown factor to them, and they were unable to solve the DIESEL ENGINES v. STEAM TURBINES, and that the designer includes more material than he calculates differential equation which would have taken them safely to be necessary. The fact that such bridges are still standing across. is sufficient evidence that they are never called on to withstand No apology need be made for these elementary distinctions, Sir,--Referring to my letter of October 24th, which you anything like 56 lb. per square foot wind pressure : at the same because it is evident that they are being forgotten in the present kindly print in your current issue, I do not know whether the I would just point time it is no argument to prove that the design is efficient. clamour for scientific education, and that the word science further pursuit of accuracy is worth while. The question rather is--How near are they to failure ? is being used in a very vague and indefinite way. Some mean out, however, that in my original letter all figures were given as decimal fractions of pounds sterling, i.e., I followed the rate, if a top chord is correctly designed without lateral bracing, technology, others mean applied, and yet others abstract science. method of denomination used in the article under criticism. i.p., by taking the total length as the effective length, it is quite Now, let me say at once that I am convinced technology cannot clear that an enormous economy in material could be effected be taught in ordinary schools. A little may be learnt in special Your printer has altered the figures to pounds, shillings and by the use of such bracing. schools, bu the only place where it can be really acquired is pence without converting the values. If only we had the metric Another matter worth investigation is the design of lattice the workshop or factory. Applied Science requires special system. girders with more than one web system. This is both un. H. PATTEN. laboratories, and is therefore an unsuitable subject for ordinary Wolverhampton, October 28th, economical and costly and, what is worse, the stresses are very schools. Pure science may be learnt and practised in the difficult to determine. A common practice, which is even study, as long as it is content to accept established laws. It is, advocated in some text-books, is to divide the shear at any point therefore, the only form of science that can be usefully dealt by the number of systems, c.9., in a double system web each with in non-technical colleges. It has, moreover, this advan INSTITUTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS.---The date for the system is calculated for half the shear. In doing this a vital tage, that being purely abstract, it develops the scientific attitude opening of the next annual meetings of the Institution will fall point is overlooked, namely, that the stress is directly pro- of mind, which is of far greater importance in the preliminary on Wednesday, March 28th, 1917. The Council will be pleased portional to the strain or deformation. The deflection of the stages of education than a precise knowledge of natural laws girder as a unit means that each web member will extend or and their application. To give all the boys in elementary and to consider papers on subjects relating to naval architecture or marine engineering. Such offers - or suggestions for papers contract in proportion to its length and the average stress of public, primary and secondary schools a good foundation of both systems, and not in proportion to its length and area as science is, I submit, impracticable ; it takes three years in a on matters of interest to the Institution--should, if possible, be sent in to Mr. R. W. Dana, the secretary, 5, Adelphi-terrace, calculated. As the compression members are usually heavier special technical college to do that, and even then a certain London, W.C., by the close of the year. than the tension members they will consequently be under proportion of the students fails utterly. But a scientific attitude stressed, whereas the tension members are over-stressed. In of mind might be cultivated by the suitable handling of selected FIRE PROTECTION IN SHIPS.-In July the British Fire Preven. other words, the strength is limited by one system or the other problems. This state of mind may be defined as a sane, critical tion Committee issued Red Book No. 203, dealing with the just in the same way as the strength of a reinforced concrete and inquiring spirit. Inquisitiveness is the natural attitude general question of fire protection for passenger ships. Having girder is limited by stressing the steel or the concrete, but very of all young people ; but it is usually centred on How and Why, special regard to the fact that much shipbuilding work is under rarely both, to the permissible limit. It is suggested that and not on How much. If advantage were taken of this desire consideration, with a view to making good the wastage of the single system girders should be adopted unless absolutely im- to know How and Why in general schools it would, I submit, war, the Committee has now issued a further Real Book, No. avoidable. be found, as a rule, that boys would take a lively interest in 205, supplementing its earlier one, and dealing specifically In roof work--not designed by contractors-it is still quite scientific lectures, and they could readily be led to develop the with “ Constructional Fire Stops on Passenger Ships.". The usual to find the tension members made of rods or flat bars. scientific attitude of mind without the risk of boring and repelling new publication may be said to deal with the construction of Such sections have no place in a roof truss. It has been pretty them with problems of How much. Those could be left till a passenger ships from the fire point of view with the specific clearly demonstrated by esperiment that the leeward side of later stage in their education, and for those boys who proposed intention of advocating sub-division of passenger ships, and 1150 it roof may be subjected to suction or lifting force. It is not to make a career of science, till they went to a technical college of fire-resisting materials, so that a fire that has arisen at any suggested that such suction stresses should be calculated, but It is, I hold, neither necessary nor desirable that everybody given point may be more readily limited to a small area, much if they do occur they cause most of the stresses to be reversed. should be a trained scientist ; but it is in the highest degree as water-tight compartments exist for limiting an area of suhAdmitting this, it is essential that even tension members should desirable that everyone should feel sympathy with science. mersion. The new book comprises a chapter on fire compart. be capable of withstanding some compression, and should be and this end willest he reached by making the scientific treat- ments, and one on fire-resisting materials, as also some useful constructed of either one or two angles. inent of all kinds of subjects attractive. Elementary science appendices, one of which deals with certain features of the So far as details are concerned any form of standard connection books fail lamentably in this respect. They present their report of the Board of Trade Departmental Cornnittee on seems to be studiously avoided. Connections made with gussets subjects in a dry and repellant form, and omit entirely that Bulkheads, and another discourses on the use of charcoal as an and bent angles or tees are all too common. These are very kind of treatment that appeals to young people. Let anyone insulating material on board ship. Read together, Red Books expensive, and are not so eficient as those built up of straight contrast Tyndal's lectures on “ Heat and Sound with the Nos, 203 and 205 may he said to cover the whole field of tire angles transmitting the shear hy rivets. A simplification of modern text-book, and he will see what I Tyndal protection for passenger ships, both from the shipbuliding aspect, details would add materially to the efficiency and uppearance, I lectured 10 a general audience, and it is in that light that boys the aspect of equipment, and the question of ndministration. Page 5
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There have, however, been each week. many instances in which firms have been asked to to do any useful work in the interests of the engiLetters relating to Aduertisements, and the Publishing Department of the undertake work for which their equipment, labour neering or other industries without a full knowledge Paper to be to , In some quarters there is a feeling that engiPostal Address, 88, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. after-the-war executed such contracts were, by reason of the lack will prefer to deal with Telographie Address, ** ENGINEER NEWSPAPER. LONDON.” of discretion in placing the orders, struggling with problems unhampered by the well-meant inTelephone-No. 18862 Central. shop problems of the same class. There were also terference of any Government department, but the cases of firms which were anxious and willing to even the desire of the industry to work out its PUBLISHER'S NOTICE. secure orders for materials of war for which they had own salvation in the trying period following the cessation of hostilities will be no bar to the co-operathe necessary plant, but which, for reasons which have I1 any Subscriber abroad should receive THE ENGINEER in an tion of any body of Government creation which imperfect or mutilated condition, he will oblige by giviny prompt never been, and probably cannot be, explained, 'had information at the fact to the publisher, with the name of the their machinery standing idle for considerable periods. approaches the problem in the right spirit and is armed Agent through whom the paper is obtained, Such inconvenience; In another group were those businesses which, after with the necessary knowledge. The Clearing House il suffered, can be remedied by obtaining the paper dirert this office. failing to obtain contracts from the Ministry of for Machinery may, if opportunity serves, be evolved Munitions at quoted prices, afterwards executed the into a body of this character. It looks like the beginCONTENTS. work as sub-contractors at higher quotations. It ning of a great experiment which is being made will be said that incidents of this character are in a way which, because it commits its sponsors to no THE ENGINEER, November 3rd, 1916. OCTOBER PAGE inevitable when a nation is engaged in a great war. very definite responsibilities, may succeed in disTWO YEARS OF SUBMARINE WARFARE." No. 11. (Illustrated.) 384 Perhaps so, but that is no argument why an effort arming criticism. ECTS. No. 1. (illus) 383 resigned, in the cant phrase, to the “ inevitable,” is The Forth and Clyde Canal. OBITUARY to make a confession both of weakness and of failure. J. G. Newbigging Let it be admitted that the placing of war contracts SUGGESTIONS have been made from time to time APPLIANCES FOR HANDLING MATERIALS AT PORTS LETTERS TO THE EDITOR-- on a large scale is inclined to impair the moral fibre that a ship canal should be constructed across the A Plea for Up-to-date Bridgework in the United Kingdom 392 of those engaged in the business, or at least to induce middle of Scotland, linking up the Firth of Forth Science Teaching in General Schools.. Electricity and the Economical Use of coal a slackness in the placing of orders which opens the with the Firth of Clyde, and so the North Sea with Canal Haulage Diesel Engines v. Steam Turbines way to the doing of things which would never be the Atlantic, by a shorter route than either that RAILWAY MATTERS 393 tolerated under ordinary business conditions. Around the North of Scotland or the English Channel. NOTES AND MEMORANDA :: MISCELLANEA strain is then placed on business sense, and even From an engineering point of view there are no LEADING ARTICLEYA Clearing House for Machinery on commercial morality, which sometimes reaches insuperable difficulties, the plans projected are The Forth and Clyde Canal 395 the point of rupture, if not in the case of principals perfectly feasible, the gradients are easy, and there RANDOM REFLECTIONS LITERATURE 397 certainly in some of the subordinate members of are no great obstacles to be overcome; it may be THE BLOOR-STREET Viani(T. TORONTO. (illustrated) TESTS OF A LARGE SURFACE CONDENSER. (Illustrated.) 398 the commercial edifice. If these are war tendencies accepted that such a canal would be easy to construct. MANCHESTER ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERS 399 which no organisation can ever hope to eradicate at The project was much discussed a year or two (Illustrated.).. ENGINEERING AFTER THE WAR 400 least their effects may be mitigated, and the special ago, but was dropped, and has apparently lain LABOUR'S DELUSIONS AND DANGERS organisation which has now been set up by the dormant since. It is now in process of resuscitation, BRITISH EMPIRE PRODUCERS' ORGANISATION 401 Ministry of Munitions will no doubt help towards and is under consideration by an influential body COAL TAR BY-PRODUCTS PROVINCIAL LETTERS this end. There is no hint of these things in the of men, composed of weighty representatives from The Midlands and Staffordshire 401 offical announcement. The functions of the new sub- all the towns and cities in Scotland likely to be Lancashire North of England :: 403 department are stated under two main heads. The affected by such scheme. Conferences have Scotland first is to ensure that contracts placed by the Ministry been held in Edinburgh and Glasgow by special Wales and Adjoining Counties NOTES ON THE EFFECT OF BLAST-FURNACE GASES ON WROUGHT 403 are directed towards any unoccupied manufacturing committees appointed from Corporations and from 404 capacity which may exist in the country. That the Convention of Burghs; a unanimous resolution AMERICAN NOTES IDLE MACHINERY 405 capacity has existed and still exists is common know-was adopted in favour of the proposal in view of FORTHCOMING ENGAGEMENTS BRITISH PATENT SPECIFICATIONS. (Illustrated.) 405 ledge, and the extraordinary pressure not only for its immense importance for naval strategy and EDUCATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 406 maintaining but for increasing our supplies of muni commercial purposes of the United Kingdom. It THE ACQUISITION OF PATENT RIGHTS FIRST LONDON ENGINEER VOLUNTEERS tions--using that word in its broadest sense-for was also agreed to recommend that copies of this Page 6
was prepared hurriedly, and colliery owners and exporters carburised before it reaches the melting zone, and not, as is Newport. were not consulted in any degree with regard to the rates usually assumed, that it remains as spongy iron till it begins to of freight, while the condition concerning discharging Operations on the Newport market have been melt. It is more than probable that before the reduced iron demurrage has not been agreed to by them. exceedingly limited, the tonnage shortage being chiefly is half way down to the hearth it will have combined with an per cent. carbon. accountable for business being slow. The result has been Foreign Coal Exports. that colliery salesmen have shown a ready disposition given in this note, it would appear :-(1) That even hard and In reviewing the result of the observations and experiment to cut prices for supplies for immediate loading, with refractory iron scale and the magnetic cinder enclosed in wrought The returns of foreign coal shipments last week very few buyers about. Bookings ahead are very quiet, iron are capable of racting with carbonic oxide at temperatures from this distriet were in excess of the corresponding as salesmen decline to entertain present values for ship between 400 deg. and 500 deg. Cent. (2) That wrought iron period of 1915, but below those of the preceding month. ment about the middle of the month. The market is containing free oxides is capable of being partially broken up The total was 360,985 tons, compared with over 390,000 practically marking time. Nominal prices : -Steam coal : by the action of carbonic oxide gas on the enclosed oxides or tons in the week previous, while the shipments in the Best Newport Black Vein large, 345. to 365.; Western cinder. (3) That under the conditions named even initially corresponding week of last year were 293,584 tons. Just Valleys, 31s. to 35s.; Eastern Valleys, 33s. to 359.; other non-oxidised steel acts on carbonic oxide gas, inducing carbon to be deposited on the surface. over 90 per cent, went to the Allies, the balance being sorts, 30s. to 3:28.; best smalls, 24s. to 25s.; seconds, 228. forwarded to neutrals. Cardiff cleared 195,443 tons, to 24s. Bituminous coal : Best house, 258, 6d, to 26s, 6d.; as against 150,304 tons in the same week of 1915, the seconds, 24s. 6d. to 258. 6d.; patent fuel, 10%. to 42s. increase being 45,139 tons. Newport with 81,037 tons Pitwood, ex ship, 43s, to 44s. CATALOGUES. marked an advance of 16,419 tons, and Swansea, on a total of 53,707, showed a rise of 10,723 tons, but Port Swansea. Talbot, with 30,708 tons, recorded a loss of 1970 tons. JOHN WILLOUGRBY AND Sons, Batley.-A circular issued Shipments were principally to France, which took over The anthracite coal market has shared the by this firm describes apparatus for preventing injuries to steam 220,000 tons, Italy receiving over 70,000 tons. As general quietness prevailing, by reason of tonnage being boilers and steam superheaters, due to unequal expansion, regards neutrals, Spain took the largest quantity, with so scarce. There has been, as a consequence, more coal and also for securing greater efficiency and uniformity of action 28,000 tons, out of a total of nearly 33,000 tons, about, and prices are weak for immediate loading. though be maintained at a higher pressure than in the others, and he by causing circulation. In one of a series of boilers steam may so little business has been arranged that values are difficult employed in continuously koeping up circulation in the others. to determine with accuracy. Miners' Wages. Approximate values :- EDISON AND SWAN UNITED ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY, The wages question in the coalfield is likely to malting large, 30s. to 31s.; Big Vein large, 265, 9d. to leaflet contains full particulars of the Ediswan “H.0" cells, in some anxiety shortly. A week ago the miners' 29s.: Red Vein large, 258. 6d. to 27s.; machine-made which the addition of water only is needed for charging. The leaders applied to the owners to be allowed tc make a cobbles, 42s. to 42s. 6d.; French nuts, 41s. 6d. to 42s. 6d.; rells measure 6in, by 2 in. by 2 in., have a discharge capacity joint audit of accounts to ascertain employers' costs, stove nuts, 41s. to 42s.; beans, 30s. to 31s.; machine-made through 20 ohms of 45 ampère-hours, and weigh 1!ib. When but the owners refused. Since then a miners delegates' large peas, 20s. to 233. 6d.; rubbly culm, 14s. to 14s. 6d.; worn out they may be sent to the makers to have the internal conference has confirmed the recommendation of the dutt, 6s. 3d. to 6s. 9d. Steam coal: Best large, 325, 6d. parts replaced as required, and the battery re-charged. Council of the Federation to apply for an increase in the to 31s.; seconds, 30s. to 325.; bunkers, 258. 6d. to 30s.; AMERICAN Brass COMPANY (ANSONIA BRASS AND COPPER wage rate of 15 per cent., but before the matter comes smalls, 19s. to 20s. Bituminous coal: No. 3 Rhondda BRANCH), Ansonia, Conn., U.S.A.—This pamphlet is devoted before to Tobin bronze, an alloy of copper, tin, and zinc, with a golden the Conciliation Board it has decided to large, 33s. to 355.; through and through, 268. 6d. to colour, which resists corrosion, and has peculiar physical pro. approach the Government on the wages question. The 27s. 6d.; smalls, 20s. to 25.; patent fuel, 38s, to 40s. perties. The makers claim that rods of lin. diameter have an miners have not had an advance since July last, when ultimate tensile strength of 62,000 lb. per square inch, an elongait will be recollected that the Government conceded the Tin-plates, &c. Lion of 25 per cent. in 2in., and an elastic limit averaging about inen 15 per cent., despite the protests of the coalowners, one-half the ultimate tensile strength. The book gives a number Since then an application for a further increase was ruled the greatest activity, but the tin-plate industry is not in The local iron and steel trades continue to show of tests, and contains numerous testimonials from users, out by Mr. Justice Pickford, the independent chairman), OZONAIR LIMITED, 96, Victoria-street, London, S.W.LA “who at the same time decided against an application for I have been well maintained, but operations are very a satisfactory condition. For plates from stock prices supplement to this company's pamphlet on ozone apparatus a reduction on the part of the coalowners. Now that for laboratory and research work describes a new ozone generator restricted. the miners have again applied for an advance of 15 per have quoted as low as 24s. tidl. for Class A orders, though as 10 grammes of ozone per cubic metre of air-8000 parts per Values are difficult to determine, but sellers of high efficiency. The makers claim that by its use as many cent., the colliery owners have entered an application for outside orders ex stock quotations vary up to 55s., million by volume for a reduction of 10 per cent. can be produced, a figure which is said based on I.C 14 20 112. Spelter works are very never to have been previously obtained. This set comprises busy. During the past week the three Agents-Cieneral of an air cleaner, test ineter, two drying bottles, safety hottle, Current Business. the Australian Commonwealth have been on a visit to ozone generator, a second safety bottle and treatment bottle, which are set up in the order named, together with the necessary Under the combination of very difficult circum- Swansea for the purpose of inspecting the facilities offered electrical accessories and tube connections. stances business has been reduced to a minimum, Coals by the works in the district for dealing with Australian AMERICAN SPIRAL PIPE WORKS, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.have come down to the limitation level all round, as ores, and at the docks for dealing with Australian grain This firm has sent us copies of catalogues Nos. 5 and 8. The the result of the adverse conditions, but few exporters and frozen meat. The visitors were particularly interested former is devoted to spiral riveted piping, forged steel pipe have been able to take advantage of the situation, because in the Swanse: Vale spelter works, which have been connections, exhaust steam and hydraulic supplies. Catalogtie of the lack of ready tonnage. Collieries have had the acquired since the war on behalf of Australian interests. No. 8 deals entirely with lap-welded steel piping. In manuutmost difficulty to keep working as the outcome of the The works are being extended at heavy cost to deal with facturing spiral riveted piping a strip of sheet inetal is wound into helical shape, with one edge overlapping the other, for shortage of wagons, and have not been able to tell from zine concentrates imported from the Commonwealth. riveting the seam. The sheet is drawn and formed in such a «ay to day what their position will be. Still, though the The Agents-Cieneral also visited a number of other works, manner that metal-to-metal contact is obtained in the seann, market is in such a wholly depressed condition, export including the Mannesmann Tube Works and the Hafodd stretching the steel on the outer lap slightly offset, in order that licences for neutral destinations continue to be turned | Copper Works, the Mond Nickel Works, Duffryn Steel the pipe may be nearly smooth on the inside. The riveting is down by the authorities, while nothing more has been and Tin-plate Works, the Cwmfelin Steel and Tin-plate done cold by compression under enormous pressure, and not Works, and the Port Talbot Steel Works. heard about the granting of fresh licences for France. The following by percussion. The pipe is made in continuous seams, from All collieries have suffered, from those producing the best are the othcial prices from the Swansea Metal Exchange : 3in. to 10in, inside diameter, and cut to length. The book contains numerous illustrations of applications of this kind of to the lowest quality coals, and while some salesmen, Tin-plate and other quotations : Galvanised sheets, 24 g.. piping. who manage to keep their pits going, are quoting several nominal ; block tin, £180 15s. per ton cash ; £181 17s. 60 THE Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Company, Niagara Falls, . shillings above limitation prices, no fresh business is per ton three months ; copper, £124 per ton cash ; £119 per ton three months, Lead : English, £325s. per ton ; N.Y.--The subject dealt with in this book is Ferro-carbon being done at these figures, as equally good coals, if not titanium in Steel Making.” The value of titanium, we are told, as better, are obtainable at the limitation prices of 30s. | Spanish, £30 10s. per ton ; spelter, 52 1.3s. per ton. i deoxidiser is well known to metallurgists and steel makers. and 20s. for large and small respectively, while in some It leaves no product of its oxidation in the metal, as aluminium cases even lower figures have been taken, such as 28s, for frequently does. The functions of titanium vary in degree in good second Admiralty large. These prices relate, how various grades of steel, In low-carbon steel small quantities ever, to spot shipment entirely, as colliery salesmen are NOTES ON THE BFFECT OF BLAST-FURNACE varying from 2 1h. to 4 lb. of ferro-carbon titanium per ton of metal are recommended, primarily for scavenging purposes, to not quoting these low prices for loading ahead. They GASES ON WROUGHT IRON.* remove impurities and produce a superior surface, to which still look for a recovery in values, although their field for spelter or tin will adhere tenaciously, while in high-carbon steel operations at higher prices must necessarily be a limited By Dr. J. E. STEAD, F.R.S., Vice-president. the use of larger percentages, in addition to cleansing by de. one, with licences being refused for neutral destinations, oxidation, reduces segregation, 'thus ensuring a sound, clean and limitation figures of 30s. for large and 20s. for smalls furnace gases on wrought iron at temperatures between 400 deg. regarding the use of The object of this note is to describe the effect of blast steel of uniform composition. The book contains instructions now being applicable to South French and Italian ports, and 500 deg. Cent. ferro-carbon titanium " in the manufae. in addition to North French ports. How long the present dentally when experimenting on the magnetic properties of ferro-carbon-titanium, as manufactured by this firm, is given The phenomena were observed quite inci. ture of the different kinds of steel. The average analysis of depressed conditions will last it is impossible to hazard manganese steels, with the object of ascertaining the effect of as follows :- Silicon, 1.41; titanium, 15.79; carbon, 7.46 ; an opinion. Prices, therefore, must be accepted as very prolonged heating at relatively low temperatures. manganese, 0.11; aluminium, 0.80; phosphorus, 0,05 : purely nominal. of the steels were placed inside of a wrought iron tube or case, sulphur, 0.08: iron (by difference), 74.30. T. Rowlands and and the case with contents was placed in the middle of a gas Co., Limited, Shettield, are the agents for this alloy for Great LATER. flue, where the temperature ranged between 400 deg. and Britain, the Colonies, and European countries, 600 deg. Cent., and was allowed to remain there for nearly two The coal market is totally without change, the conditions | years, but the case and the bars were removed and examined being altogether depressing. Values are inaltered, and ut intervals. After exposure for a year the wrought iron tubes remain about limitation prices, with bargains at even lower were found to be blistered in many places, and at certain points figures for those exporters who can take immediate deli) layers of the iron had been tom away from the places where the CONTRACT.--The Leeds Corporation has accepted the tender very. Pitwood is rather steadier at 43s. 64. to 44s. 6... screwing terminated and were beginning to curl over. of Merryweather and Sons, Limited, for the supply of a petrol as, although wagon supplies are difficult, there are had the opportunity of examining the outside of the case at Hatfield motor fire-engine fitted with reciprocating pump, intervals fresh cargoes in. the gradual and progressive tearing action with a capacity of 100 gallons per minute. A 30-gallon water followed. From the first it was clear that carbon was being tank will also be provided, from which the pump can draw it deposited from the gas, and was responsible for causing the supply immediately on reaching the scene of outbreak, so as to Colliery Deals. disruption. On screwing off the cap to get at the bars, a con. throw a small jet for ** first-aid work. Arrangements will als) siderable quantity of fine, dense, black powder fell out with the Lord Rhondda has secured interest in the Inter- bars, and the lower part of the upper tube contained much of the be made to carry a fire escape already in the brigade's possession, national Coal Company, Limited, and becomes chairman NEW CHICAGO RAILWAY TERMINUS.--Tentative plans for same substance loosely adhering to its sides. In physical the new terminal station of the Ilinois Central Railroad at of this undertaking. The property has an output of about appearance the powder resembled lampblack. All the blisters | Chicago have been submitted to the City Council Committee 200,000 tons of good quality steam coal, and adjoins the on the tubes were filled with this black powder, and some had on Railway Terminals. The site will be at the south-east undertaking of the North's Navigation Collieries, Limited, deposited on the inside walls of the thicker tube as well as the walls of the thin tube. Originally there walls, as well as the thoroughfares are blocked hy the present station, but will be 12th-street and Indiana-avenue. Both of these of which Lord Rhondda obtained control a few months ago. Mr. W. H. Mewton, who is chairman of Locket's Merthyr exterior surfaces, were coated with a thin layer of blue scale, as is usual with all such hot rolled material. continued past the new station. Carbon seems to have 700ft. by 200ft., four storeys high, and in architectural design Collieries, Limited, has purchased the interest held by Mr. deposited over the whole interior surfaces, but none at all on The building will be about John Cory and his family in the (ilynwrrwg Colliery Com- the exterior portions, excepting at the parts which had been will harmonise with the neighbouring Field Museun. pany, Limited, a private undertaking with an annual / cold distorted at the screwed portions beyond the terminations special feature of the design is that it is to be a three-level train shed and platform will extend nearly to 16th-street. production of 400,000 tons. The larger amount of manganese in the deposit terminal, says Engineering News, and the cost will be about found itself suggests portion £4,000,000. from of the manganese Nominal Prices, steel bars. As the caps were screwed tightly on to the ends of CHRISTMAS GIFTS FOR LABOUR BATTALIONS. A committee Steam coal : Best Admiralty large, nominal, the case, it was supposed the case was quite gastight, and if it has been formed with the object of sending Christmas gifts to was, one is forced to the tentative conclusion that carbonic the men of the Labour Battalions who are on active service, and best seconds, nominal; seconds, 32s. to 345.; ordinaries oxide passed through the solid iron. That it is capable of 30s. to 32s.; best drys, 32s. to 33s.; ordinary drys, 305. penetrating iron to a depth of about a quarter of an inch at it is now appealing for subscriptions for this excellent ohject. In its appeal the committee points out that it has made very, to 31s.; best bunker smalls, 24s. to 258.; best ordinaries: | 600 deg. to 650 deg. Cent. has been proved by previous experi- careful inquiries, and it is believed that there is no other special 23s. to 24s.; cargo smalls, 20s. to 21s.; inferiors, 18s. to ment, but that it should penetrate right through the iron and fund for this purpose, and that many of our navvies at the front 203.; best Monmouthshire Black Vein large, 34s. to 36s.; deposit carbon on the inside walls of the iron tubes at under huve no home ties. The idea is to remind these men that they ordinary Western Valleys, 33s. to 359.; best Eastern 500 deg. Cent.. if true, is very remarkable, and further trials are being specially remembered by the employers of labour and Valleys, 32s. 6d. to 355.; seconds Eastern Valleys, 30s. to are being conducted to confirm or negative these observations. others in this country at this season. This fund has been 32s. Bituminous coal : On testing the black deposits for carbon by colour, only traces registered under the new Act. Messrs. Deloitte, Plender, Griffiths Best households, 25s, 6d. to were found in the deposit from the upper tube, but 0.2! and Co. have consented to audit the accounts, and the 26s. 6d.; good households, 24s. 6d. to 254. 6.; No. 33 Page 7
OFFICE FOR ADVERTISEMENTS & PUBLICATION, 33, NORFOLK ST., STRAND, LONDON, W.C.
and Works Depart- Correspondenco REQUIRED immediately for Motor and Aero Work. MANAGER, over military age, 20 years' special exment, Nigeria, for two tours of twelve months, Fan, Blower and Compressor installations. Good knowiodgo No person on Government work or eligible for the Army will perience in extensive Constructional Waterworks by direct with possible extension. Salary £300-£15- £400 of French essential. Ineligible for military service.-Reply, be, engyged. --Apply your nearest Labour Exchange, quoting administrution, also well up in Distribution, shortly disper annum. Free quarters and first-class passages. Four with full particulars as to experience, age, and salary asked, to "The Engineer"aud No. A2486. engaged, REQUIRES Pernianent Responsiblo APPOINTmonths' leave in England on full salary after each tour if Box 8017, Clark's, 49, Gt. Portland-street, W. MENT. Excellent testimonials and references. --Address, returning to Colony. Candidates who are corporate members for full particuars, 362, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, of the Institute of Civil Engineers and experienced in build Strand, A.C. 362 R ing and road-making, should apply at once, by letter, stating WANTED for controlled shop in Midlands. Applicants REQUIRED Immediately for a very large Engineering must be ineligible for Military Service. No one presently on and Automobile reinforced concrete also desirable No man Board of Trade Labour Exchange, mentioning " The Engi- Government work o- plicihle 'ortho Army need apply. 317 A ENGINEER OPEN for immediate APPOINTMENT as LEADING DRAUGHTSMAN or ASSIST ENGINEER. General Organisation. Must be a gentlen an of undoubted 10 years' shops and D.O. experience. Address, 1°22, Engineer PATENTS AND DESIGNS ACTS, 1907-1914. ability and initiative, and must have held a similar position omce, 33, Norfolk-street, Sirand, W.C. P22 B BOTTLE STOPPERS. Clerkenwell-road, London, E.C. 327 MEDIATELY iu Gorernment Explosives Factory; must be quick and accurate, and accustom i to General Engineer ing Work. No person already engaged on Government work Patent Nos. 24.653 11, 25.173.11, 25,4 10:11 and 17,939 12, is on application to M, L, 47, Cecile Park, Crouch End, N. 119 prepared to SELL the PATENTS or to LICENSE British Manu CIES (offices in Liverpool and Manchester). Intimate Labour Echange, stating age, experience, and salary required, mentioning "Th. Freineer" and number 325 tine, Brazil, and Chili. Languages and requirements SITUATION in Draughtsman's or Architect's Office, ref.- Address, 352, Engineer Offce, 111 and 112, Hatton-garden, Norfolk-street, AH., 478, King's-road, 33, Strand, W.C. 352 A Chelsea, S.W. London, E.C. Take Yorks works. No one on Government work need apply. -- Address, stating wages, age, and , 337Engineer 337 A MANAGER), over military age, good organiser, exclass WORKS MANAGER. No one at present engaged on munitions need apply. Full particulars and salary: - Address, and construction of railway carriages, trameara, wagons, &c. The Directors are prepared to receive TENDERS for the P3, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. controlled factory (Hackney, NE), making small Highest references. ---F127, 34, Unio-street, Biriningham. 354 B PURCHASE of about 1300 Tons of SCRAP METAL of various Brass and Steel Repetition work, Fuse Parts, &c Perinnency. kinds. Must be first-class engineer. No person already engaged on Ironfoundry and Engineering works, for the duration apply -- Address, P21, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk street, POST. Good experience in Marine Engineering work : Tenders, made out on the company's forms, should be Strand, W.C. of the war only. Seven days a week duty-70 hours approx. thoroughly used to drtwings and control of men. Testiinonials delivered, under sealed cover endorsed_" Tender for Old and references.-Addresa, P4, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk Must be fully experienced and competent to TAKE CHARGE Materials," to the undersigned not later than 10 a.m. on . , W.C.. P4 of Electrical, Mechanical, or Foundry work. Must be good Thursday, the 23rd November, 1916. Draughtsman and Pattern maker. No person engaged on Machine Shop dealing with heavy work in Steel, a tirst- first-class concerns. T. MORRISON, State fuil particulars and when to com- Secretary. POSITION in Controlled Establishment; Charge of menco. No already work need apply. Costing or Wgos preferred. -Write D, 2, Cromwell-terrace, Secretary's Office, Soutlıgite-street, King's Linn. 367 11 Amiens street Terminus, Engineer" and No. A2525. Dublin, 3rd Sorember, 1916. 311 1 Staff by Foreman Re- 219 A QUIRED, capable of handling Presses, small Lathes the Midlands have an opening for a youth of good and Capstans. Must have up-to-date experience and qualiti education as PREMIUM PUPIL, the course to include both MENT Maintenance Work and Repairs, the following cations and capable of taking charge of about 40 workers. No Works and Drawing-othice. --Address, 2002, Engineer Office, 33, person already engaged on Government work will be employed Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. 2002 E ully Skilled Men :Allowance. -- Apply to your nearest Board of Trade Labour Exchange, having experience in the most modern practice; only Inentioning - The Engineer" and number 350. - Firm 10 ENGINE and MACHINE FITTERS 50-plus 8/- = 54 hours first-class man need apply.-Address, 218, Engineer Office, 10 MILLWRIGHTS and FITTERS 50 - plus 8/- = 54 hours 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. (Government Contractors), employing 500 hands, have 10 ELECTRICIANS, General Fitting must be an up-to-date man for munitions work.- opportunities; premium moderate.-Address, 2000, Engineer Reply, giving age, record, and salary required through your Oince, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. 2000 E Repairs to A.C, Motors, Switches, &c. 50,- plus 8/- = 54 hour nearest Labour Exchange, mentioning - The Engineer" and 20 Experienced FITTERS' LA . Preferably with experience of number 360 BOURERS 33 - plus 8 - = 54 hours Drawing and Planning of Operations for Machining and Erect- ing of henvy and medium engineering products. Stato fully Waterworks Engineer of Leamington has a VACANCY Ono ARMATURE and COIL WINDER experience and salary desired. No person already engaged on in his office for at PUPIL.-Address, TOWN HALL. 707 E for General Repairs.. 45 - plus 8,- = 54 hours Government work will be employed.--Apply to your nearest experienced MAS WANTED (apply at once), to take over the ENTRE CHARGE | BOOK-KEEPIAG, including Address, 346, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand. W.C. neer" and number 351. 346 wages, costing, &c., of a large Engineering Works, near London ; good permanent position for thoroughly experienced and and all ENGINEERING EXAMINATIONS.-Mr. G.P. reliable man.--Apply, bux 26, Willing's, Copthall-avenue, E.C. 323 KNOWLES, B.Sc., A.M. Inst.C.E., &c., personally PREPARES CANDIDATES, either orally or by correspondence. Hundreds the Midlands with Ammonia desirable. Must be íueligible for military of successes during the past twelve years. Courses can be experienced WORKS FOREMAN. Applicants (who must be service. No one already engaged on Government work will be xommenced at any time.-39, Victoria-street, Westininster, S. W 1813 ineligible for military service) should have a good practical considered. -- Apply, by letter, stating age, if married, and knowledge of Steam Wagons, Steam Rollers, Gas and Petrol Browne's for large Motor Works in Midlands, capable of controlling Statf. Only applicants used to large stock and up-to-date Engines, l'amping Machinery and Mechanical Appliances ang details of experience, to Box No. 921, T. B. Advertising Offices, 163, Queen Victoria-street. 291 A neser in Road Construction and Maintenance, &c. (including systems will be considered. No one already engaged on Tools Mechanical Street-sweeping Machines). A good salary will be and send copies of references. - Write to your nearest Labour REQCIRED for Russia, Italy:-Address, 321, Engineer paid to n suitable man. Otice, 33, Norfolk-street, Straud, Wic. 3.1 Applications to be sent in not later than Thursday, 30th Exchange, quoting this paper and giving reference No. A1555. November. 1916, stating age, experience, and salary required, PERIENCED LEADING DRAUGHTSMAN, expert in Uniflow and Heat-extraction Engine Design ; good salary Old-established and enclosing copies of recent testimonials Firm of Address, 318, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, to suitable man; state age, experience, &c. - Address, 189, Engineers in Westminster, with excellent offices and con. W.C. 318 Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. 189 small engineering repetition work, munitions tool nections, are PREPARED to REPRESENT Midland ana desiga. DISENGAGED Non-union.-FAIRVIEW, Kusham Northern Firms in London.-Address, 327, Engineer Office, Park-avenue, Egham, P976 u 33, Norfolk-stat, Strand, W.C. 327 D
Ge eneral Manager, Engineer, Jis and Tool Draughtsman Mechanical . Two Draughtsman Wanted Im- of Tracer (Female) Seeks Re-en Young Man Age 17}, Wants Wanted, Good Working Fore: Moderats per mini not objected to , sireet, , Foreman (or Departmental WO orks Foreman Required for Manager (Ineligible) for Small Forer 'oreman Smith Requires Clerk (34), Ma'ried, Seeks Shop Machine A of Engineers Engineering Pupil. , de Rate Fixer Required by Con Pupil. - The Borough and . Inst nst. C.E., Inst. Mech. E., B.Sc., Engineering Foreman.---Wanted Refrigerating Engineer Wanted. Film bons as well Storekeeper (Chief) Required , Agent for Steel and An Glasgow Firm, with Excellent , Wanted, Boiler-house Superin-Wanted, Mechanical Eng neer ra, bahawa, wa..! Re- Civil Agent. Engineer (Swiss, Poly-Manufacturer's
DRAUGUTSMAN, preferably a discharged soldier vicos. No person already on Governinent work will be engaged.
TWO REQUIRED, 4ft. inches gauge, 4 to 5 price, CÚRRIE ROWLANDS and Co., Scacombe, Cheshire. 19
Immediately by an W'anted, Three Draughtsmen, Electrical Engineer, B Sc. Lond., Wanted, Generator, About Engineer, A. M. I. Mech. E. , Second- Extra First - Class 153, Norfolk-street, Strand, w.. Draughtsmen, Experienced, 1)raughtsmen, Experienced, anted, Several Motors, 110 , Wanted, Side Tip Wagons, A pp.ications are Invited from Draughtsman Required for the Engineer in Charge or Works came rest started to Purchase, Good Engineer, Well Educated, 1st Draughtsman Wanted; Young PARTNERS Engineer-Surveyor DIRECTORS with First- Engineer (16), Mechanical, Used Experienced Marine Engine BUSINESSES FACTORIES Gentleman, English, English, French, for Works in WHEATLEY KIRK, PRICE AND CO., Excellent opening for General Enginees ing Draughts Mechanical Engineer, with 13 ADVERTISEMENTS, Draughtsman Wanted,
Midlands, accustomed to Air Compressors and highclass Engine Work. Give full particulars of age, previous experience, and salary reqnired. one employed on Government work need apply.--Applicants must apply at their nearest Board of Trade Labour Exchange, mentioning The Engineer" and uumber 326.
MANAGER. Just been injured on +998 B
fully-qualified Engineers for the Position of GENERAL MANAGER to the Lahore Electric Supply Co., Ltd., Lahora, India. The selected candidate must preferably have had similar experience and an English Training, and also considerable knowledge of Alternating-current Central Station work. He would be required to sign an agreen ent for five years, and would receive a inonthly salary of Rs.800., rising by equal annual increment to a maximum of Rs.1000,-, in addition to free conveyance. --Applications will only be considered from full members of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and may be addressed to E. P. BAKER and Co., Ltd., 4 and 5, Bond-court, Walbrook, London, E.C. 275 A
man with experience of commercial Motor Work, Applicants must be ineligible for Military Service. No one presently on Governinent work will be employed. -- Apply to your nearest Board of Trade Labour Exchaige, mentioning The Engineer" and number 342.
lowest price.- Address, 705, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, CLASS B. of T. Cert., eight years in present situation, Strand, H.C. 765 WANTS CHANGE. Good general knowledge, including refrigerating machinery and electricity. Age 48. Charge of plant preferred.-Address, P16, Engineer tie, 33, Noriolkstreet, Strand, W.C. P10 B
years' practicaland technical exp crience, Works, D.O., TESTRES POSITION, accustomed to Designs, Manufacture, Erection; also fummiar with repetition work. --Address, P14, SMALL Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. SITUATIONS, FOR SALE, &c., PAGES II., III., LXXX. POSITION as ASSISTANT MANAGER in medium- sized shop. Previous ex criene, hcary oil ongines and gun Numerical Index to Advertisements, part manufacture --Address, ENGINEER, Honghele, Stock- tou Brook, Stock-on-Trent. P8 B PAGE LXXIX.
11 with Automobile or Aero Engine experience, by con- ment work need apply.-State age, experience, and salary required to nearest board of Trade Labour Exchange, men. t oning "The Engineer " and number 88. Page 8
think it is, “it should be used consistently ; if it is £45,000 per anuum, the greater part of which is applied to mains to deal with it. It must suttice to say that whilst not, it should be scrapped. Running it as it has and services. About 27500 per annum has been spent upon the engineers to the station disagreed with Colonel machinery last hitherto, been run is a gross waste of the ratepayers' and I take it that this will not be exceeded during the coming d'Alton as to the economies likely to result from the money. Sixty feet, or thereabouts, away from these year. improvement he suggested, they did not deny that bojlers are the new big Babcocks, modern, efficient, It will, however, be necessary that a scheme of power-house improvements are necessary and claimed to have made extension should be taken into cureful consideration during the up-to-date steam producers." From all which it is course of 1916, and turbine plant, boilers, piping, switchboard, similar proposals themselves. The question of the operations of the boiler-house is &c., should all be ordered at such a dato as will secure to you fairly obvious that agreement between the parties then taken up. their beneficial service during the early autumn of 1917. may be readily reached. In view of the growth of your load, I am of opinion that your Aylance at the figures which have been returned for coal used engineers will have to consider carefully the size of the next Only one word remains to be added. uring the early days of the Pigeon House working, shows that extension of the power plant, and that in doing so they will come mittee “ having most carefully examined into the There must have been something extraordinarily wrong with to the conclusion that a unit of greater output than any now the original installation, for even the poorest of coal obtainable installed should be laid down in tho highest economic interests Mr. D'Alton, the reports of our own engineers, also Electricity Undertaking, and considered the report of would hardly account for the figure of 7.98 lb. of coal per unit of the Corporation. which was arrived in 1905-6, when the plant should have been template any smaller expenditure, on generating machinery | the best course for the ('orporation to adopt would I do not think it would be wise to con the reports of Mr. Allan and Mr. Mangan, believe that in good condition. Assuming for a moment that each pound to be faced during 1917 than £50,000. of coal burned evaporated only 5 lb. of water, the over-all I desire to summarise in a few words the conclusions at which be to direct the Town Clerk to write to Mr. d'Altop consumption of the station would seem to have been no less I have arrived after consideration of the history of your under: asking him upon what terms and conditions he would than 40 lb. of team per kilowatt-hour, a wretched result. taking from its inception to the present time. relativo responsibility for inefficiency as between boilers and ngines is difficult to determino, but the gradual, though slight in the general body of the roport, which I now have the honour Undertaking during i period of three years." which have led to these conclusious I huve endeavoured to show undertake the entire management of the Electricity 11 improvement which is shown in the returns following upon to present. remains to be seen whether ('olonel d'Alton, who is The introduction of another and larger Babcock-Wilcox boiler (1) The administration of the system is unduly complicated, at present engaged in very important work for the and a Belliss Morcom engine tends towards the conclusion that as a result of, at least in part, dual control by an engineer who Ministry of Munitions can be induced to undertako the extravagance inight be fairly equally divided between the "rigine and the boiler-rooms. is not a manager, and a secretary wlio in part manages, placing of more responsibility upon the engineer for the number the ticklish job thus offered him. This leads to a discussion of the causes of the and qualifications of people omployed, and for such work as inefficiency of the engines and the full results of the the extension of load and its measurement, would, in my opinion, bad vaeua obtainablo are developed. Furthermore, increase the elliciency of the system, and reduce its cost of operation. ('olonel d'Alton does not consider that the engines (2) The charges for energy, while not unreasonablo for public have been used to advantage. The Belliss and Morcom lighting, are unduly liigh for privato supply, as is clearly evidenced REFRACTORIES. set might have taken a greater share of the load, as it by the bad load factor. (3) The number of engineers paid out of revenue is small, is admittedly inore efficient than the original Stewart and cannot be reduced. Considerable reductions in the number The Faraday Society on Wednesday discussed the sets. Taking odd weeks over the record of five years of workmen employed at the Pigcon House aro posible, and subject of refractories in about as thorough a manner it is found that the average running hours per week will follow upon the greater use of modern muchivery, and this possible. Perhaps the best indication of this of the 1000-kilowatt Stewart sets is seventy-five selection by the power-house superintendent. Tho wilgos charged under the head of distribution are not thoroughness will be given by stating that the ineeting against an average of fourteen for the Belliss sets. capable of reduction. lasted froin 5.30 till 11.30 p.m., with an interval for Even at the lower load, Colonel d'Alton thinks it Those paid under the department of public lighting, although would have been more economical to use the latter. they do not bulk lørge, appear to be out of proportion, the dinner, that the interest was sustained to the last, The turbine set was only used for fort y 10 fifty hours lary and wagos amounting to £2064, or over 10 per cent. op and that even then there would have been little the gross revenue received for that difficulty in finding further speakers. The keynoto weekly during the first two years of its existence, yet ost of the socretarial department is high. I believe of the discussion was that the question of refractories cren on half load it is “far more economical than the that a general gain in economy would follow wero canvassers Stewart sets under full load conditions." It has been and meter readers placed on the ongineering staff. The saluries is of vital importance to the nation in quite a number and wages paid otherwise than from revenue appear to be unduly of industries, and that it is more than a coincidence more largely used of late years. heavy. that several industries which have flourished abroad, I am," reports Colonel D’Alton, (5) The system of coal supply wants careful overhaul. Altogether at a loss to understand why the staff continues prosent the supply seems to have become a monopoly. Methods and particularly in Germany of recent years, have should be adopted in future to secure competition for so exten- been industries which required that particular attento show preference for the old Stewart sets. It may be due to sive a contract as yours. tion should be paid to the character of refractories. sentiment or to some other reasons which I have not discovered, I am of opinion that the coal specification issued by the for they have been used consistently, and, in my opinion, Corporation should be more rigidly drawn, and that efforts Up to the time of the outbreak of war we depended unwisely, for many years, both winter and summer, and up to should be made in ample time to securo a greater number of alınost solely upon supplies of foreign refractory now with grave prejudice to the coal bill and the running costs offers for any coal which can be used upon your grates. venerally. A number of greasers and other people omployed engineer could be instructed to conduct tests of various classes of the country being absolutely ignored ; indeed, Your materials, many sources of supply in different parts couel be released were these sets relegated to the reserve. of coal at the power-houso, and be provided with the necessary Belgian sand, which came over as ballast, was used in Modern efficient plant, such as you have in both boiler and apparatus. engine-rooms, should be employed on the daily hour load of the (6) The charges for interest and repayment of monies borrowed various parts of the country in preference to the home Pigeon House, and the old machinery should only be used, if at are fuir and being admirably met. all, on the peak or in emergency. The present practice of products. The war stopped all these imports, and it is (7) It will be imperative that further capital must be expended employing obsolete and extravagant plant during the great à point well worthy of emphasis that our iron and majority of the hours of the day and year, and of saving efficient. wintor, 1917-18 , and a scheme of extension must be prepared steel industries in particular did not allow themselves at the station to economical, and up-to-date machinery for emergencies is wrong. and estimates invited and considered during the coming year, to be inconvenienced in the slightest degree. They and is one of the primary reasons why the costs of unit production During the spring and summer of 1916 no efforts inust be are so high. apparently immediately made use of the home supspared by your engineering staff to get the power-house into plies. The importance, however, of developing this This point is further elaborated by extracts from the proper condition to meet its winter load with existing plant. log and by computations into which we have not (8) The returns of the units generated at the power-bouse trade after the war has resulted in the setting to work are unreliable on account of the condition of the wattmeters, of all the available scientific forces. Already a large space to enter. as proved by Mr. Tatlow's tests, which I have attached hereto. amount of research work has been done, and the Turning to the boiler-house, the observation is These meters in ti generally defective and dirty condition, Scientific and Industrial made that its operation“ is characterised by the same which shows that even if they have been cleaned by the station Advisory Council curious policy is that which has been evident in the of the situation. The tests show that the volume of generated the promise of more, to the pottery schools at Stoke staff periodically, the periods are too infrequent for the needs Research some time ago made a grant of £10,000, withi engine houses, viz., the constant use of extravagant units oflicially returned has been less than it should have been, on-Trent, where the work is being carried on under plant, while the efficient and economical boilers are and that the percentage loss upon the system is greater than held in reserve for peak and emergency loads.” The that shown by the records. The meters must be overhauled, the supervision of Dr. J. W. Mellor. Similarly, Dr. Lancashire boilers are largely used, whilst the single repaired, and recalibrated before any certain reliance can be Rosenhain, as an extension of his work upon optical . Babcock and the Yarrow are steamed but little. (9) The investigation into the condition of the steam genera- glass, has been endeavouring at the National Physical We need not follow Colonel d’Alton in his examinators shows that the Stewart engines are obsolete and extravagant. Laboratory to find the best refractories for use in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy: tion of the engine-room and boiler-house staffs and and that they should only be worked in emergency, and not over long hours of the daily load. They cannot be inproved. The effect of the war has certainly given new lifo their pay, &0., which is a more or less domestic matter, The Belliss- Morcom engine wants a thorough overhaul by its nor need we devote space to the Distribution System makers to render uit less extravagant in, steari.com ilieption in opening the discussion, has not received the atten to an industry which, as Sir Robert Hadfield said which calls for little comment, and as a system is Such an overhaul will probably greatly increase its efficiency. The Richardson-Westgarth turbine should be in part recon- tion it should have done, but the attempt is now probably as good as any." The records show structed, in order to bring it up to an efficiency more in consatisfactory operation, but the staff “ would appear sonance with modern practice. Such reconstruction should to be made to remedy past detects in a most thorough The Geological Survey has been called to me to have been founded upon somewhat liberal be carried out by the makers, and would have the effect of lines.” largely reducing its present steum consumption at all loans. upon to give assistance, and the next of the series of The coal supply to the system seems to have to keep close observation upon their steam consumptions that Britain will deal with refractory materials. The Oerlikon turbines are excellent, but it will be necessary special reports on the mineral resources of Great When become firinly established as a virtual monopoly for they may be so maintained. many years in the hands of one firm of contractors." It will be necessary for tho Corporation to augment the this is available there will be a publication dealing at first hand with all the refractory materials, and for It surprises Colonel d'Alton that notwithstanding the general plant in the near future, and I am of opinion that such augmentation should take the form of a larger søt than the the first time a long series of chemical and physical publication of advertisements in the papers of Dublin, largest now installed. Glasgow, Edinburgh, London, Liverpool, and Cardiff (10) Tho condensers of the station, which are now and have results will be published which will enable direct inviting tenders for å supply estimated at 52,000 tons for long been ineffective, must be put right. The cause of the comparisons to be made of the materials for different trouble must be discovered and removed. “ only one firin, and that the one which has supplied removal will advantageously affect the coal consumption of ihe efforts of the Imperial Instituto, a representative Its discovery and geological sources. Allied to this part of the work are you so long should have submitted an offer.” the generated unit, and otherwise reduce operating costs. In view of such width of invitation, it is surprising that only and condensers must be cleared, and atinospheric oxhaust valves the same time, leakages on the pipe systein between engines of which spoke, to give prominence to the vast one solitary offer was prosented, and I cannot but regard it resources of suitable materials of all kinds that exist its regrettable that efforts were not made to ensure competition inade permanently good and effective. in various parts of the Empire, in a matter of such vital importance, in view of the fact that (U) The older section of the boiler-house plant should only be ilsed in emergency, and should be held in reserve. It ought The more practical aspect of the required qualities your coal consumption per unit is abnormally heavy, and not to be worked as it is now, on the daily load. which refractories for specific purposes should possess that price must affect the results which may be anticipated The five large Babcock-Wilcox boilers and the Yarrow boiler for the year ending March 31st, 1916, somewhat unfortunately was gone into in great detail by Dr. J. W. Mellor, Dr. should be always used for the day-in-day-out needs of the Rosenhain, Mr. W. C. Hancock, Professor T. Turner, Colonel d’Alton then concludes his report as The original Babcock-Wilcox boilers are good enough follows:-- for reserve : the Lancashires should only be worked in case of and others, whilst the work of the Joint Refractory extreme necessity. Such a practice in connection with boilers Materials Committee of the Institution of Cias In the face of a likely deficit on the operations of the system and engines will produce a saving of the first importance in Engineers and the Society of British Industries, for the current year, it seems to me that strenuous efforts must coal, labour, and repairs. The present practice of obsolete imperatively be made to reduce the costs of working it, and I plant for the majority of the working hours of the station, and which, in 1912, evolved a standard specification for an of opinion that these are quite practicable. in its present reserving modern and efficient machinery for intermittent peuk refractory materials, was outlined by Dr. H. (ii condition I am inclined to think that it may be difficult to raiso and emergency loads is to be deprecated as most extravagant. Colman. Co-ordination of the various researches The monies which will be required in the near future for tho It is desirable in the best interest of the Corporation that the now being carried out at the different centres was expansion of your system. new part of the station, so admirably begun in both engine and emphasised again and again, and special stress was It is reasonable to assume that your maximum load for the hoiler-rooms, should be extended as soon as conditions permit. unter of 1916-17 will not be less than 9000 kilowatts, and to laid upon the need for co-operation between the deal with that it will be imperative that all your generating wets The presentation of this report led, as we have makers, risers, and scientitic men, in order that they be placed a conditional perfet order during the spring and already' indicated, to replies being made by the best types of material may be produced. Professor of 1916. It would be prudent, were , to order another turbo-alternator set immediately, and were there officials of the station, who in several points disagreed Fearnside, for instance, virged all those interested to any clear prospect of being able to successfully place suel an wholly with Colonel d'Alton. The committee asked make it a practice to enter as many works as possible order for reasonable delivery. But I see the many dificulties for further light, and invited Colonel d'Alton to send in and what with the foremen who, he said, were the which must stand in the way of such a course, and as these a supplementary report discussing the points raised greatest scientists of all in a way, owing to the manner ma be insuperable, it only remains for your engineers to put the power house in the best possible order to meet the demand by the engineers and others. This he did, and in which they arrived by instinct at results which the of next winter, and to carry out the economies which are interesting reading though this discussion between scientist in the ordinary meaning of the term took a piamential to the obtaining of such results as will make it easy for the outside expert called in to watch the working of considerable time to reach. The fallacy of placing Fou to provide the expenditure which will be necessary to meet the station and those actually engaged in its manage. too much faith in chemical analysis was another Jour present capital expenditure appears to average about Iment may be, we regret that we cannot spare spacol point frequently touched upon, it having been found Page 9
on nunbers of occasions that the chemical composi- been adopted by the cities of York and Chester, tion of i consignment varies considerably. Some which, it is remarked, are probably unequalled LITERATURE. interesting information was given by Dr. Rosenhain in this country for the preservation of the antique about zirconia, the latest addition to the list of re- side by side with the developments of to-day.” In the Royal Naval Air Service : Being the War Letters fractories. At the same time Dr. Rosenhain gave As concerns gradients, a comparison is given of of the Late Harold Rosher to his Family. Londou : reasons for the need of a detailed study of the physical the heaviest which exist in Edinburgh and in other Chatto and Windus. Price 34. 6d. net. constituents of the materials used in the manufacture cities. These are as follows: In this little volume we have laid before is the more of refractories. Yet another line of research is the actions that take place after fire-clay bricks, for Details of Gradients. or less personal side of flying in war time. The letters instance, of which it is composed were clearly never intended are made. Professor Fearnside put it Steepest forward that an analysis of a brick after manufacture Edinburglı. Ciradient. Other cities gradient. by their author for publication. They have, however, (1) The Mound Dundee ! in 11.14 inay show constituents that were not there originally. a certain intimacy which more than covers any (2) Dundas and Pitt. Halifax.. ! in 9.7 defects that they may possess as literary produeThe claims of the electric furnace as an aid to research I in 15 Huddersfield tions. Of technical interest there is little. At times, owing to the high temperatures obtainable were put (3) Howe-street Leeds forward by several speakers, and Dr. Rosenhain (4) Leith-street .. 1 in 17| Liverpool nevertheless, we get some unprejudiced opinions on (5) Broughton-street. Ci 15 Bradford Lin 10 the flying qualities of certain types of machines. expressed the opinion that it is only hy going to (6) Morningside-road I in 16 Shethield I in 9.5 Thus the Morane parasol, 80 horse-power Le Rhone, greater and greater temperatures that the best l'esults will be obtained ; and in this connection also In the cities mentioned it is shown that the electric is "very touchy on the elevator, and rather trying perhaps may be mentioned the suggestion of Dr. overhead system has been in operation for many to fly," and, again, “is very light on the controls, Hatfield, that before any great progress of this nature years, and working with safety on the gradients especially the elevator, and gets off the ground before can be made there must be designed suitable instru- mentioned, in comparison with which the steepest you can say squeak. Speaking of the BE21 ments for measuring extremely high temperatures. gradients in Edinburgh are relatively moderate machines the author writes, "I only hold the controis At the present time it was, he said, one of the greatest The cost of installation is given as being £16,000 per just on getting off and on lunding. I don't like them difficulties to calibrate for ranges of temperatures route mnile of tramway as double track. in bad weather. They are too autoinatic." In one from 1000 to 2000 deg. Cent. The electric conduit system is then reviewed. It illuminating sentence he records much. On February We have merely tried to indicate the character of is shown that its advantage is the absence of overhead 8th, 1916, he saw the Pemberton-Billing quad the discussion, and the objects in view. Several of the equipment, and that its disadvantages are : - (1) Its ruplane at Chingford.” With this and similar excepspeakers gave an almost complete survey of the great cost of construction ; (2) the presence of centre tions the information conveyed is concerned mainly resources of the country and the Empire in refractory rails and slot; (3) lens reliability in working, ind with the pilot's experiences and feelings during prai. materials, and the facts brought out demonstrated (4) greater cost of maintenance than with the over- tice and other flights, air raids and accidents. in head the folly of our past policy in importing the materials the only example of a tramway operating on the author, it may be remarked, conveys to us, not, in It is pointed out, London provides dealing with the air raids in which he took part, the from foreign countries to the extent we did prior to August, 1914. One thing all seemed agreed upon was conduit system, and that London is discontinuing many words but by general impression, a sense of its use, except in special circumstances. that in the mass of English, Cierman, and Ainerican lis given as being <34,000 per route mile of trainway it may be that certain of our raids over Belgium in the The cost their futility. It may be a result of his modesty, or literature on the subject there is little that is good, and that now a start has been made, a distinct and dos double track -and the following note is added early months of the war were as little produetive of definite line should be taken up by each investigator, Whilst in the case of the overhead system there good results as Zeppelin raids over here were and still On the other hand, it must be noted that, in and the whole range of problems so to speak dealt would be a set-off or asset of considerable value in with de novo. The collection of information in that the existing concrete foundation, towards the track- many cases, the pilot of an aeroplane has little chance The way must conne before any question of the correlation work of the new system, this would not obtain with of observing the results produced by his bombs. of the results already achieved. If that were done, the conduit, which being of much larger size--es in last letter in the volume is dated February 24th, 1916, it would be possible to eliminate from consideration London and Paris-than the cable conduit, would and is written from Dover. On the 28th Flight altogether the unsuitable materials. probably involve the complete break-up of the Lieutenant Rosher, temporarily in charge of the The very fine exhibition of British made refrac-latter, and the putting down of new and enlarged Dover Aeroplane Station, was testing a repaired tories was evidence of the great effort now being made, vokes and conduit, together with new concrete machine. While descending, the machine, at about its the result of the war, to put yet another British foundation for the tramway at nuuch increased cost.” 300ft. up, suddenly nose-dived to the ground from industry on a sound footing. Whatever the result. In fact, it is explained, that even if an attempt to some unexplained The pilot killed it annot be said after Wednesday's discussion use the existing cable conduit were successful, no instantly. that the full possibilities of the industry and the economy would be effected its compared with the The letters in the volume are eininently worth directions in which research is necessary have not overhead systeun, for it would cost more to utilise reading by all interested in our flying services. We been brought before those concerned. and equip electrically the existing conduit than to never once feel that their publication trespasses on put up an overhead equipment. anyone's feelings. They are full of live interest ; Attention is then directed in turn to the surface reveal unconsciously the writer's sterling worth, and contact system, self-propelled tramcars, electric give us glimpses of those traditions which are growing battery tramcars, and motor omnibuses. EDINBURGH TRAMWAYS. The ques- up round our aviators and their work, and which he tion of possible extensions is also discussed. The himself took part in creating. It is interesting 10 report then proceeds to give a series of estimates learn that a copy of the book has been graciously SOME little time ago a committee, consisting of Mr. of the revenues to be expected under various circum- accepted by his Majesty the king, and that the entire John A. Brodie, city engineer of Liverpool ; Mr. ... stances, and using different methods of propulsion royalty accruing from its sale will be divided between B. Hamilton, general manager of tramways in for the street traffic of Edinburgh. These estimates two worthy objects, namely, Mrs. Sueter's “ R.N.A.S. Leeds, and Mr. A. Horsburgh Campbell, the burgh are as follows: Comforts Fund," and the Royal Aero (lub fund for engineer of Edinburgh, was appointed to consider those disabled in the Flying Services and their Estimate Vo. I. " The cable system continued and report upon the Edinburgh tramway system. will yield an annual balance available to meet dependents. Briefly put, the terms of reference were :--Is it advis- interest on and redemption of old wable able to retain the cable system, the lease for which debt, hereafter called annual balance," of.. - L68,219 expires in June, 1919 ? BOOKS RECEIVED. If not, what is the best Estimate No. 2.--" The cable system continued system to use in its place ? ---with two extensions added," that is, to Cor Telegraphy. By T. E. Herbert. Third edition. LonIn reply to the questions put before it, the Com storphine and Redford. These extensions to don : Whittaker and Co. be operated by self-propelled cars from central Price 9s. net. mittee has recently issued a voluminous and interest- city termini, will yield an annual balance of ; £61,690 The Construction of Roads and Pavements. By T. R. ing report. In it, it is explained that, apart from cable Estimate No. 3. The electric overhead system, Agg. London: Hill Publishing Company, Limited, traction, the methods of traction which might be restricted to area and routes is in No. 2, will Price 12s. 6d, net. adopted are :- yield an "annual balance + L67,019 The Excess Profits Duty and Profits of Controlled EstoEstimate No. 3a. ---As in No. 3, but with Princes(A) Electric traction by (1) Overhead. blishments. By Spicer and Pegler. Second edition. (2) ('onduit. street operated as electric conduit (Queen. London : H. Foulks, Lynch and Co. Price 6s, net. street line included), will yield an (3) Surface contact. American balance | 117,049 l'etroleum Industry. Two volumes. Ву (B) Self-propelled by (1) Petrol and petrol-electric. Raymond Foss Bacon, and William Allen Hamor. (2) Electric battery tramcar, Estimate No. 4. The electrie overhead system London : Hill Publishing Company, Limited. Price (C) Motor omnibuses. throughout, with 87 miles extensions, will 4 s. net. yield an anual balance " of i 166,236 In connection with (A) (1), it gives details as to Estimate No. 4A.--As in No. 4, but with Princes. Contribución al Estudio de las Ciencias Fisicas y Matethe operation of the overhead system in the seventeen street operated as electric conduit, will yield máticas. Serie Matemático-fisica. Volume 1. Entrega 6" towns in the United Kingdom excluding the London annual balance" of .. 10.58,000 XII. “ Teoria estadistica del Magnetismo,” R. Gans ; XIII. area in which the overhead traction system is in Estimate No. 5.---The electric conduit system, “El indice de refracción a bajas temperaturas," restricted to cable lines (with Queen-street R. J. Loyarte ; XIV. operation. By this means it shows that in the case El paramagnetismo," R. Gans. added), will yield an “annual balance of - £17,964 of fifteen of these towns in which the tramway's are La Plata : Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Maternáticas y Astronómicas. 1916. Estimate No. 1,--The motorbus system, serving owned by the several municipalities, a total popula existing cable routes and all extensions, as in tion of 7,492,490 is served by a route mileage of tram- No. 7, will result in an annual deficit of.. £15,652 ways of 732.38, this being equal to some 1023 persons per mile of tramway. The financial result of the Details of how these figures are arrived at, with the PRIVATE MOTOR MAKING STOPPED. working of all these systems, after providing for capital expenditure, &c., are also given. interest and repayment of debt, is given as being Finally, after discussing in order the other ques. Defence of the Realm Regulations. It prohibits as from THE Minister of Munitions has made an order under the £945,777 per annum, or, say, an average of £1290 tions put before it, the Committee gives the con November 15th until further notice any person, firm, or company per mile per year. As a comparison, the figures for clusions it has arrived at. Amongst these the engaged in the manufacture or repair of any vehicle designed population and route mileage of the tramways in following are the most important : for mechanical transport or traction, or any part of such vehiclo Edinburgh are given, these being 325,000 and 25.10 *(a) That it is not advisable to continue the without a permit issued under the authority of the Admiralty, from carrying out in any factory, workshop, or other premises, respectively, or, say, 1295 persons per route mile of cable tramway system for the city or for any the Ariny Council , or the Minister of Munitions, any work tramway. At present, therefore, Edinburgh is not part of the city after the expiry of the lease in consisting in the manufacture, assembling, or erection of any new or unused motor internal combustion engine designed or so well supplied with tramway facilities as are the 1919. adapted for mechanical traction, or of any new or unused motor fifteen other principal towns. *(6) That it is practical to arrange for a system cyclo, motor chassis, motor wagon, or of any tractor or other A table is then given, showing the extent of tram of traction other than the cable being installed, motor vehicles of any kind, propolled by mechanical meuns, Ways worked by various methods of traction. so as to be operated immediately on the expiry subject, however, to the following exception : Work required to complete contracts placed by the Admiralty, From this it appears that out of a total train mileage of the present lease. the War-office, the Minister of Munitions, or an Allied Gosem. of 2704 in Great Britain and Ireland, 2475 miles are ment on or before the date of this order. worked by overhead electric traction; 120 miles by [ *NOTE. - (a) and (b) are necessarily subject to electric conduit ; 42 miles by steam ; 27 by cable ; war conditions.] 35 by horses ; I by petrol motors, and 4 by gas (c) That, independent of the existing tramway motors. Owing to ill-health, Sir George Parish has been compelled It is explained that the only disadvantage conditions of the city, the electric overhead of the overhead systein is the presence of the over system of traction offers the best, most reliable, to resign his membership of the commission that is conhead wires, and in this connection it is pointed out convenient, and economical solution of the sidering the relations between the Canadian Railways and that the overhead system is not unknown in Edin- transit requirements of the city and suburbs ; and the Dominion, and Mr. W. M. Aeworth has been appointed to succeed him. It is expected that the Commission will burgh, seeing that it is in operation on the Slateford (d) That the conduit system should be used be able to report in time for the reopening of the Canadian Road, and also at Granton and Joppa, while it has Parliament in January, Page 10
EOYPT.-Y. DEIER, FINCK AND BEYLANDER, Shepheard's-buildings, Cairo. FRANCE.--BOITEAD AND CHEVILLET, Rue de la Banque, Paris. CHAPELOT & Cie., Rue Dauphine, 30, París. THACKER, SPINK AND Co., Calcutta. 1,174, Rome ; FRATELLI BOOCA, Romo; ULRICO HOEPLI, Milan; Libreria, DETKEN AND ROCHoux, Naples. JAPAN-KELLY AND WAL8X, LIMITED, Yokohama. MARUZXN Co., Tokyo and Yokohama. RUBBIA.-C. RICKEK, 4, Nevsky Prospect, Petrograd. CENTRAL NEW AGENCY, LIMITED, Johannesburg, Durban, &c., and at all Bookstalls, CRICKEN's News AGENCY, 52, Pritchard-street, Johannesburg; HANDEL HOUBE, LIMITED, Eloff-street, Johannesburg. Perth, &c. MELVILLE AND MULLEX, Melbourne. ATKINSON AND CO., Gresham-street, Adelalde. VANADA.-Dawson, W., AND SONS, LIMITED, Manning-chambers, Toronto. GORDON AND GOTCH, LIMITED, 132, Bay-street, Toronto. MONTREAL News Co., 386 and 388, St. James-street, Montreal. TORONTO News Co., 42, Yonge-street, Toronto. SELLS LIMITED, 302, Shaughnessy-building, McGill-street, Montreal. OXYLON.-WIJAYARTNA AND Co., Colombo. JAMAICA.-EDUCATIONAL SUPPLY CO., Kingston.
UPTON AND CO., Auckland; J. Wilson CRAIG AND CO., Napier. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.-INTERNATIONAL News Co., 83 and 85, Duane- street, New York ; SUBSCRIPTION News Co., Chicago. ;
THIN PAPER COPIES. 20 188. Od. £1 109. Od.
THICK PAPER COPIES, $1 08. 3d. $2 Os. Bd.
TO CORRESPONDENTS. above this to pay for increased attention or increased Agents Abroad for the Sale of The Engineer. exertion. All premium systems start from this basis. BUENOS AIRES.-MITCHELL'S Book STORE, 576, Cangallo. In order to avoid trouble and confusion, we find it necessary to inform | The bonus itself is arrived at in various ways, and is CHINA.-KELLY AND WALSH, LIMITED, Shanghai and Hong-Kong. correspondents that letters of inquiry addressed to the public and intended paid in proportion to the time saved. In the Halsey TIENTSIN PRESS, LIMITED, Tientsin, North China. in order that answers received by nk may be forwarded to their destination of which more anon, it is variable. Let us take a case large envelope, leyibly directed by the writer to himself, and stamped, in system the proportion is fixed ; in the Rowan system, No notice can be taken of communications which do not comply with from the former. A workman is allowed one hundred All Utters intended for insertion in The ENGINEER or continin' hours for a job; he does it in seventy-five. He has questions should be accompanied by the name and address of the writer, not necessarily for publication, but as a proof of good faith. No notice saved twenty-five hours. He is credited with whatever can be taken of anonimous communications. 12. of these hours. Or to put in another way, We cannot undertake to return drawings or manuscripts ; we must AFRICA.-Wu. Dawson AND Sons, LIMITED, 7, Sea-street (Box 489), Capetown. ther jore request correspondents to keep ropick. he is paid for them at half the fixed rate. He receives, therefore, payment for seventy-five hours at. AUSTRALIA.-GORDON AND GOTCH, LIMITED, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, the fixed hourly rate, and in addition a bonus equivaTHE ENGINEER Τ R. lent to twenty-five hours at half rates. The actual proportions of the time saved is variable. Halsey makes it one-third the time saved, Weirs and other Scottish firms one-half. But whatever the ratio may be, it will be observed that if a great mistake has NEW ZEALAND.-GORDON AND GOTCH, LIMITED, Wellington and Christchurch ; NOVEMBER 10, 1916. been made in time setting wages may go up to a very STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.-KELLY AND WALSH, LIMITED, Singapore. high point. To exaggerate matters, let us suppose that only one hour is taken on a hundred hour job. ADVERTISEMENT REPRÉSENTATIVES FOR THE UNITED STATES. Increased Production, The workman then receives one hour's pay, let us say one shilling, plus one-third of the ninety-nine hours by proclaiming, on the basis of the industrial census saved, or thirty-three shillings. His rate has therefore SUBSCRIPTIONS. of the United States, that the production per worker become no less than thirty-four shillings per hour. THE ENGINEER cambiohead by order, from any newsagent in town or in America was two to three times as great as in this of course, this is apparently an outrageous case of bad country, at various railway stations ; or , be ): Half-yearly (including double number) nine per cent. of the time is not likely to happen, carefully set times are not unknown. Even under jf credit occur, an extra charge of two shillings and sixpence per annum will be made. viction has led to the demand for increased production, these conditions the hourly rate is not excessively . Subscribers advance at will receive CHE ENGINEER Weekly and poste free Subscriptions sent ness, and the only thing which can enable us in the to cut the time or cut the rate, and in no circumstance by Post-office Order must be made THE ENGINEER učcompanied by letter of advice to the Publisher. near future to recover from the effects of the war. can either be tolerated under the premium system, Half-yearly.. Half-yearly.. Since Mr. Barker’s figures have set the public on this save when a new method, a new tool, or something Yearly.. Yearly.. track we have nothing whatever to say against them, of the kind is responsible for the reduction. It Canadian Subscriptions : (The difference to cover extra postage.) except that we prefer to reserve judgment as to their cannot be too strongly insisted that as long as the Thin paper edition increased output is due to the workman's efforts he accuracy. That we must increase production is :: £1 188. Od. obvious enough, but the cry is now too often used must be allowed to enjoy the results, however great ADVERTISEMENTS. quite unintelligently and without any clear under they may be. If this rule is not adhered to, one of Either the The charge for Situations Open and Wanted Advertisements of standing of what increased production means or how two effects fatal to the system occurs. four lines and under is three shillings, for every two lines afterwards it is to be attained. men do not exert themselves beyond the point which one shilling and sixpence; odd lines are charged one shilling. When an advertisement measures an inch or more the charge is ten shillings Those who read Mr. Barker's article with care must they consider safe, or they conclude that the system those mentioned above, included in " THE ENGINEER Directory," piese chen Theo va testve a drethe eles es of Advertisements other than have noticed that he closely associated the high rate has been introduced with the object of finding ont torbich the sent poste lise en capplication by All single advertisements of American production with the much larger amount what they can do at maximum effort and the intenSerial Advertisers can alter and illustrations as desired, sering the must be face companied by a remittance in partner of horse-power that is used per worker in America than tion of then reducing the amount of bonus earnRubject to the approval of the Proprietors of THE ENGINEER.Ilahier in this country. The fair deduction is, that many more of the men on this ground is the worst and greatest ble. They resist it in consequence. The suspicion all practical regularity, but regularity cannot be guaranteed in any such case. All except | mechanical processes are used there than here, and weekly advertisements are taken subject to this condition. This this we know from plenty of evidence to be the fact. obstacle to the introduction of the system. Advertisements cannot be inserted unless delivered before Whether or not the work people themselves are more point cannot be exaggerated that once fixed the rate Elue o clock on Thursday evening, and in consequence of industrious or more energetic is still uncertain, but the must not be touched, and if a method exists which the necessity for going to a edition, ALTERATIONS to standing advertisements should matter is of comparatively little importance to the diminishes the temptation to cut the time that method arrive not later than Ten o'clock on Monday morning in argument, since there is no question whatever that is worth special consideration. It is for this reason our own people can turn out more per man than they system. Under it the man is paid a premium bearing we have always been impressed by the Rowan Letters relating to Adrertisements und the publishing Department of ing have hitherto done even with the appliances as they the same percentage to the fixed rate as the time Paper are to be addressed to the Publisher, Mr. Sydney White ; all exist. It must not, however, be rashly concluded that the workmen, through their unions, are the only saved bears to the fixed time. In other words, if a Postal Address, 89, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. offenders. Increased production is to be secured by man saves fifty per cent. of the time given for a job, Telegraphie Address, “ENGINEER NEWSPAPER, LONDON." the dual action of the employers and employed, and his hourly rate is increased by fifty per cent.; if he Telephono-No. 18852 Central. in no other way. The former must improve their saves ninety-nine per cent. of the time, his hourly rate methods, increase the number of machines, and is increased by ninety-nine per cent. Hence under organise their works better than hitherto. the worst conceivable conditions his rate of pay On the PUBLISHER'S NOTICE. other hand, the men must jettison for ever the cannot be double, much less increased thirty or fortyIf any Subscriber abroad should receive THE ENGINEER in an ca cay policy and must withdraw the absurd fold, as in the Halsey examples given above. This is imperfect or mutilated conditim, he will oblige by giving prompt restrictions which have hampered the free use of a very great advantage from the employers' point of injormation of the fact to the Publisher, with ihe name of the machines. Lessons have been learnt in munitions view, because he may make a very serious error ju Agent is . . suffered, can be remedied try obtaining the paper direct from factories that will not be lost on employers, and we may because he may be sure that the workman has 10 time setting without being heavily penalised, and this office. regard it as a certainty that after the war managers This is not the place to enter into all the intricacies CONTENTS. wages on a scale unknown to them in a hundred years it briefly now is to direct attention once more to its of peace. They will desire to retain those wages. NEW WATER SUPPLY FOR GUAYAQUIL. (Illustrated.) are asked, ran these two desires be satis: advantages at a time when workmen are asking for THE GAS ENGINEER OF THE LAST CENTURY 410 tied, we reply without a moment's hesitation that higher wages and employers are asking for intensive they and that, under proper arrangements, production. We want it to be understood by both EDINBURGH TRAMWAYS 413 the very thing that will increase the workers' wages parties that the system is of advantage to both, and we ask the men as much, or even more than the 350 BRAKE HORSE POWER CROSSHEAD TYPE DIESEL ENGINE. is the same that will increase production, namely, (Illustrated.) use of powers and better employers, to give it their attention. An idea prevails, W or copiostre BRAKE CARRLadie. ( Hinatriteista organisation. We say this with conviction, because especially amongst the workers, but we regret to say, we know that where the method is employed the unknown amongst employers, that the NOTES AND MEMORANDA MISCELLANEA 411 output per man and the wages he earns are increased premium system is complicated and difficult to understand. It is nothing of the kind, as anyone 417 | by proportions which seem almost incredible. The 419 and is only achieved by paying by results, and to our making a few very simple calculations on the examples may satisfy himself by taking a pencil and paper and The Depreciation of introller Plant minds the best way of doing that is by a premium given above. If masters and men will do that for , but we have been and quickly recognise that it has advantages for both themselves, they will readily understand the system No. 11. illusj 123 surprised to find that there is not that wide acquaint- parties. We till another occasion 425 in its original form was devised in America by Mr. Halsey. Under his scheme, as under all others, it is causes that have delayed until now its development. necessary to fix upon a basis time in which a certain North of England :: 426 piece of work can be done. The workman who takes The Depreclation of Controlled Plant. 427 that time or anything exceeding it in executing the Wales and Adjoining ('ounties job is paid a fixed minimum bourly rate. Hence even The question of the percentage depreciation PERSONAL AND BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS 428 the slowest worker can always earn the ordinary necessary or admissible in the case of controlled (Illustrated.) 430 journeyman's pay. It is desirable that the workmen plants in which a quantity of new machinery for the 430 should understand, clearly, that under no circum- manufacture of any class of munitions of war has been Royal Institution The Coal Tar and colour andstry' 410 stances can they get less than the standard rate of laid down is one that is engrossing more and more Proposed New Railway in Brazil 130' wages. The bonus is something wded over and attention as the mar proceeds, particularly in view
other letters to be addressed to the Editor of THE ENGINEER.
THE ENGINEER, November 10th 1918.
DUBLIN ELECTRICITY SUPPLY REFRACTORIES Page 11
consolidating, a more satisfactory result inight have been minutes. The chronometer is wound by means of the PROVINCIAL LETTERS. THE MIDLANDS AND STAFFORDSHIRE. scale to begin with, and its hands are set back to zero by touching a trigger (From our own Correspondent.) Just above the wharf, and apparently under the large hand, whereby revolutions up to a hundred can be It was a big gathering, pregnant with meaning, same kind of timber, and which had been built forty years of revolutions up to ten hundred, and the other thousands to discuss important questions relative to national dispreviously, appeared to be quite sound. This was a case counts in the manufactured iron trade, and to confer where the engineer who constructed the wharf commenced upon national requirements for the trade at the hands the work after full investigation, and where the probability of the Government after the war. Nearly a hundred of a long life for the wharf was, one would imagine, almost heads of manufactured iron firins from all parts of the certain. I was not at the time given any definite reason kingdom were either present or directly represented, for the difference in the life of the timber at the two places. I was not able to investigate it, and I am doubtful whether and the success of the proceedings were so inarked that they have been a matter of comment ever since. In the any investigation at that time would have disclosed a unavoidable absence of Mr. George MacPherson, chairman satisfactory explanation. of the South Staffordshire Ironmasters' Association, Even in steel bridge work we have not as much know Sir George Hingley, Bart.--principal of Messrs. Noah ledge about the actual stresses which occur as is generally Hingley and Sons, Limited-was in the chair, both at, supposed. The actual effect of rolling load on bridges has the business conference and at the luncheon which been considered here recently. I do not think it increased followed, and among the associated bodies represented our knowledge very much, and there certainly was considerable difference of opinion. In the different members were :- The Lancashire Bar Iron Manufacturers' Asso ciation, North-East Coast Bar Makers' Association, of very large bridges questions arise on which engineers Scottish Bar Iron Manufacturers' Association, South Sta!. have to come to a decision, but such questions as initial fordshire Ironmasters' Association, South Yorkshire Bar stresses in materials, secondary stresses due to distortion, and sometimes the varying stresses due to erection, are Tron Association, and Best” Yorkshire Iron Makers' Asso ciation. The conference was the outcome of an earlier con. very difficult ones to tackle with any confidence of arriving at exact results. A cause of occasional failure in tempo Takaaseen ference held last May at Manchester, when the Lancashire Association entertained the members of other associations. rary works is due to the fact that engineers and contractors sometimes take deliberate and justifiable risks in connec All associations were represented at the Manchester contion with such works. If I may again refer to the Assouan REVOLUTION COUNTER AND ference, and the interchange of ideas which then took place Dam, it will give an example of a case where risk was led to a desire to act in umison on all vital questions affectdeliberately taken in connection with some temporary of revolutions up to ing the iron industry. A considerable programme of ten thousand. All three hands business was got through. Perhaps the most immediately works, and where failure resulted. In the construction are started by pressure on the end of the counter spindle: important subject dealt with was that concerning the of this work it was necessary to close the deep summer and, so far as the two small hands are concerned, can be abolition throughout the kingdom of the 25 per cent. channels of the Nile by temporary dams of stone and sand. returned to zero by a fly-back mechanism controlled by discount now allowed in the manufactured iron and steel The time required for the construction of these temporary a trigger on the side of the case. dams was considerable, and the time between one Nile hand to zero is effected by hand through a knob on the trade to comprehensive unity of action, in the hope that The return of the large trades. The object of the conference was to pledge the flood and the succeeding one had to be used to the utmost back of the case. advantage to get in the foundation for the permanent Provision is made so that the instrument may be used net prices may become so firmly grounded as to be retained work and to raise the masonry above flood level. It would to measure the speed of a member running either clockwise abnormal conditions have passed. “A resolution in support as an integral part of the trading system when the present have given considerably more working time for the per- or counter clockwise. If the rotation is clockwise the of abolition was carried, and so general had the belief manent work if it had been possible to construct one of three hands on the right-hand dial move clockwise and been that success would attend the efforts of those members the temporary stone dams previous to the Nile food. are to be read in conjunction with the figures printed of the trade who were foremost in proposing the change, There was, however, the question whether such a tempo in black round the scales. If the rotation is counter rary dam would survive a Nile flood, and the contractor that some of the ironinasters attending the conference clecided to take the risk. As a matter of fact the tem stated that they had already advised their agents accordporary dam was swept away at an early stage of the flood. ingly. The application of net terms will therefore become The comparatively small cost of the temporary dam, general throughout the manufactured iron and steel some £10,000, when compared with the great advantage districts of the kingdom henceforward. It should be which would have accrued in the following working season, understood that the relations of manufacturers and if it had been successful, certainly justified the risk taken. merchants are in no way affected. As to direct trading Perhaps I have said enough in this rather melancholy between producer and consumer, there is undoubtedly a recital of some of the difficulties which engineers have to feeling in many quarters that the discount system has contend with, to show that the common saying that engi given a useful elasticity to business arrangements, and neering is not an exact science hardly goes far enough to that interest on outstanding accounts will now be very show how inexact a science it is. Although much of the difficult to collect. The position of makers of Staffordshire work of an engineer is based on strictly scientific procedure, marked bars is doubtful. As I stated last week, these it is to a great extent dependent on experiment, experience, makers still cling to the practice of declaring their prices and a proper appreciation and balancing of the inexact subject to 2! per cent. discount, and they were strong knowledge available. It is under these circumstances enough to secure exemption from the general rule of net hardly to be wondered at that estimates of cost and time prices when the Ministry of Munitions took control of the trade. of construction are not always accurate. It is still uncertain what course they will ultimately elect to follow. But the unanimity of other reason why our profession is such an extremely interesting producers is undeniable. A vast number of sales were one. New unforeseen difficulties turn up every day, and already subject to net prices by the decree of the Ministry new methods are being continually found out for dealing of Munitions. with them. Engineering works, after all, have to be carried out, and engineers and contractors have to design After War Iron Trade Requirements. REVOLUTION COUNTER The requirements of the manufactured iron and difficult to make any suggestions to facilitate our work, steel trades at the hands of the Government after the war but it has occurred to me on more than one occasion that clockwise the lands move counter clockwise, and are to was given important consideration at last week's Birmingour brother engineers on the other side of the Atlantic be read in conjunction with figures printed in red round han conference. The ironmasters had before them the devote more time than we do to preliminary work and the scales. Just beneath the spindle of the large counter invitation of the Board of Trade Departmental ('ommittee studies, particularly in the case of large undertakings. hand a hole is pierced in the cial. If the rotation is ou the Iron and steel Trades, to be supplied with parThey appear in some cases to have taught their clients clockwise a black diso appears behind this holo which. ticulars from the trade of the kingdom of the requirements that time and money spent on very full investigation and if it is counter clockwise, a red disc appears. This addition deemed most essential to be granted by the Government preliminary studies give a very good return on the expendi- should obviate all chance of error introduced by the pos as an assistance against foreign competition, and parti. ture. The Governments of Canada and the United States are sibility of reading the hands against the wrong scales. cularly " dumping," after peace is declared. They also also not averse to collecting information about rainfall, The instrument ready for use weighs 12 oz., and in had before them the information which has lately been river discharges, and other matters, which information is its case, with five rubber points for the spindlo and it inade known that, in reply to a request from Lord Balfour at the disposal of those who wish to avail themselves of it. bottlo of chropometer vil, 1. lb. of Burleigh, this same committee has recently submitted If we could prevail on our clients and on our Government to to the Government an advance detailed inemorandum take siinilar views, they would also find that the money of enormous importance. This advance report, it is now was not wasted. We are, however, as things stand, depen generally conceded, asks for or recommends the prohibition dent to a great extent on experience and private investi AMERICAN NOTES. of all imports of iron and steel manufactured from enemy gation and experiment for the success of many of our works. countries during the period of reconstruction after the We ought not, at the same time, to forget the great obliga (From our own Correspondent.) war, and desires the Government to urge the adoption tions which we engineers are frequently under to chemists, of a similar policy on the Dominions and other parts of geologists, metallurgists, meteorologists and others, for NEW YORK, October 25t). the Empire. All ores and minerals needed for the manuthe great help which they ungrudgingly give us. I hope, however, that the Government STEEL makers do not pretend to consider all the business facture of iron and steel are to be admitted free if in their Scheme for the that is being offered. The sold-up condition has reached the natural and unworked state, and these raw materials, if Organisation and Development of Scientific and Industrial point where many mills are unable to promise any sort of produced in the Empire, should-it is suggested in the Research,” which has recently come into existence, and delivery. Many mills are booking business for the first half Memorandum—be prevented from entering enemy which has already made a grant to this Institution for of 1918, but are promising to do as much better as they can. countries. It is further recommended that British ships research work, may be a real help to engineers. The As regards shipbuilding orders are booked as they come indong: shall be forbidden to carry raw materials or manufactured scheme in its main features is one conceived on broad and I but no definite dates of delivery can be exacted from the builders. liron and steel from neutral ports to enemy countries or to The railroads are increasing their orders for equipinent, and the patriotic lines, which may lead to results even greater same rule as to delivery prevails. Another general advance is neutral ports for ultimate dispatch to those countriei. than were anticipated by those who framed it. I hope noted pig iron, but some furnaces are scaring buyers away by After considering these official expressions of opinion, and believe that it may be developed on such broad, quoting two dollars per ton above current quotation. Another last week's Birmingham conference determined that the liberal and generous lines as will command general con factor in the situation is the price of coke. Other interests have whole matter was of such intense importance to the fidence. If worked on such lines the scheme will be of withdrawn all quotations. Should the coming winter be future prospects of trade that it was resolved that the great value. “A great empire and little minds go ill severe it is going to play havoc with manufacturing interests: questions submitted by the Board of Trade should be together.” the bulk of which have very little stock on hand. of the coke situation, furnaces will not name prices for next year. relegated to a select and weighty committee representa(To be continued.) Pig iron consumers with long-running contracts on hand feel tive of the entire manufactured iron trade of the kingdom. they must know. Some rajlroads are now booking orders at This committee will go into the matter in detail, and will a b'dol. advance for delivery as late as eighteen months hence. be authorised to represent the views of the whole trade In addition to the two long pipe lines recently arranged for, one of the Government. The significance of the resolution COMBINED REVOLUTION COUNTER AND or two others are being promoted and may possibly be on the arrived at is the greater since the British manufactured market before the winter. Tinplate mills report another iron trade undoubtedly controls many millions of capital, WATCH. Sheets are quoted as being higher in price than last week. The plato mills have refused quite a little business and the issues represented by this joint action of the trade Our attention has been directed by the Selson Engineor during the past few days. A greut deal of copper is being bought will be of a most far-reaching character. This account ing Co., Limited, of 85, Queen Victoria-street, E.C., for first quarter delivery: Exports up to Saturday last of the proceedings in this city would not be complete if to a combined revolution counter and watch, made in were 14.532 tons. Copper is wanted for thirty and sixty days' I omitted to mention that an agreement was arrived at Switzerland, which it is now introducing on the British delivery. Some little is occasionally picked up. Bruss mills adopting a national list of “extras,” which, it was market. are taking option on second quarter delivery. Inforination as announced, has already received the sanction of the The left hand or chronometer dial carries a large hand to increasing output is rather foggy Domertie consuruption Ministry of Munitions. A discussion on the substitution working over a scale extending to 60 seconds and divided is steadily increasing. The large recently placed foreign in fifths of a second. It also carries a small hand working demand upon domestic prices. It contracts remove anxiety as to the influence of European scheme in relation to men engaged in iron and steel works Page 12
MUNITION WORK 4in. to 12in. GEARED
80 H.P. PHENIX MOTOR, A.C., 625 volts, For Sale, Horizontal Air Re-Lambe, Tenor de uitstraline Superchandise
Required, Second-hand Hori-For Sale : PORTABLE RAILWAY, Air ir Compressors.
or Sale, Blowers—7in., 5in., and 4in. All with ring, oiling, bearings, fast and loose Orders subject to the approval of the spare parts. Ministry of Munitions, Machine Tool Department. K.W. -, 50 cycles, 550 volts, by 600 I.H.P. Cross-com- 6fin. centre x 4ft. straight bed HAND LATHES. Two pound Engines by Barclay, 26in. H.P. cyl., 40in. L.P.cyl., cach 4ft, stroke, fly wheel 20ft. diam., &c. &c. Very fine set. weeks ; new. USED ELECTRIC CABLES - For particulars apply in. x 8ft. straight bed S.S.S.Scr. LATÄIES. Two weeks ; TWO WESTINGHOUSE MOTOR GENERAT- SECRETARY, Glasgow Subway Railway Co., St. Enbeh square, Glasgow. ING SETS, 300 H.P. Motors, 3-phase, 40 cycles, 480-500 9 in. x 8ft. gap bed 8.8.8.Scr. LATHFS. One week ; new, volts ; Generators 200 K.W., D.c., compound wound. One 10in. and one . SLIDING SURFACING Each set on separate sole-plate. One 9 in. 16ft. gap bed 3.3.8.Scr. LATHÈ, . Stock CEIVER, 16ft. Jong, 3ft. dia., fin. plate, in six rings, second-hand. 40 cycles, 3-phase, 290 r.p.m. manhole, and mountings.-A. UNDERWOOD), 3, QueonHORIZONTAL CROSS-COMPOUND CORLISS street, E.C. Ong 12 in, x 12ft. straight bed.SLIDING and SURFACING LATHE, chuck. Stock ; second-hand: SCROLL CHUCKS. VALVE ENGINE, 17 H.P. cyl., 33in. L.P. cyls., 42in. *Ten 22in. WET TOOL GRINDERS, with wheel. Ten days; stroke. Patont cut-off Musgraves, Bolton. One SAW SHARPENER, for saws up to 20in. diam. Address, 426. Engineer Office. 33. Norfolk 4ft. gauge. PUMPING ENGINES, steam cylinders 26in. diam. Stock ; new. One American FILE SHARPENER. Stock ; new. street, Strand, W.C. SADDLE TANK LOCO., 12in, cyls., 4 wheels fin, plungers, 18in. stroke, metal pumps, pump-rods, and cross heads, &c. - For full particulars apply THOS. W. WARD, Two Jones-Shipman 13in. Puree-spindle DRILLS, with coupled, 120 lb, steam pressure. Ltd., Albion Works, Sheffield. chucks. Stock ; new. LOCO., 9fin. cyls., 14in. stroke, 6 wheels coupled, 4ft.“ British Bulldog ” RADIAL DRILLS, gear-box drive. Three weeks ; new. with trailing bogie, 2ft. gauge. 160 lb." Hercules " POWER HAMMERS. Ten weeks; nex. dition, size approximately 30ft. by 8ft., guaranteed to VERTICAL BOILER, 8ft. high x 4ft. dia., with 60 16. Goliath" POWER HAMMERS. Sis weeks, new stand 60 ib. pressure WANTED.- Quote lowest price delivered, two cross-tubes for 80 lb. pressure. 10din. X 17in. cylinders, with 70 K.W. single phase, 50 One Sin. stroke KEYSEATER, by Baker Bros. Stock ; and say where same can be examined, to 1128, Sell's Adver econd-hand. tising imces, Fleet-street, London. 391 r R. H. LONGBOTHAM & CO., Ltd., cycles, 2200 volts, alternator.—THOMAS JOHNSON, Prescott- Eighteen COKE CRUSHERS. Stock; new. street, Wigan. 8in. centre 8ft. s. scr. hall gap bed LATHES ; also WAKEFIELD, with 6ft. beds. Three weeks ; new. bin. X 6in. HACKSAW MACHINES.. Stock ; new REQUIRED to Filter Brine ; 500 Gallons pumped & AT MILBURN HOUSE, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. bin. and Sin. stroke ! British Bulldog" SLOTTING through per hour; continuous circulation ; stato cash price Tel: 44 Wakefield ; 867 Newcastle. MACHINES. Four weoks; now. Tel. Add. : " Engineer, Wakefield." 2017 G and whoro seen. --Address, P44, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk PATENT WATER HEATER, 13ft long by 2ft. 10in. "British Bulldog " DUPLEX HORIZONTAL BORERS, street. Strand, W.C. dia., 36 phosphor bronze tubes, 2din. dia., inlet 4in., outlet 4in., VERTICAL BORING MILLS, and DUPLEX DRILLS. plates zin, thick; makers Messrs. J. Wright and Co., Ltd., Tipton. THE JUDSON-JACKSON COMPANY, LTD., ONE MILE of NEW 14 lb. One RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE, height 7ft. 10in., 50, Marsham-street, Westminster, London, S.W. ZONTAL AMMONIA-COMPRESSION PLANT, about length 7ft. Sin., radius of arm 5ft., geared, bed 3ft. 6in. by 8 tons refrigeration:-Mr. PHILIP DIWE, A.M. Inst C.E., 2ft. 6in., spindle liin. dia. square thread, four speed cones, Telegrams : Ozonistic, London. Dacre Hanee Virt ris treet. S.W P35 F traverse gear for feed, also hand 'feed, countershatt, brackets, Telephone : Victoria, 5089. 24in. Gauge complete. fast and loose pulley, with striking gear complete. Powerful quantity of SECOND-HAND PIG RAILS, 50-60 lb. FLANGE THOS. OXLEY, LIMITED, RAILS, Relayable Railway-sleepers and Cart Road Sleepers, SHILOH WORKS, SHEFFIELD. Belt-driven Ingersoll Imperial "X" AIR COMPRES- Crossing Timbers, Pit Props, and Pit Lids. Telegrams: "Ironical, Shetfield." Phone : 4630 (3 lines). 2637 cubic feet free air per minute, air pressure 30-50 lb. ; also superior Straight-line Steam-driven AIR B. M. RENTON and CO., 12-Ton Whittaker Crane Type NAVVY. Price £650. COMPRESSOR, cap.city 480 cubic feet free air per minute, Market-place-þuildings, High-street, Sheffield. Spl 3006 'or Sale or Hire : 100 lb. pressure. --Apply to 12-Ton Modern Whittaker Crane Type NAVVY; latest & LOCO. TYPE BOILERS (Portable and Semi-portable), improvements, very fine machine. Price £950. RIDDEL and Co., 40, St. Enoch-square, Glasgow. 415 o 12-Ton Wilson Craue Type NAVVY ; excellent condition. Sale, Almost New Hori- .in. and Pin. cylinders hg 10in. stroke. 16 DUPLEX PUMPS insured working pressures, 80 to 150 lbs" , Price £850. ZONTAL Two 10-Ton Wilson Crane Type NAVVIES; excellent con- BORING FEED WATER HEATER, AIR COMPRESSOR, 3 AIR MACHINE, spindle 24in. dition £850 each. diameter RECEIVERS, 3 THREE THROW CRANKSHAFTS, 2 SINGLE-THROW CRANKSHAFTS and GEARING, CẢST Three Ruston-Proctor 10 H.P. NAVVIES ; excellent con- One 12in. stroke SHAPING MACHINE, by Buckton. and WROT TRON PULLEYS, 8VERTICAI, STEAM PUMP- dition. Prices from £350 to £600 each. STEAM LOCO. AND DERRICK CRANES. One oft. PLATE-EDGE PLANING MACHINE Ona 5-ton Looo. Crane, by Smith, 32rt jib, 8015. w. ING ENGINES with DEEP WELL and BOREHOLE PUMPS, , *.p.; One in ; price Doubļe-ended PUNCHING and SHEARING WELL BORING TOOLS and PIPES, LIFTING TACKLE, and JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. £650. MACHINE GENERAL CONTRACTOR'S PLANT.-A. C. POTTER and Fton Loco. Crane, Smith, modern type 100 lb. w.p.; price One 3-cwt. STEAM HAMMER, by £400. Two Double-geared PILLAR UTICAL DRILLING CO., Lant-street, Borough, London, S.E 30496 2-ton Loco. Crane, by Isles, 80 lb. w.P.; price £220. MACHINES, spindles 2in, diameter. 2-ten Loco. Crane, Bedford Eng's Co, 20 lb. w.p.; price £210. One Set 12ft Shipyard PLATE BENDING ROLLS. 2-ton boco. Crane, Jessop and Appleby, 80 lb. w.p; price £180. RIDDEL and Co., 40, St. Enoch-square, Glasgow. 416 G Tangye Vertical PUMP, 300ft. series, cylinders 14in., pumps The whole of the above cranes normal gauge, good condition. 10in, stroke, 24in. suction, and delivery sin. £80. Two Cotton Factories at Cragg Vale, 14 miles from Horizontal DUPLEX Tangye PUMP, 10in. cylinders, Sin. 10-loh Travelling Derrick Crane, Morgan, steel jib and mast, fine crane, price $550. pumps. - £70, S-ten fixed Steam Derrick Crane, Butters, good crane; price Lancashire Boilers, with hopper feedsSteel and W I. Shafting, Horizontal SPECIAL Tangye PUMP, 12in. cylinders, bin. £200 MILD STEEL DISCS, each 12in. and 12j in diameter, Pedestals, Pulleys, Wheels, Cast Iron and Wrought Iron Steam pump, outside packed. £55. 88. thtck, alternatively; similar quantity HARDENING One and Water Piping, &c. --Specifications may be obtained, and ditto 5-ton fixed Steam Derrick Crane, Morgan, good crane ; pricePOTS, Sin. diameter. Address, 8, Engineer office, 33, Vorfolk. ditto ditto 12in. cylinders, 7in £186, Tenders to be submitted to Mr. E. HOWAKTH, Cragg Vale, street, Strand, W.C. 8 G 3-lon fixed Steam Derrick Crane, Morgan, good crane; price Mytholmroyd. 376 G JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. £170. ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE CRANES. Salon Crane, Grafton, 34ft. stee! jib, 40 H.P. Motor ; price £550. J-ton Standard Type Crane, Smith, 30 H.P. Motor; price £475. 2-ton Standard Type Crano, Isles, price £300. 30 20-ton MAIN LINE WAGONS, tel underframes, cheap. All above first-class cranes, normal gauge: Parcel of 10-ton MAIN LINE WAGUNS, side doors, suitable ELECTRIC OVERHEAD TRAVELLING for coal or goods; £70 each. 100 10---13-ton HOPPER WAGONS, bottoms, doors, strong CRANES. roemy wagons, private 'sidings, laminated spring butors; £50 £60 each. 15-ton Four-motor Cranc, 391t: spain'; price £500. 15-ton Four-motor Crane, by Coles, 25ft. span ; price £400. Quantity 10-ton Laminated Spring Buffer WAGONS, sido (The girders in this case can be lengthened to suit customer's doors, private sidings; £50 each. requirements at net cost.) Quantity 10-ton Laminated Spring Buffer GOODS WAGONS, 5-ton Crape 40ft, span, single motor ; price £275. doors falling full length, tops renewed, fine wagons, private The above are all good overhead cranes. sidings; £60 each 50 Dead Butler WAGONS, side and end doors; £25 each. JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. 25 Dead Buffer SIDE-DOOR WAGONS; £25 each Number of PASSENGER COACHES, 1st and 3rd class, good 0 condition, for private sidings; £80 each, Quantity SIDE and END TIP WAGONS, M.S.C. and LTD three Scott and Mountain Engines, direct coupled to ordinary pattern, 4ft. 8 in. and 3ft. gauges; low prices, 120 STEEL FRAME BOGIES, 21t. gauge, with roller bearMather and Platt Multipolar Compound-wound Generators ings; £4 10s, each. pút put 440 amps., 225 volts, speed 350 r.p.m. The above plant is working daily, and may be inspected. Address 385, JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. Engine r Office. 33. Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C.
ERIOR 100 KW. * Balancer" ELECTRIC GENERAT ING SET, Belliss engine coupled to two dynamos, each giving 200 amperes at 250 to 300 volts, 450 r. p.m. One 150 H.P. GENERATING SET, comprising Hall's Selflubricating Enclosed Enginc, coupled to Dynamo, 500 Ampères, 70 volte. One 10 K.W. E ECTRIC LIGHTING SET, 220 volts. One 45 K.W. ELECTRIC LIGHTING SET, 220 volts. One 200 H.P. TRIPLE EXPANSION, Enclosed Type, Willans ENGINE, with extended sole-plate for carrying dynamo. RIDDEL and Co., 40, St. Enoch's-square, Glasgow. 417 G
SHELL LATHES FOR IMMEDIATE GRAFTON & CO. DELIVERY.
360 K.W. Westinghouse ALTERNATOR, coupled to Willan and Robinson Eugme, 2400 volts. Good condition. £500. Tandem Compound' CONDENSING ENGINE (Cole, Marchent and Morley), coupled to 250 K.W. Generator, 500 volts, 120 r.p.m., by G. E.C. £650. Two 50-75 K.W. GENERATORS, coupled, compound-wound, by Armstrong-Whitworth, 230 volts, D.O.' Price £350. Combined Automatic High-peed ENGINE and GENERATOR, one "bed-plate, by Westinghouse Co., 30 K.W., sixpolo Generator, 125 soits, 350 r.p.m. Price £125. 80 H.P. GENERATOR, 360 volts, D.C. Price £150. We have a large Aumber of very fine SWITCH BOARDS INSTRUMENTS und PANELS and RHEOSTATS, which we ean sell at about one quarter new prices. 331 G JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. FOR HUMEDIATE SALE.
would like to SELL the following. Who will make us an offer for the lot or any part ? All brand new Shefheld made. 4 doz. 12in. rd.; 2 doz. 141n. hali rd. ; 6 doz. 12in. są: 4 doz. loin, flat ; 4 doz, 14in. flat bastard ; 4 doz. 1219., 2 doz. 14in. hali rd. rasps 10-doz. 8in., 6 doz. 7in. and 4 doz. 6in, gulleting.- Apply, PRITCHARÐ, Chetwynd Estate Office, Newport, Salop. “P2G
Write for this! Write for a copy to-day.' Pyrene Co. Ld., 21, Gt. Queen St., London.
For or Hire, Pumps and Well BORING TOOLS for Contractor's Deep Wells, &c., 2in. to 24in. diam.-R. RICHARDS and Co., Upper Groundstreet, London, S. E. Felephone No. 978 Hop. S22 G
SILVER MEDAL, Inventions Exhibition, London, 1885. GOLD MEDAL, PARIS, 1900. GRAND PRIX & GOLD MEDAL, Franco-British Exhibition, London, 1908. GRAND PRIX, Buenos Aires Exhibition, 1910.
NEW LATHES for EARLY DELIVERY. RICHARDS' Side Planing Machine, bed 8ft. long, planes 20in. wide. PRENTICE BROS.' Universal Turret Lathe. JOHN MACNAB, Mary St., Hyde.
One 214 H.P. ENCLOSED MOTOR, by Brush Co., 240 volts, 840 reve., complete with switchboard, &c. One 15 H.P. ENCLOSED MOTOR, 480 volts, 1000 revs., complete. Two 2-Pole Shunt-wound MOTOR GENERATORS, by E.C.C., primary 464 volts, secondary 140 volts, 240 amps., 910 rovs., complete Ono Ditto, primary 460 volts, secondary 140 volts, 13) amps, 850 ress, GENERATING SET, consisting of Holmes Dynamo - 118 volte, 200 mnp., 300 revs., driver by 21.6.P. Ransome Engine. ELECTRIC MOTOR, by the Electric Construction Co., 550 volts, 95 amps., 475 revs., multipolar, series wound, 70-90 H.P. 25 B.H.F. MOTOR, by Holmes, 200 colis, 105 amps, 120 revs., No. 2798
! THE ENGINEER," 13, NORFOLK ST., BTRAND, LONDON.; W.O. Page 13
eventually taken forward under the sea for a total side—for a tunnel 30ft. in internal diameter and The arrangement of the armament, too, has never distance of over 6000ft., of which some 5.00ft. were twenty miles long. In a tunnel in a direct line varied. Two guns in separate shields on the fore. bored in eight and a half months. This heading was between Fan Hole and Sangatte less than 500 effective castle, two similarly arranged on the poop, and either eventually enlarged to a diameter of 14ft. We horse-power would, it was calculated, be required, and three or four, depending on the total number car: believe that the present face of this gallery, the boring the cost of keeping this amount of horse-power at ried, in sponsons on each side. Starting with the of which was discontinued in May, 1883, is under the work would—to use Mr. J. Clarke Hawkshaw's own Bremen class in 1902 and 1903, which vessels are Channel about 2625ft. from the beach, measured at words—“be a mere fraction of the working expenses opposite numbers to the British Amethysts, the right angles to the coast. The depth of the sea above of the tunnel, which, for many reasons, should be not German Admiralty made an annual practice of adding is 27ft., according to a statement made in a paper as heavy as those of other lines.” about two ships a year of the light cruiser type to delivered a year or two back by Sir Francis Fox, The whole question of the ventilation of the tunnel its fleet, each class being an improvement on the while the thickness of the “ cover " is about 100ft. was very freely discussed at the time, and there were predecessor except in point of view of fighting power. But to return once more to Sir John Hawkshaw's those who declared that with ordinary coal-burning There was no attempt to differentiate type as was the proposals. We can now refer more particularly to locomotives it would be impossible to ventilate a case in this country when the Blanche type of the actual tunnel itself. It was to be a single tunnel tunnel of such length. Moreover, the various possible 3350 tons and the Gloucesters of 4800 were developed of the ordinary double-line type, the chalk boring methods of train haulage, other than locomotives, simultaneously with one another, and with the German being 36ft. in diameter at the arch springing and the such as fireless locomotives, compressed air loco- cruisers of the Kolberg and Breslau types. finished brick-lined tunnel 30ft. The proposed works motives, steel ropes, &c., were also discussed; but the From the table it will be seen that, including the were to commence by a junction with the South- opinion of the majority seemed to be that ordinary second of the ex-Russian cruisers, Admiral Amursky Eastern and London, Chatham and Dover Railways steam locomotives would alone do the required work. and Admiral Nevelskoy, which were building at at Dover, the line being carried eastward in tunnel It should be remembered that at that period electric Schichau's works at Elbing when war broke out, and through the chalk along the coast for four miles to traction was practically untried. Its introduction one of which, re-named Elbing, perished at the Battle St. Margaret's Bay. The tunnel was then to turn has radically modified the problem of haulage in such of Jutland, there are now only nine German light southwards under the sea with a gentle down gradient a tunnel as that which it is proposed to drive under cruisers still remaining which are less than ten years to a point under mid-Channel, where the line was to the Channel. old, unless others have been built since war broke out. run on a similar gradient towards the coast of France. All four of the vessels illustrated on page 440 have been On reaching the latter the line was to be continued sunk or badly damaged. In a typically curt statement for another six miles at a gradient of 1 in 80, when a the Admiralty recently reported the torpedoing of junction was to be effected with the French railway THE LOSSES OF GERMAN LIGHT CRUISERS. another light cruiser of the “ Kolberg" class on the system. The total length of the tunnel was to be morning of October 19th, and stated that when last, 31 miles, and Sir John's estimate was that the cost The war of attrition has hit the German navy seen the vessel was in evident difficulties. The would be £8,000,000, and the time of completion very hard. Many sections of that fleet have suffered Germans report that the ship in question was the ten years from the commencement. besides the submarine service, but the mortality in München, and that she reached home slightly The cross section of the tunnel was to be in light cruisers has been particularly heavy, and except damaged.” In external appearance the “ Kolberg accordance with the drawing given herewith, and for any built during the war there are to-day only class differ considerably from the München type, there were to be three air passages beneath the rail about eight still floating which are less than ten years which have an exaggerated ram bow, and the bridge level which we shall now proceed to discuss. The old. The destruction of these scouting cruisers placed abaft the foremast, which, with the searchlight drawing in question has been reproduced from the same British Association paper—from which German Light Cruiser8. much of the information in this article has been abstracted-read by Mr. J. Clarke Hawkshaw in Main 1882, as was the plan given in our last issue, Name. Date. Length, breadth, Displace and draught. and it was employed to illustrate the method proposed for ventilating the tunnel. The drawing is ft. Tons. in. to be regarded as diagrammatic, and as simply Hela 1893 4 3.5 Old cruisers of small value. Hela sunk at illustrative of a system. It will be remembered that Niobe, Gazelle ... 1897-98 x 38 x 15 2603 Heligoland, September 13th, 1914. Ariadne it was decided to make the tunnel suitable for Nymphe, Thetis, Ariadne, sunk at Heligoland, August 28th, 1914. Amazone, Medusa 1898-1900 328 ordinary—that is, steam locomotives. It is to be 2618 x 381 x 16 Undine sunk in Baltic, November 7th, 1915. Frauenlob, Arcona, Undine .. 2657 Frauenlob sunk at Jutland, May 31st, 1916. assumed that a tunnel with the dimensions given Bremen 1902-3 x 43 x 3200 Sunk in Baltic, October 17th, 1915. 1903-4 Lubeck shore, and rising gradients from thence of 1 in 1000 München Torpedoed, North Sea, October 19th, 1916 ; for the five miles from each side to the centre. reported only damaged. Drainage headings, each with a falling gradient of Leipzig 1904-5 Sunk at Falkland Islands, December 8th, 1914. 1 in 1000 from the lowest points reached by the tunnels Dantzig Kænigsberg were to be driven to pumping shafts on the shore. 3396 3541 X 43 x 159 Finally destroyed, Rufigi River, July 11th, 1915. Stuttgart 1905-6 With a tunnel 30ft. internal diameter it would be Stettin possible to have an air way of 470 square feet cross Nurnberg Sunk at Falkland Islands, December 8th, 1914. 1906-7 364 section above rail level and air passages below the Emden 444 x 152 3544 12 '4.1 Sunk at Keeling Island, November 9th, 1914. Sunk at Juan Fernandez, March 14th, 1915. rails having a combined cross section of 106 square Kolberg 1907-8 3840 x 48 46 x 164 4232 Sunk at Dogger Bank, January 24th, 1915. feet. The drainage heading might be circular and Mainz... Sunk at Heligoland, August 28th, 1914. 17ft. in diameter with cross section of 227 square feet. Koln 19089 46 x 161 4280 Sunk at Heligoland, August 28th, 1914. With reference to this seemingly large diameter for Augsburg Magdeburg 1909-10 4467 14.4 x 162 4500 Sunk at Aland Islands, August 17th, 1914. a drainage heading it was pointed out that it would Breslau In Turkish hands, badly damaged. not be much larger than would actually be required Strassburg... 1910-11 for the driving of the tunnel, since it was proposed to Stralsund Karlsruhe 1911-12 456 x 45 x 17 x 4820 Destroyed, Caribbean Sea, November, 1914. remove the greater part of the excavated material Rostock Sunk at Jutland, May 31st, 1916. and to take in the major portion of the plant required Regensburg 1912-13 5000 through the drainage heading. Grandenz 1913-14 ? named Wiesbaden. Sunk at Jutland, May With such an arrangement it was presumed that Ersatz Gefion Particulars doubt 31st, 1916. if air were drawn out of the drainage heading at Ersatz Hela ful. a velocity of ten miles per hour, it would produce in Ersatz Niobe 1914–15 Regensburg the tunnel an air velocity of 2.4 miles per hour, Ersatz Gazelle 1914 401% x 46 supposing the air exhausted from the tunnel to be Elbing (ex Admiral Amursky) 4300 x 161 8 5.1 Sunk at Jutland, May 31st, 1916. (ex Admiral Nevelsky) replaced at the shore ends from the shafts and at the centre from the air passages below the rails. If, then, forty-eight trains were to pass through the severely handicaps both the German torpedo-boat and lookout platforms thereon, seriously obstructs the tunnel every twenty-four hours or at half-hour inter flotillas and the squadrons of big ships, the former view therefrom. In the Leipzig and Dantzic this vals, the amount of carbonic acid contained in the air suffering from lack of efficient supporting ships and defect was removed, and the bridge put into a more in the tunnel would increase, until, midway between the latter from lack of scouts. The accompanying normal position. The former was sunk by H.M.S the middle and each shore, it would amount to table shows the development of the German light Glasgow at the Falkland Islands Battle. One of the 127 parts per 10,000 in excess of the normal quantity cruiser from the prototype Hela, which succumbed Kolbergs, reported to be the name ship, but this is of 3} parts, or 164 parts altogether. The average to a torpedo attack by H.M. submarine E 9 early in uncertain, was said to have been sunk on the same condition throughout the tunnel would, it estimated, be 6.34 parts in excess, or 9.84 parts in all. which were still under construction when war broke the Mainz and Köln, were sunk at Heligoland. The the war, down to the improved Regensburg classes, day as the Blücher, and two others of the class, As bases for comparison it was shown that in the out. Except for slight increase in size, the latter fol. Nurnberg, of the 1905–6 programme, was also sunk theatres of the time the quantity of CO, was found to low merely a modified Karlsruhe design. The relative at the Falklands. She and her sister ships are easily vary from 20 to 32 parts, in the Law Courts from values of gun and torpedo will probably form a basic recognisable from the large gap which separates the 19 to 20 parts, while the air in a first-class carriage, problem for generations of naval officers still to come. forward funnel from the other two. The fate of the with the windows open, on the Underground, between It is therefore interesting to note that of the forty odd Emden and of Dresden is well known; both were Gower-street and King's Cross, contained 22.5 parts , cruisers in this list only three, the Hela, Undine and driven ashore and destroyed by the faster and more The various shadings in the diagram were introduced Bremen, have been sunk by torpedoes, and the powerful British “ Town" class cruisers Glasgow and to show the average condition of the air in different München damaged, whereas no less than at least Sydney respectively. In 1909 and 1910 the continued zones in the tunnel every half-hour. These shadings, fifteen have been sunk by gun-fire. or zones, are lettered, and it was estimated that the the table indicates a remarkable degree of con Inspection of demand for speed had resulted in the larger and faster Breslau ” class, which for the first time in the case of content of Co, in 10,000 parts would be :- servatism on the part of German designers with regard the German light cruisers had any external armour pro Parts. to armament, though the development on the whole tection in the neighbourhood of the water-line, the first In zone A, in which normal air had entered during has been quite regular and normal. It is, however, four ships having a narrow 3ļin. belt, which is practithe half-hour interval B, through which one train had passed rather surprising to note that though in 1897-1900 cally submerged, and the later quartette of the Karlstwo trains cruisers of only 2600 tons were fitted with ten 4.1 ruhe type having a slightly broader 4in. belt. Prior to three trains 13.01 weapons as a main armament, it was not till the the Breslaus, all the protection afforded was that of four trains 16.18 The 1906 programme, which consisted of the well-known a 2in. steel deck. lau three trains, was the model on two trains 9.84 Emden and Dresden, that an increase was made to which all the later light cruisers were based, and many twelve guns of the same calibre, although the displace of them have succeeded in attaining speeds of over I, in which normal air had entered during ment had been augmented to 3550 tons. Even in 28 knots with 35,000 horse-power on their full power the half-hour interval.. 3.50 the course of the next eight years, when the displace- trials. As a design, except for the weak armament, It was argued that if such a condition of affairs could ment had again been increased by 1500 tons, thus these vessels indicated a great improvement over he maintained there would be no cause for complaint. attaining nearly double the size of the original their predecessors. Of the last batch completed It was estimated that to maintain such a condition Gazelle type, the armament still remained the same before war broke out, both the Karlsruhe and with a half-hourly service of trains would require as regards number and calibre, though the individual Rostock have been lost, the latter through collision 460 effective horse-power—or 230 horse-power on each power of the guns had been somewhat improved. with another German vessel, according to German Page 14
To the Commission which is inquiring into the future In the course of his lecture to the Royal Society of Water power to the extent of 100,000 horse power, railway policy of (anada has been arded Mr. George F. | Arts, on *** Vibrations, Waves, and Resonance,” Dr. J. , for the generation of electrical energy, is about to be used Swain as consulting engineer. Mr. Swain is the chairman Erskine-Murray described an electric wave as a moving at Telemarken, in Norway, by i Franco-American of the Boston Transit ('ommission. state of stress in the ether which may cause the motion i syndicate for electro technical works. In the nine months ended September 30th, 245,000 of an electric discharge." tons of copper were exported from the United States of separate train, leaving at 7.45. This alteration has been In an article by Commander Ralph Earle. United States. America, compared with 187,000 tons in the previous mnade purely in the interests of more punctual working, navy, in the “ Proceedings" of the l'nited States Naval year. France is said to have taken the lion's share. AT & recent meeting between a committee of the general Institute, the writer says the maximum possible range managers and representatives of the men's societies, it was for the theoretical limit of a sea action is 26,000 yards, ACCORDING to The Times, since the beginning of the agreed that all women railway workers over 18 years of or 14.7 miles, but the present effective battle range lies war the German trade unions have lost 60 per cent. of their members. In June, 1914, the membership uge should have a war bonus of 3s, per week, and those between 14,000 and 16,000 yards. of the unions amounted to 2,482,046, but by the end under 18 one of 1s. 6d. per week. THERE was a considerable fall in the total value of of 1915 this number had dropped to 982,863. UNDER a decree dated August 21st, 1916, the Argentine production of mica in India in 1915. In consequence Government has ordered that all passenger railway of the war, trade in this product was restricted to British In answer to the question asked in the House of Commons carriages are to be heated during the winter months. This countries. The greater portion of this mineral is obtained a few days ago, whether the attention of the Minister is the result of the last two winters having been abnormally from Bihar and Orissa. The total exported last year of Munitions had been directed to the question of carboniscold, causing great discomfort to travellers. was 13,500 tons, compared with 20,250 tons in the ing high volatile coal at low temperature, and the benefits The committee which, under the Eight Hours Act for to be derived therefrom, for the production of explosives, previous year. trainmen of the United States of America, is to inquire CONSIDERABLY over 100,000 tons of iron are produced tion, but its advantages were still problematical. He Dr. Addison said the subject was receiving close considera into the effeet of its working, consists of Colonel Goethals, annually in electric furnaces in Sweden. According to said his technical advisers were following up all the recent Mr. E. E. Clark, of the Inter-State Commerce Commission, the Iron and Coal Trades Review, the molten pig is delivered developments in this matter. and Mr. George Rublee, of the Federal Trade Commission. direct to the open-hearth furnaces, heated by the gases from the reduction furnace, and finally the charge is Owing to a slip of the pen, the United States fuel ship ACCORDING to Intian Engineering, the Railway Board poured into an electric refining furnace, in which steel Manmee was described in this column last week as has sanctioned a reconnaissance survey being carried out of fine quality is produced. battleship. The Maumee is a sister of the Kanawha, by the agency of the Eastern Bengal Railway for a chord railway on the 5ft. 6in. gauge from Jessore to Faridpur, a THE electric heating of paraffin vaporisers is now and she is propelled by two Diesel engines of 2500 brakt The Kanawha has two steam engines horse-power each. distance of about 50 miles. The survey will be known as practised in America. When it is desired to start the of 2600 horse-power. The interest lies in the possibility the Jessore-Faridpur Railway reconnaissance survey. current is switched on to the heating resistance, of comparing the performance of these sister ships. For The New York, New Haven, and Hartford, and the vaporising a portion of the paraffin to enable the engine further particulars, reference may be made to The . A spark from the plug ignites the vapour, ENGINEER of February 18th, 1916. THE Diario of September 13th publishes the of a contract entered into between the Colombian (overn. The high prices paid for waste materials of all description ment suggest that a good sum could be obtained by such What is believed to be the largest natural-draught of sea salt on the Pacific Coast of the Republic. The and Señor Carlos Palacio, for the production economies. cooling tower so far built has recently been completed concessionaire is to establish a factory for the production TROUBLE having arisen between the officers and men at the Anderson, Ind., plant of the American Steel and of sea salt-either in crystals or in compressed form on of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Wire Company. This Bay of contract, September 2nd. The term of the concession entitled to respect and consideration, the rights of the chimneyswhich create an air circulation by natural draught. is ten years. + Power gives the capacity of the tower as 7300 gallons AT Leeds recently there was a meeting of representatives appeal was apparently successful, as an agreement settling The richness of Sweden in water power, and Denmark's undertakings in Yorkshire, in order to give further con of municipal and company owned electricity supply the matters in dispute has been signed. natural poverty in any sources of power, has led to Sweden sideration to the proposals of the Board of Trade for the The electrification of the Claygate portion of the exporting electric power across the Sound. The works inter-connection and joint working of the undertakings. London and South-Western Railway Company's suburban are established in the small river La a, in Smaland, and There are 40 electricity undertakings in the county. lines has been completed, and a half-hourly service of the current is carried by overhead wires to Helsingborg, 30 of which are municipaily managed and representatives electric trains between Claygate and Waterloo, covering and thence by three submarine cables under the waters of the journey in twenty-nine minutes, will commence on from 38 of these were present at the meeting. The the Sound to Marienlyet, north of Elsinore, on the island meeting decided upon the formation of a county committee Monday next. There will be extra steam trains morning of Seeland. According to La Geographie, the Swedish to obtain the necessary information, upon which they will and evening. Rail motors will run every hour between power station sends 500 horse-power to Denmark, but the report to a later meeting. Precautions have been taken so far as possible to prevent In a recent issue of the Electric Journal there appears a description of a two-speed alternating current elevator motor. The distinctive feature of the motor is the use At the Institution of Railway Signal Engineers, on the New York has one of the best natural harbours in the of two windings on both the stator and rotor: These 7th of November, a paper on The Economical Signalling world, but because of lack of co-ordination of terminal windings on a 60-cycle circuit give speeds of 250 and of a Colonial Railway,” by Mr. A. C. Rose, of the Ceylon facilities an enormous amount of unnecessary work is 840 revolutions per minute, respectively. On starting. Government Railways, was read. Typical examples of done in handling its immense quantities of freight, the lower speed winding is connected to the circuit. signalling stations shown and described. One says International Marine Engineering. Although New and when the motor attains its maximum speed which station, having a heavy mixed traffic, has two signal boxes. York has more water front than Hamburg, London, and corresponds to a car speed of 120ft. per minute, the each containing a locking frame of 66 levers. Such stations Liverpool combined, nevertheless Hamburg handles connections are automatically changed to the higher have a central control in the stationmaster's office, whence almost equal tonnage with only 24 miles of water front. speed winding, with a resistance in the rotor cirenit the signal-boxes are controlled electrically. The platforin London handles almost equal tonnage with 28 miles | Finally, this resistance is cut out, bringing the car 10 lines are track-circuitest, so as to show to the station of water front, though handicapped by an 18ft. tidal inaster when they are occupied. range, and Liverpool handles almost equal tonnage in its maximum speed of 400ft, per minute. | a small area, although handicapped by a 281t. tidal range. The United States Machine Gun Board will shortly THERE has just been issued Colonel Pringle's report on subinit its preliminary report to the Secretary of War. the collision of September 11th' at Wallneuk Junction on HYDRO-ELECTRIC power plants are in existence in It will deal largely with the question of handling the the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Line. In this case a goods many places in South America. The Rio de Janeiro machine gun problem in the event of an emergency train was travelling along a loop line when the driver saw Tramway, Light, and Power Company has a 50,000 horse says the Army and Nary Journal. The board will i signal in front of him lowered to "clear." He took this power plant fifty miles distant from the city. The submit data as to the machine gun output of the American as his, and overlooked his own signal, which was against Companhia Brazileirade de Energica Electrica, in Rio, manufacturers, and what should be done to provide him. The engine, followed by seven wagons, left the rails has rights to supply power up to 150,000 horse-power. for a war supply. Before the board conducts any esperiat some safety points, and the down main line was The main turbines are on the Piahanha River, while a ments or comparative tests of the different types of gun, obstructed. The signal that was cleared ” applied to power-house on the Itatinga Falls produces 60,000 horse it will confer with the Secretary of War. As all guns this line, and was lowered for a passenger train which ran power. The harnessing of the San Francisco River has of all the types are now in use on the border, with the into the obstruction. There was no serious personal been contemplated, the Paulo Affonso Falls being calcu exception of the Vickers, the board will have an excellent injury, but four of the wagons were wrecked. The report lated to yield 5,000,000 kilowatts. In 1913 the Germans opportunity to witness field tests of the most practical recommends the simplification of the signalling. supplied water-power plant to the value of £68,000 to character. IN new aeroplanes built by the Germans there is a numerous inter-urban systems in such extensive use in The recent adoption of plants proclucing oxygen by tendency to decrease the length of the fuselage, the average the United States- has been equipped with signals. the electrolytic process has resulted in the production length of which is now 26ft., compared with 30ft. before These are so spaced as to provide for a headway of 45 sees. of a comparatively large amount of pure hydrogen as a the war. Ailerons are used on all types and of peculiar westbound and of 30 sees. eastbound; the latter being by product. The uses to which this hydrogen can be design. The inter-plane bracing has been much reduced yradually lengthened out to one of 45 secs. The signals put are consequently of importance. According to in recent models. On most of the machines in use at havo automatic stops consisting of an arm projecting Mr. Walter P. Sehuck, in Metallurgical and Chemical present there are right metallic struts, connected by a horizontally over the track when the signal is at danger, Engineering, for cutting steel plates up to about 5in. simple rectangular system of wiring, in place of the and striking a corresponding arm on the roof of the car. thick acetylene can be used for the pre-heating Hame, complicated cantilever truss for which German construction A train of seven cars, running at 36 miles per hour, can be but heavier sections require the use of hydrogen. Recently used to be noted. The connection from the fuselage pulled up in from 300ft. to 350ft., and so an overlap of a combination cutting torch, that can be used with either to the upper wing is made through a pair of supports 420ft. is given for each signal, i.e., the signal for entering oxy-hydrogen or oxy-acetylene by changing the tips, in the shape of an inverted V. These offer no more a section cannot be lowered unless the rear of the previous has been developed, and while it does good work with resistance ihan the old system of four short vertical train has travelled 420ft. beyond the next signal. acetylene, the trials showed the use of hydrogen to be struts, and are much stronger. The wings are DURING the ten months ended October 31st the value much more economical. covered with a yellowish cloth, and doped with a trans. of the locomotives exported from this country š! Were it not thet so many of the motor car manufac parent varnish of a bluish tint, which makes the wing £1,023,865, as against £2,228,022 for the first ten months turers in this country are busily engaged on war work. Hitficult to pick out against a blue sky. of 1915, and £3,298,042 for the first ten months of 1914; there would probably be considerable developments SEVERAL times recently, the Birmingham Corporation of rails, £480,613, as compared with £1,615,844 in 1915, to record in connection with the use of coal gas as a sub-tramway service has been suspended owing to shortage and £2,682,500 in 1914 ; of carriages, £339,551, as against stitute for petrol. In spite of pressure of urgent work in power supply. The Electricity Committee has £454,571 in 1915, and £802,073 in 1914 ; of wagons and the firm of Dennis Brothers, Limited, Guildford, has specially considered the matter ; the question was whether trucks, £568,443, as compared with £861,726 in 1915, and recently carried out some tests, which have been com- it was wise to notify the public that between certain hours 12,637,374 in 1914 ; of wheels and axles, £341,553, as municated to the commercial Motor, and which are 'the cars would be definitely stopped, pending the repair against £371,264 in 1915, and £436,675 in 1914 ; of chairs of special interest. This company made a series of and extension of the plant at the Nechells power station. and metal sleepers, £91,145, as compared with £398,113 in bench tests with W.D. subsidy engines, running them or whether it would be better and more advantageous 1915, and £408,056 in 1914 ; and of miscellaneous per- successively on coal gas and petrol. The following that efforts should be made to the cars as often manent way material, £439,450, as against £568,784 in ' tests are comparable :-(1) Revolutions per minute, 1190 ; as possible. Mr. Chattock, the chief electrical engineer, 1915, and £605,230 in 1914. The total value of permanent horse-power on coal-gas, 43.5, with a consumption of and Mr. Baker, the tramways manager, discussed way material exported was £1,072,825, as compared with 1200 cubic feet of gas per hour ; hurse-power on petrol, the matter, and the conclusion arrived at was that it 12,692,249 in 1915, and £3,804,314 in 1914. There were - 49.5 (at same revolutions per minute); consumption of would be better not to issue any definite notice. Another 43,387 tons of rails exported as against 219,592 tons in 'coal-gas per horse-power hour, 27.6 cubic feet ; ratio matter which occupied the attention of the Committee 1915, and 402,944 tons in 1914, and 9932 tons of chairs of power on coal-gas to power on petrol, 87.9 per cent. was the general question of the supply of current throughand sleepers, as compared with 53,162 tons in 1915, and (2) Revolutions per minute, 1160; horse-power on coal.gas, out the city. The output of the departinent has increased 67,252 tons in 1914. Out of the £1,023,865 worth of 40.5, with a consumption of 1011 cubic feet of gas per from 80 million units to 150 millions during the last two locomotives exported, £326,810 went to “ other countries hour; horse-power on petrol, 48 (at same revolutions Vears, and efforts have been made to increase the engine in Europe than Spain," £202,973 to India, £174,962 to the per minute); consumption of coal.gas per horse-power power. The provision of new generating plant by the middle Argentine, and £129,841 to Australia. Of the rails, hour, 25.0 cubic feet; ratio of power on coal-gas to power of December will, it is hoped, put an end to the present $157,456 worth out of the total of £480,613 went to India. on petrol, 84,4 per cent. Page 15
Perth, &c. MELVILLE AND MULLEX, Melbourne.
street, New York ; SubscRIPTION News Co., Chicago.
ably have been feared, are still formidable, Agents Abroad for the Sale of The Engineer. TO CORRESPONDENTS. amounting, according to Mr. Runciman, to 21 million BUENOS AIRES.-MITCHELL'S Book STORE, 576, Cangallo. In order to avoid trouble and confusion, we find it necessary to inform gross tons. Against these unpalatable facts must CHINA.-KELLY AND WALSH, LIMITED, Shanghai and Hong-Kong. correspondents that letters of inquiry addressed to the public and intended be set the extraordinary increase of efficiency which TIENTBIN Press, Limited, Tientsin, North China. for insertion in this column, must in all cases be accompanied by a EGYPT.-T. DEIMER, Finck and BEYLANDER, Shepbeard's buildings, Cutro. large envelope, legibly directed by the writer to himself, and stamped, in has been attained in our shipbuilding yards; one may FRANCE.-BOYVEAU AND CHEVILLET, Rue de la Banque, Paris, order that ansie78 received by 18 may be forwarded to their destination CHAPELOT & Cie., Rue Dauphine, 30, París. INDIA.-A. J. COMBRIDOX AND Co., Bombay; TRAOKER AND Co., LOITID, Bombay. No notice can be taken of communications which do not comply wit} not discuss the amount and variety of work which TBACKER, SPINK AND Co., Calcutta. these instructions. has been successfully turned out for naval purposes ITALY.-LOKSCHER AND Co., 307, Corso, Rome; FRATELLI TRIAS, Corso Umberto, or , FRATELLI Booca, Rome; ULRICO HOEPLI, Milan; Libreria, DETKEN AND ROCHOLL, Naples. JAPAN-KELLY AND WALSH, LIMITED, Yokohama. not necessarily for publication, but as a prooj of good faith. No notice very great, and much of it has been accomplished by questions should be accompanied by the name and address of the writer during the war, but it is sufficient to say that it is MARUZEN Co., Tokyo and Yokohama. whatever can be taken of anonymous communications. RUBLA.-0. RICKER, 4, Nevsky Prospect, Petrograd. workmen and officials previously unaccustomed to AFRICA.-Ww. DAWSON AND SONS, LIMITED, 7, Sea-street (Box 488), Capetown. We cannot undertake to return drawings or manuscripts, we must naval construction. The result can be nothing but BIOKEN's News AGENCY, 52, Pritchard-streot, Jobannesburg; HANDEL beneficial to output later on, if the relaxing of certain House, LIMITED, Eloff-street, Johannesburg. AUSTRALIA.-GORDON AND Gorch, LIMITED, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, necessary restraints at present in operation do not Τ bring about labour conditions tending to dislocate ATKINSON AND CO., Gresham-street, Adelalde. QANADA.-Dawson, W., AND Sons, LIMITED, Manning-chambers, Toronto. organisation, and to neutralise the improvements CORDON AND Gorch, LIMITED, 132, Bay-street, Toronto. effected ; if it be found possible at an early date to MONTREAL NEWS Co., 386 and 388, St. James-street, Montreal. TORONTO News Co., 42, Yonge-street, Toronto. SELLE LIMITED, 302, Shaughnossy-building, McGill-street, Montreal. stop, or largely to curtail, the building of warships, CEYLON.WIATARTNA AND Co., Colombo. NOVEMBER 17, 1916. and to utilise our yards with undiminished efficiency NEW ZEALAND.-GORDON AND GOTCH, LIMITED, Wellington and Christchurch; to turn out merchant ships, we shall rapidly recover UPTON AND CO., Auckland; J. WILSON CRAIG AND Co., Napier. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.-KELLY AND WALSH, LIMITED, Singapore. the priority of position in maritime commerce which UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.-INTERNATIONAL NEW Co., 83 and 85, Duane British Mercantile Shipbuilding. is absolutely necessary for a country situated as is ADVERTISEMENT REPRÉSENTATIVES FOR THE UNITED STATES, J. Roland Kar Co., Advertising Building, 123, West Madison-street, The Annual Report of Lloyd's Registry of Shipping ours; but it is essential to remenber that unless that is nothing more than the record of business done by be done in time the condition of things may become a purely commercial undertaking, and the Society serious. Nothing, then, but the greatest satisfaction SUBSCRIPTIONS. has no monopoly of classification business, but it is can be felt in the announcement made by Mr. Runci. THE ENGINEER can be had, by order, from any newsagent in town or country, ; , if preferred, be a British institution, and the most representative of man in the House of Commons on Wednesday, that supplied direct from the office on the following terms paid in its class; for this reason, if for no other, Lloyd's efforts were to be made to increase the output of advance) Half-yearly (including double number) £0 189. Od. Annual Report is generally accepted as providing a commercial ships. Our normal yearly output is Yearly (including two double numbers) fair index of the condition of British shipbuilding. about two million gross tons; for the quarter ending If credit occur, an of two shillings and sixpence annum Som cereale Berra Casera charge size is still in ga ne shum poate free 21.102. It is a little astonishing, therefore, in light of common June, 1915, only 80,000 tons were completed, but will be made.knowledge regarding merchant work in our own improvement has already been made, and it is Foreign Subscriptions will, until further notice, be received at the rates given below. Foreign Subscribers paying in advance at these rates shipyards during the last year, to read that 620 vessels probable that the output for the last six months Still further to mory Tere To per kete på probleme. The besedPN ons and of 2,282,709 tons, a larger amount than has ever been will reach half a million tons. by Post-office Order must be made payable to THE ENGINEER accompanied by letter of advice to the Publisher. recorded in the Society's annals, are now under increase the rate of building, arrangements are TAIN PAPER COPIES. THICK PAPER COPIES, Half-yearly.. Half-yearly.. construction--not all, of course, in this country. being made to run groups of shipyards as one conceĩn, Yearly.. Yearly.. Moreover, if a comparison be made with the last so that labour may be economised by concentrating (The difference to cover extra postage.) Canadian Subscriptions : quarterly report issued by this body, we find that at it on those vessels most near completion. More men Thin paper edition £1 11s. Bd. per annum, Thick £1 108. Od. the end of September there was nearly a quarter of a for the shipyards are to be called back from the million tons more new construction than at three Colours, and, what is at least as important, some ADVERTISEMENTS. months earlier date, which is direct evidence of an hundreds of skilled steel workers were being returned The charge for Situations Open and Wanted Advertisements of four lines and under is three shillings, for every two lines afterwards increase in building. Judging from these facts alone, to the furnaces and rolling mills. Mr. Runciman one shilling and sixpence; odd lines are charged one shilling. When one might easily deduce that shipbuilding as a whole hoped that by the beginning of next year the steel an advertisement measures an inch or more the charge is ten shillings per inch. The rates for all other classes of Advertisements, other than was in a most flourishing condition, and that the shortage would have entirely disappeared. those mentioned above, are included in " THE ENGINEER Directory," which is sent post free on application. All single advertisements United Kingdom enjoyed an unusual prosperity, but We rejoice that the Government has recognised from the country must be accompanied by a remittance in payment. we know that such a deduction would be inaccurate that it is absolutely necessary to increase the output Serial Advertisers can alter the text and illustrations as desired, subject to the approval of the Proprietors of The ENGINEER. Alter in the last degree ; there has certainly been a slight of mercantile shipping, and that it has, at length, nate Advertisements will be inserted with all practical regularity: increase in production, but it is far below the ordinary decided to put a check upon the recruiting of men but regularity cannot weekly advertisements are taken subject to this condition. peace time average. who are of more value in this country than in the Advertisements cannot be inserted unless delivered before What, then, is the real explanation of the figures ? firing line. By adding to our commercial navy we Five o'clock on Thursday evening, and in consequence of There are two main factors which bear on the shall make it clear to the enemy that not even if he the necessity for going to press early with a portion of the statistics; one is the large amount of tonnage double his submarine policy could he hope materially edition, ALTERATIONS to standing advertisements should establishments to weaken our sea-commerce. Moreover, the future arrive not later than Ten o'clock on Monday morning in lying in controlled shipbuilding each week. in a state of arrested development, because of must continuously claim our anxious attention. It is Letters relating to Adrertisements and the Publishing Department of the the necessity to concentrate all shipbuilding energies one of the fortunate advantages which shipbuilding Paper are to be addressed to the Publisher, Mr. Sydney White , all on the output of warships and other vessels required has over other forms of munition production that those who have been busily employed on war work can be Postal Address, 88, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. has taken place in American shipbuilding since war used just as effectively on peace production ; perhaps in no other branch of war activity will the resumption Telegraphie Address, “ENGINEER NEWSPAPER, LONDON.” broke out, and this latter factor vitiates the ordinary Telephone-No. 18862 Contral. deductions made from Lloyd's returns, because, until be so easy, and it would be extremely unwise if the quite recently, American shipyards furnished so little utmost advantage were not taken of this facility. PUBLISHER'S NOTICES. tonnage to the Report that the effect on the general There may be great difficulties in absorbing all the hearing of the question was negligible. It is clear labour which has been devoted to the manufacture of With this week's number is issued a Two-page Supplement that both of these factors have an unusual value this guns and shells, when the need for armaments is of a Four-cylinder Double-acting Gas Engine. Every copy as Subscribers are requested to notify the fact should they not of false security by the fact that the amount of issued by the Publisher includes a copy of this Supplement, and year; we must not therefore be lulled into any feeling suddenly relieved, but there should be no trouble in shipbuilding if masters and men are agreed upon the receive it. tonnage now under classification at Lloyd's is a record necessity for united effort in face of what will perhaps one; ships which have been long on the stocks, or in be a struggle to regain our wonted pride of place on If any Subscriber abroad should receive THE ENGINEER in an the water in a state of partial completion, bring a the sea. The Human Element In Factories. WELFARE work in factories was the subject of an of tonnage which, in ordinary times, is accurately so interesting paper and discussion at the Circle of termed. All of these ships would, in normal condi- Scientific, Technical and Trade Journalists, on CONTENTS. tions, have passed long ago into the category of Tuesday. We give on another page a brief summary THE ENGINEER, November 17th, 1916. completed work; they are now arrears of work, and, of the paper presented by Mr. B. S. Rowntree, THE CHANNEL PROJECTS. No. III. from this point of view, should be left out of the Director of the Welfare Department of the Ministry (Illustrated) THE LOSSES OF GERMAN LIGAT CRUISERS. (Illustrated.) 432 reckoning of new construction. The other factor of Munitions, but it conveys little of the human LOCOMOTIVE PERFORMANCE ON which has now become of importance is a considerable touch imparted into the subject by Mr. Rowntree. WESTERN RAILWAY THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.-PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS one ; no less than one and a quarter million tons of Whilst not unknown as a factor in some forms of AMERICAN PETROL EXCAVATORS AND TRACTORS. (Illustrated.)FOUR-CYLINDER DOUBLE-ACTING GAS ENGINE. (Illustrated.) 437 new shipping is under construction in United States industry before the war, welfare work as applied to LLOYD'S REGISTER OF SHIPPING OBITUARY-shipyards; much of it is for Norwegian owners and engineering is practically a product of the war, and H, M. Waynforth 438 other neutrals, a large proportion of it is classified Mr. Rowntree's thoughtful discourse, with its many apt RAILWAY MATTERS NOTES AND MEMORANDA 439 with Lloyd's, and so comes into the total given ; comments, indicated that there exists at the present MISCELLANEA LEADING ARTICLES- 439 obviously little of it can be claimed as adding any time much misapprehension on the subject, both on British Mercantile Shipbuilding 441 thing to the sum of British owned tonnage ; on the the part of employers and employed. “Don't waste The Human Element in Factories 850 B.A.P. DIESEL OIL ENGINE 442 contrary, there is the serious probability that much human effort " is the keynote of welfare work, and the RANDOM REFLECTIONS THE WARMINSTER COLLISION 443 of it will compete very actively for trade that has avowed object of the meeting was to create, through TAE HUMAN ELEMENT IN FACTORIES 443 hitherto been in British hands. It is true that a the Press, à public opinion in favour of an extensive GRINDING AND POLISHING OPTICAL SURFACES BOOKS RECEIVED 443 great deal of such neutral shipping will subserve our development of welfare work throughout the country. TRIALS ON A DIESEL ENGINE. (Illustrated.) interests by carrying cargoes for us--at a price-- The Welfare Department of the Ministry of Munitions FORTHCOMING ENGAGEMENTS :: :: 441 during the war, but it would be wise to deduct the and the Home office, which are working in close PROVINCIAL LETTERS-The Midlands and Staffordshire 447 amount twice over rather than only once, in arriving co-operation, can only deal with the problem, so to Lancashire 418 at an estimate of the real position of our shipping speak, in the aggregate, and it is felt that only by North of England Sheffield 449) at the present time. What the actual amounts the education of the public generally to the necessity Scotland Wales and Adjoining Counties these two deductions would sum we for, and advantages of, welfare work, can the CATALOGUES, do not know, but it is clear that in spite of hindrances which are at present in the way and BRITISH PATENT SPECIFICATIONS. (Illustrated.) THE ACQUISITION OF PATENT RIGHTS 432 Lloyd's record year our mercantile output is far which emanate from both sides be overcome. FIRST LONDOx ENGINEER VOLUNTEERS below that of normal times, while our losses from The one idea which it is necessary to avoid is that TWO-PAGE SUPPLEMENT --FOUR-CYLINDER DOUBLE-ACTING GAS war causes, though not so heavy as might reason- ' welfare work is in any shape or form charity or Page 16
TIBLE IV. -Heat Flow during Compression. THE MIDLANDS AND STAFFORDSHIRE. (From our own Correspondent.) 1 Derivation. Full-load Three-quarters Half-load trial, load trial. trial. Net Prices in the Iron Trade. Description. THE resolution of the Midland conference, in Period EA JK KF PQ QL favour of net prices for bar iron, and some descriptions Internal energy at start Energy-diagram 0.70 1.63 0.70 1.68 of manufactured material, is now being generally acted 0.70 1.64 Internal energy at finish Energy -diagram 1.63 1.64 1.68 1.625 1.64 1.69 upon. Makers quote late prices without discount, which 3. (hange in internal energy (2) - (1) 0.93 0.01 0.035 0.94 0.0.3 Work done by piston Indicator-diagram ineans an advance of 78. 6d. to 10s. per ton for bar iron 0.87 0.66 0.67 0.72 outside the scope of the Ministry of Munitions' regulations. Loss to jackets 4) - (3) 0.63 Total loss of internal energy 0.72 0.67 As things are now, buyers are in the hands of makers, (6) - (6) 0.59 0.64 0.56 who have more than enough outlets for all the iron the mills can supply. Consumers, therefore, have no alternative TABLE V'. Volumetric Efficiency and Charge Quantities. but to agree to the makers' new regulations; but they predict that, with a return of pre-war conditions, the assent given by the late conference to the national abolition Description.--Units. Half load. Three-quarters load. Full load. of discounts will be found to give way. Buyers upon Meter reading corrected to 80 deg. Fah. and 760 mm., cubic feet per hour 'Change in Biriningham to-day-Thursday--argued that 1490 1470 Volume of charge per cycle, cubic feet .. 0.1818 attempts at net sales previously have failed under the 0.1805 0.1802 Weight of air charge per hour, pounds per hour 112.27 113.72 115.42 stress of competition, and that the real test of the new Weight of air charge per cycle, pounds per hour.. 0.01383 0.01378 Volumetric efficiency on total volume of cylinder, per cent. 0.01376 resolutions will come when normal conditions are resumed. 81.2 83.7 83.6 Volumetric efficiency on inlet valve closing, per cent. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that in spite có 87.1 86.55 86.4 Temperature at end of suction (on piston sweep), dey. Cent. absolute 324 323 some failures in the past, the advocates of net prices have Injection air per hour, pounds per hour 6.86 6.3 3.13 made real progress in some branches of the manufactured Injection of air per cycle, pounds 0.000823 0.000788 0.000629 Oil, pounds per hour iron and steel trades, and they hope that with the formal 2.686 011, weight per cycle, pounds :: 0.00025124 0.0003:33 0.0004153 step now taken by the Birmingham Conference, net prices Hydrogen, Weight per cycle, pounds 0.00003768 0.00004882 0.00006232 will finally supersede the 23 per cent. discount system Carbon, weight per cycle, pounds 0.0002133 0.0002766 0.0003531 Equivalent charge weights :- before disintegrating influences have opportunity to gather Air charge per cycle, pounds 0.013476 0.013378 0.013338 force. Owing to demand being so much greater than Injection air per cycle, pounds 0.000763 0.0006106 supply, rolled iron and steel in the Midlands have been Carbon per cycle, pounds 0.000498 0.000645 0.000824 Hydrogen per cycle, pounds sold at net prices to a very large extent for some time past, 0.0003276 0.0006833 0.0008723 Total charge weight per cycle, pounds (.013303 0.015472 0.015665 and it may be taken that they will now be so quoted as long as the present trade conditions prevail. It is clear Total volume of cylinder 0.2158 cubic fect. that the attempt of the manufactured ironinasters of the Total volume of cylinder when inlet valve closes": 0.2083 whole kingdom-for such the Birmingham Conference Volume of clearance 0.0119 Volume of piston sweep : represented-to recast business conditions on the net sales 0.2039 model laid down by the Ministry of Munitions for officially controlled trade is not welcome to consumers and merchants, though their powers of resistance in existing uniform, and that the external diameter at the breech ond was alarmmg to all consuming interests, and inevitable shortage circumstances are very slight. It is not quite clear what greater than that of the muzzle, so that they must have been But appears to be in siglit. Steel products must still further advance, the scope of the league entered into by inakers is. very troublesome to connect. Whitehouse's patent undoubtedly because coke is on a rapid upward grade. Ore will be a dollar it is understood that it does not comprehend all categories did much to extend the use of gas for lighting purposes. The higher, and lake freights will be decidedly higher. During of iron and steel manufacture. same reniark applies to the method of squirting lend-pipe, the past week the Buffalo pig jron centre booked orders for of Staffordshire marked bars is especially doubtful, for The position of maker's patented in 1820 by Thomas Burr, of Shrewsbury. I may over 100,000 tons of pig iron. The outlook is for a general it is complicated by the exception from net prices made remark, in passing, that Burr's invention was not quite new, as advance, and at prices which anyone can guess as well as huis method was described by Joseph Brumal in a patent which he : another. Copper is very strong, without much definite informa in their favour by the Ministry of Munitions in fixing obtained in 1797. As late is 1819 gas was looked upon with tion. For delivery early next year 28 cents is quoted and maximum prices. So far it is understood that the Marked great suspicion, and Mr. J. W. Phipson, of Birmingham, took paid. The statement is inade, apparently on good authority, Bar Association prefers to adhere to the present practice out a patent for safety gas-piping, consisting of an inner tube that Russia and Italy are negotiating for 100,000,000 lb., but of allowing 2 per cent. discount. Meanwhile meetings of lead, over which a casing of brass was drawn. Mr. Jones this statement is given on current reports, which as yet have peaks of the disregard shown by the various competing gas not been contradicted. of the South Staffordshire Ironmasters' Association are companies to the rights of local authorities in regard to the being held to deal with various matters arising out of the opening of roads. But if he will look at the early Gas Acts, national conference, chiefly details of internal organisation. [think he will find that the powers of the companies in that It appears to be pretty certain that, having regard to behalf were very extensive. R. B. PROSSER. London, N.W., November 13th. FORTHCOMING ENGAGEMENTS. the prospect of intense international competition after the war, the consolidation movement which has been begun in connection with the British manufactured iron FOREIGN COMPETITION AFTER THE WAR. TO-DAY. trade will be carried further. One very useful outcome THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.--The Institu of the conference is the application of a uniform scale. SIR, --Probably most of your readers will bear me out when I tion of Civil Engineers, Great George-street, Westminster. of extras to the bar iron trade throughout Britain. A state that the Ministry of Munitions is not going the right way Report on the Hardness Tests Research Committee. 6 p.m. new standard list has been issued, and business is now to enable English firms to meet foreign competition when the being regulated by it. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 18TH. THE ASSOCIATION OF MINING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS. Finished Iron Prices and Sales. system University College, Nottingham. "Some Electrical Troubles proves this up to the hilt. Staffordshire marked bars are selling at the The following is, and has been the and their Remedies," by Thomas Anderson. cycle of events :- maxinum of £15 10s., less 2 per cent., with £16 2s. 6d. The Engineer says : “I will do munition work ; give me a MONDAY, NOVEMBER 20TH. for Lord Ward's iron, and £16 10s. for John Bradley and contract. Co.'s brand. Business in unmarked bars outside control THE ELECTRO-HARMONIC SOCIETY.-Holborn Restaurant Concert (Ladies' Night). 6.15 p.m. rulos at £13 15s. net f.o.t, at makers' works, or £14 10s. to £14 15s. delivered, while nut and bolt qualities remain Engineer : “Give me a permit, I'll buy the tools.” at £14 58. and £14 10s. delivered in the district. Ministry : TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 21ST. The great bulk of current business is with controlled firms, and the Then let me do my own work, so as to keep the INSTITUTION OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGISTS.--The House of new advance of 78. 6d. to 10s per ton in actual values, " The Ministry : “We can't do that. All your energy must be Pyrogenesis of Hydrocarbons,” by E. L. Lomax, M.Sc., F.C.S., brought about by the substitution of net prices for the -pent on producing munitions.” 1. E. Dunstan, D.Sc., F.C.S., and F. B. Thole, D.Sc., F.C.S. previous 2ļ per cent. discount, does not therefore apply I have, both before the war and since its commencement, been Pim. to the majority of sales recorded on the market. For in close touch with many of the engineering firms in and around THE INSTITUTION Civil ENGINEERS.- -Great George ordinary civil business, buyers this week hesitute to Loudon, and have found that the practice of withholding permits, street, Westminster, S.W. “Keadby Bridge,” by James concede the advance, but sellers are in an unassailable and placing obstacles in the way of manufacturers is indulged Benjamin Ball, M. Inst. C.E. position. Hoops--steel and iron--continue at £17 105. as if it were the only means by which the said department is able to justify-or attempt to justify---its existence. to £18 10s., tube strip £15, black sheets £19 for 24 w.g. WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 22ND. materials, and galvanised sheets £28 10s. to £29 f.o.b. for the most experienced business men to contend with, but to ROYAL SOCIETY OF Arts. -John-street, Adelphi, W.C. Paper at out ports. Black painted sheets at £20. Pig Iron. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 23RD. In the pig iron trade there is still more forge known evil is that of taking skilled workmen, whose value as THE iron coming forward than the market can absorb, and such is at the least ten times more than they can ever be in the Embankment, 11.('. ranks. The Parallel Operation of Electric business is done at from Is. 6d. to 35. per ton inside the Power Stations,” by Mr. J. T. Peck, member. Government maximum figures. In respect of foundry I could give hundreds of instances to justify the foregoing remarks, but if you favour me by inserting this letter you will THE CONCRETE INSTITUTE. -Denison House, Vauxhall iron, however, many smelters find their output well taken get convincing evidence first hand. Bridge-road, Westminster, S.W. Presidential address by Mr. up, and the only qualities quoted below the maximum THREAD MILLER, F. E. Wentworth-Sheilds, M. Inst. C.E. 5.30 p.m. are common grades, which are being shaded Is. to s. November, 11th, 1916. Official authorised prices keep at: Stafford FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 24TH. shire common forge 90s,, part-mine forge 958., and foundry PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF London.-- Imperial College of Science, 9īs. hd.; Northampton No. 4 forge 878. 6d. and Nos. 3 and Imperial Institute-rond, South Kensington, S.W. (1) - On foundry 90s. and 92s. respectively ; Derbyshire No. 4 forge AMERICAN NOTES. the Measurement of the Thomson Effect in Wires,” by H. R. 90s., and No. 3 and No. 2 foundry, the first 925. 6d. and the Netueton, M.Sc. (2) “ On the Thermo-electric Properties of latter 948. 6d. per ton. The recent holding off of pig (F'rom our own Correspondent.) Fused Metals," by C. R. Darling, A.R.C.S., F.I.C., and A. W. iron bars in respect of Midland brands is attributable Grace. in part to resentment of a new condition which has been NEW YORK, November 1st. The North-EAST COAST INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS AND imposed by smelters, As I hinted last week, an agreeAMERICAN railroads are beginning to crowd in orders for SHIPBUILDERS.--In the Lecture Theatre of the Literary and ment has lately been concluded by all the Derbyshire and 1918 deliveries, and considerably over 100,000 tons have alread: Philosophical Society, Newcastle-on-Tyne. The resumed dis Northampton makers, with the exception of one North been ordered. Small roads that want rails for next year cussion on the paper, Works Organisation," hy Mr. A. D. C. amptonshire firin, to transfer from the maker to the con. deliveries are unable to place their ore orders. In addition to Parsons, B.A. (Member), Mr. Edwin J. Orde (Vice president), sumer, the many vexations which arise in these abnormal domestic orders, some urgent inquiries are in hand for rails and Mr. G. H. Tweddell (Member). 7.30 p.m. freight times, in connection with railway carriage. Instead for export: The next important foature is the greut urgency of sellers quoting a rate including delivery, it has now been by railroads for rolling stock. During September orders were MONDAY, NOVEMBER 27TH. booked for 20.000 cars, and there are negotiatious pending for deterinined to quote a price at smelters' own station. ROYAL SOCIETY OF Arts. ---John-street, Adelplu, London, Customers are strongly averse to taking over these added W.C. Howard Lectures :- Coal and Economic Utilisation, complications, but in face of the insistence of smelters, they have no alternative. MONDAY, DECEMBER 4TH, Steel and Steel Scrap. The Munitions Ministry has just issued some its heavy orders for freight cars and locomotives, so frequently tion.” No. II. By Professor John S. S. Brame. new maximum prices affecting steel scrap. For heavy heretofore mentioned. It is reported on good authority material the limit remains at £5 108., but an extra that that Government wantsas many as 38,000 cars, but these ās. may be charged if it is broken up for use in the figures are not susceptible of verification. The general advance in prices is a surprise, but the demand is not thereby affected. ROYAL SOCIETY OF Arts.-John-street, Adelphi, London, crucible furnace. A new maximum is fixed for special The orders placed for cars are sending urgent inquiries to mills W.C. Howard Lectures :-“Coal and its Economic ['tilisa: short, heavy turnings of 758. per ton, but other turnings for the necessary material. The advance in pig iron is rather tion." No. III. By Professor John S. S. Brame. Page 17
For 'or , obale, Approximately 3000 Gyratory Crusher.... Immediate An Engineering Company in For Sale, Blowers-7in., 5in., and Lathes, 6in. and 9£in. New , — Norfolk street, Strand, we Estimates Required, Fertiliser For Sale, at Liverpool LOCOMOTIVES FOR SALE. For Sale, Theodolites, ,
. bearingsfast , high- Delivery one Two pulleys; for immediate DISPOSAL.-H. J.H. KING and CO., 10in Ltd., Engineers, Nailsworth, Glo. 7130 LATIES, by the Duff Manufacturing Coinpany. Seen be Manufacturing Plant for Colonial market, consisting of appointment.' SECOND-HAND 4in, 54in., bin., and llin bone crushing mill. 3 tons daily; blood driers, degreasing : SCREW-CUTTING LATHES. Henvy Universal MILLER, boiler, bone digester, mixer, 10 tons daily:-Write, MACHT 28 n. by fin. HOLROYD PROFILER, 6in. PLAIN LATIES NERY EXPORTERS, care of Frost, Smith and Co., 66, Fins One LINDE COMPRESSOR complete, 20 tons ice- BENCHand PILLAR DRILLS.HACK SAWING MACHINES. bury-pavement, London, E.C. 4in. to 12in. GEARED inaking capacity -DOWNING, 12, Longbridge-road, Birmingham. One 50 H.P. National GAS ENGINE. AIR and CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS and CONDENSERS. SCROLL CHUCKS. All in good condition. DRAWING INSTRUMENTS, SECOND-HAND. Address, 438, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.c. 12ir. Six-coupled LOCO., Manning-Wardle, copper bos, brass CLARKSON'S 338, High Holborn, W.C. Address, 492, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk- tubes, 140 lb. w.ps; good engine. £900. (opposite Gray's Inn-road). street, Strand, W.C. 12in. Six-coupled Loc., Manning-Wardle, copper box, Sale, Levels, DRAWING INSTRUMENTS, SECOND-HAND. CLARKSON'S, 338, High Holborn, W.C. Sin. Four-coupled LOCO., steel box, 120 lb. w.p. £350 (opposite Gray's Inn-road). 8in. Four-coupled LOCO., Manning-Wardle, copper box, Testing Tensile Strength of Metals. Size up to 10 tons. by 4ft. 3-loth plate, now used as feed tank. A reasonable offer 120 lb. w.p. £385. -Write, stating price and particulars, to P87, Engineer Office, will be accepted for quick sale. Can be seen at any time. All the above Locoe. 4ft. &fin. gauge. PATTERNS. 33, Norfolk-s'reet, Strand. W.C. P87 Apply, DIXONA, Ltd., Malpas-road, Truro. 3it. gauge LOCO., Bagnal], 6in, cylinders, 150 lb. w.p. £360. 3ft. gnuge LOCO., six-coupled, 10in. cylinders, copper box, lb. 2575. GEO. WAILES and CO., Two art. 6in. gauge LOCOS., copper boxes, fin. cylinders. Months, STEAM BOILER and WINCH, to Lift 25 ENGINE, 20in. cyl. by 30in, stroke, fly-wheel 16ft. dia. £375 each of 386, EUSTON ROAD, N.W., Tons with 3 and 2 Sheare Blocks.- Apply, giving full particu in halves, expansion slines and gorernors, massive cast iron Two 2ft. gauge LOCOS., Bagnall, 140 lb, w.p. £375 each. are prepared to MAKE ALL CLASSES of PATTERNS lars and where may be inspected and tested, to EDWARD bed ; approximate weight 20 tons. Low price. - WILLIAMS All the above Locos. in good order; the bulk of them plain or cored work, to drawings or sketches. WOOD and C ),Ltd., Ocean Iron Works. Manchester. P71 F and SON, South Bermondsey Rly. Station, London, S. E. 459 have been rebuilt at our own works. Work can be carried out under customers' personal supe JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. vision. Inquiries solicited, MORTISE GEAR WHEELS, all sizes. Spl 30 months, SIX., 10din. x 17in. cylinders, with 70 K.W. single phase, so 14. --Address, 462, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, Sin WC 462 cycles, 2200 volts, alternator.-THOMAS JOHNSON, Prescott- street, Wigan. 714 6 One 30ft. by 9ft. Jin. by 160 w.p. or $ECOND-HAND SWAGING MACHINE, to take Sale or Hire, Electric One 30ft. by 8ft, bin. by 180 w.p steel rods up to fin. or in.-Full particulars to EDISON Ministry of Munitions, Machine Tool One 30ft. by eft. bin. by 150 w p. urtment. MOTORS, from 6 to 300 D.P., PORTABLE STEAM SWAN ELECTRIC CO., Lu., Engineering Stores, Ponders Four 30ft. by 8ft. 3in. by 100 w.j. End ENGINES, from 8 to 40 N. H.P.; STEAM BOILERS, CRANES, 447 F Two 30ft. by 7ft. 6in. by 100 w.ji. Seventy other sizes and pressures. Also with JOHN THOMPSON MACHINES, or equal, to drill up, to zin., SECOND Bfin. x 8ft, gap bed S.p.s. and Scr. LATHES. HAND, in good condition. -Siate price and fullest particulars or Sale, Riveting Plant Com- oft bed is week now WOLVERHAMPTON, K373 to JAMES W. CARR and Co., Ltd., 35, Queen Victoria-strett, 94in. x 8ft. Straight bed S.S.S. and Ser. LATHES. Three London, E.C. PLETE, with spare hammer for base plates, 18 Pdr. H.E. weeks; new Shell (by Reavell, Ipswich), equal to new. Price £65. Imme- 94in. x 8ft. gap bed S.S.S. and Scr. LATHES, with cabinet feet . Also RIVEPING One week; new. 500 K.W. Mixed MACHINE "For base plate of 18 Par. H.E. Shel (by Flower 10 in. x loft. gap bed S.S.S. and Scr. LATHES. Four we.ks; PRESSURE TURBINE, complete with Generatör, and Co.) £40.-CRITTALL, Braintree P65 G three-phase, 500 volts, 50 periods. - Address, 485, Engineer Ono 12fin. x 12ft. gap bed S.S.S. and Ser. LATHES. One Office, 33, Sorfolk-treet, Strand, W.C. , Crushers, week now ; One byin. X 6ft. gap bed S.S.S. and Scr. LATHE. Stock; almost new; also one 12in. by 7in., by Goodwin, Barsby and One 10in. by llin. SLIDING and SURFACING LATHE, REQUIRED. Sufficient for about 8 miles, complete Co.-A. UNDERWOOD 3, Queen street, E.C. 496 G 9ft, and ift. straight bed. Stock ; new. with rails, sleepers, chairs. State price, condition, and where One ofio. X 161t, gap bed S.S.S. and Scr, LATHE, with seen.-Address, 392, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand. WC 392 One 12 in, x 12ft. straight bed SLIDING and SURFACING 495 G One SAW SHARPENER, for saws up to 20in. diam. New Ingersoll-Rand Imperial type XB2 Belt-driven Stock ; new. DUPLEX AIR COMPRESSOR, latest improved design, For Sale, 10-Ton Steam Derrick One American FILE SHARPENER. Stock ; new. hwing cross-compound two-stage air cylinders, water-jacketed, Four 6in. SLOTTERS with circular table. One week; new. titted with Imperial Corliss inlet valves and direct-liit dis CRANE, by Morgan, on 3 bogies, 4it. 84in. gauge. 60ft. 9in. Stroke SLOTTERS. Five weeks; new. charge valves. L.P. air cylinder 14in. dia. x 12in. stroke, H.P. steel lattice jib-A, UNDERWOOD, 3, Queen-street, E.C. Two Jones and Shipman Three-spindle DRILLS, with chucks. A large number of heavy up-to-date air cylinder Sin, dia. x 12in. stroke, output 446 cubic feet of 497 G Stock ; new. free air per minute up to 100 lb, pressure. The above plant is 3it.'in RADIAL DRILLS. Gear-box drive. Stock; new. complete with belt, fly-wheel, safety valves, and all accessories American-made Shell Boring Lathes ; Por Sale, 40 H.P. Compound 4it. RADIAL DRILLS. Gear-box drive. Four weeks; new, ready for immediate operation. self-contained STEAM ENGINE, cyls. 12in. and 2lin. by Three bin. X 6in. POWER HACKSAWS. Stock ; new'. most of them new and unused, some For price and further particulars, apply SECRETARY, Aberthaw and Bristol Channel Portland Cement Co., Ld. 24in. stroke, by Davey, Paxman ; excellent condition, with One Sin. Giant KEYSEATER, by Baker Bros. Stock ; second-hand Merthyr House, Cardift. A. UNDERWOOD, 3, Queen-street, E.C. Sixteen CURE CRUSHERS. Stock ; new. few very slightly used (found to have 494 G Bulldog, ir . . VERTICAL BORÍNG MILLS, DUPLEX DRILLS, HIGH. been purchased in excess of needs), are POWER DRILLS, POWER HAMMERS, BACKING-OFF ATTACHMENTS, CHUCKS, &c. &c. 729 G Complete plant for making horse shoes, comprising SOR, capacity 2637 cubic feet free air per minute, air pressure for sale in the United States. 30-50 lb. ; also superior Straight-line Steam-driven small and large Forging Machines, Pfercing Machines, Tools, AIR THE JUDSON-JACKSON COMPANY, LTD., For further particulars, address 100 16. pressure. - Apply to Spl 3066 RIDDEL and Co., 40, St. Enoch-square, Glasgow. 506 O full particulars on application. - Apply by letter, H. S. P., curo of Fielding, 43, Old Queen-street, Westminster, S.W. Telegrams : Ozonistic, London. THE BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, Telephone: Victoria, 5089. 729 G 34, Victoria Street, London, S.W. steaming capacity (maker's specification) 9600 lb. per ew Creosoted Sleepers.-For hour, 150 lb. working pressure, including three cast steel non SALE, 9ft. x 9in. X 44in. SLEEPERS, in small or large FOR SALE return junction valves, oin, ci main range, with connections quantities. State number and place for delivery: - Address, to boilers, Tangye pump (in duplicate), with all connections to 704, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. 704 6 boilers. Whole plant only been at work 18 months, and in VICES SWIVEL MACHINE), 3iu, steel jaw's. perfect working order. To be SOLD en bloc. Inspection and PIPES AND TUBES FOR SALE. further particulars, LLAY MAIN COLLIEKIES, L., VICES, BENCH, All Steel, 4.in. ja ws. Gresford, near Wrexhau. (Steam Titan). By STOTHERT & PITT, Ltd., Bath. 473 Quantity sin. Heavy Flanged PIPES, suitable for rísing Capacity, 40 tons at 50ft, radius and 14 tons at BALL BEARING DRILL CHUCKS, jin, tu lin. £7 55. per ton. Quantity 6in., 7in, and 8in. Loose Flanged STEEL PIPES. 100ft. radius, Gauge, 24ft. Wheel Base, 24ft. . Large quantity Screwed STEEL TUBES for Bore-holes, Erected and in Excellent Condition.-Apply, S. K" GENER 5in , 6in., 7in., and sin diameter, ING SET, Belliss engine compled to two dynamos, each giving TIVIST DRILLS. Large quantity lin., ltin., and 2in. STEEL TUBES. PEARSON & SON, Ltd., of 10, Victoria-street, 200 amperes at 250 to 300 volts, 450 r.p.m. Several Hundred Feet 2}in, Loose Flanged STEEL TUBES. MACHINE TAPS. Westminster S.W. 886 G One 150 H.P. GENERATING SET, comprising Hall's Self Inquiries solicited for descriptions of Pipes and Tubes. 479 lubricating Enclosed Engine, coupled to Dybamo, 500 amperes, LEATHER BELTING (all sizes. 70 volts. JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. H. CLARK & SONS One 10 K.W.E.ECTRIC LIGHTING SET, 220 volts. FOR One 45 K.W ELECTRIC LIGHTING SET, 220 volts. wo 165 B.H.P. Suction Gas One 200 H.P. TRIPLE EXPANSION, Enclosed Typie, Willans ENGINE, with extended sole-plate for curying HENRY J. BREWSTER & CO., ENGINES, together with Producer Plant, supplied by lunanio. Crossley Bros., Ltd, 1910, and worked for a few months onls. RIDDEL and Co. 40.st. Enoch's-square, Glasgow 505 11. Queen Victoria-street, E.C. Eugino numbers 58,674 and 58,575, with variable admission Tel. No. 768 City: governors, compressed air starting apparatus, and the whole CLEAN and SOFT. equal For immediate delivery.-HARRY II. TiaRDAM and Co., Ltd., Staines. Theydon Rd., Southwold Rd., CLAPTON, LONDON, N.E. 300 K.W. Westinghouse ALTERNATOR, coupled to 27 Willans and Robinson Engine, 2400 volts. Good Phone-DALSTON 3258. condition £500 25) K.W.G.E.C. GENERATOR, 500 volts, 120 r.).m., coupled to Tandem Compound Condensing Engine £650 Two 50-75 K.W. GENERATORS, coupled, compound wound, by Armstrong-Whitworth and Co., 230 Engineers, READING. volte, D.C. £350 Combined Automatic High-speed ENGINE and GENE WROUGHT AND CAST IRON RATOR, on one hed plate, by Westinghouse Co., 30 K.W. six-pole Generator, 125 rolts, 350 r. p. 111. £125 FOR YOUR 70 HP. GENERATOR, 350 volts, D.C. £150 We have a large number of vers une SWITCHBOARDS, BOILER INSTRUMENTS and RHEOSTATS, which we can sell at TROUBLES. 1008 Write for Catalogue No. 52, &e. about one quarter new prices. Tels., Machinery, Rearling 'Phone, 86 Reading, JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON, BECAUSE IT IS The best ALL OTHER REMEDIES. FURNACES BORING TOOLS for Contractor's Deep Wells, &e., 2in. to 24in. diam.-R. RICHARDS and Co., Upper Ground- But write for interesting buoklit. street, London SP Teler hone Yo 978 Tor SUPERHEATERS 9848 MELDRUME, Limited, Also at London, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle and Paris. COAL CUTTERS, including Jeffrey Loogwall, Canal Works. Timperley, MANCHESTER. Shortwall, and Heading Machines, also Diamond Machines, with spare parts 350 K.W. ALTERNATOR, three-phase, 50 cycles, 550 volty, by B.T.H. Co., driven by 600 1.H . Cross-con- pound Engines by Barclay, 26 in. 11. P. cyl., 40in. LP, cyl., Our folder dealing with the safe- 4ft, stroke, Aly-wheel 2011. diam, &c. &c. Very fine scť. TWO WESTINGHOUSE MOTOR GENERAT- guarding of Engineering Factories ING SETS, 300 H.P. Motors, 3-phase, 40 cycles, 480-500 from fire will interest you. volts; Generators 200 K.W. D.C., compound wound. Write for a copy to-day. Each set on separate sole-plate. 80 H.P. PHENIX MOTOR, A.C., 625 volts, Pyrene Co. Ld., 21, Gt. Queen St., London. 40 cycles, 3-phase, 290 r.p.m. HORIZONTAL CROSS-COMPOUND CORLISS VALVE ENGINE, 17 H.P. cyl., 33in. L.P. cyls., 42in. stroke. Patent cut-off motion. Makers, Musgraves, Bolton 2-Ton LOCO. STEAM CRANE, by Johnsons, 4ft. 8fin. gauge; boiler insured 80 lb: pressure. Nothing but the very best of materials used in their construction. SADDLÉ TANK LOCO., 12in. eyls., 4 wheels This, combined with highly-skilled workmanship and a life-long coupled, 120 16. steam pressure. 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carrying out the work had not realised that tin, pipes The reference to the lighting arrangements is Then follows a running commentary, part of which would be too small to carry out horing operations at somewhat quaint, in view of the present-day experi- we here translate, on the contents of the book :any great length from the shaft, for experience with ence. “Nowhere,” runs the report from which we the Mont ('enis and St. Ciothard tunnels had demon- have been quoting, “is the great advantage of the shown by an anonymous writer in a distinguished technical What is hoped and what moans are being employed is naively strated what could be done with compressed air at system (electric lighting) better shown than for paper -THE ENGINEER-in which the conquering troops are long distances from the compressors, and in both victorious" inroads into the industries work in such places. The operators of the boring described as making of the Rheinland and Westphalia. cases pipes of considerably greater diameter had been machine are as well off for light as if in daylight.” The publication of this sort of opinion should be brought to used. Yet in the whole length of the tunnel some 1100 the notice of the German chemical industry; the documents At the shaft head was a simple pit gear, the winding yards- there were only forty-eight 20 candle-power can only be seen by few, and that is why they have been reproengine being an adapted locomotive connected by incandescent lamps ! These lamps were arranged ducod and translatod in this volume. Countless pamphlets and brochures prove the need for the gearing to a winding drum. In the same shed which to run six in series. book, in order that the documents should have a large circulation, contained these engines was a Siemens dynamo, Only a few months after the report, which has been and we append references to papers of less importance. described as being capable of providing current to discussed in the foregoing, was inade, that is to say in the Press with greater publicity and eagerness than in Eng. In no country in the world are technical problems discussed light sixty Swan 20 candle-power incandescent lamps, in July, 1882, the boring operations were suspended laud. Outwardly it would appear that greater interest was together with its exciter. After the party, of which by an Order of the Board of Trade. taken in that country than in Germany, although anything to the observer whom we are quoting formed one, had do with organic chemistry and its products is so far excelled in the latter country: viewed these things above ground, it was taken below People who really want to understand the matter from the in batches of from four to six in a small cage suspended bottom must not only look to the war months of 1914 and 1915, from a steel wire rope about 3in. in circumference. but must look far back to previous times, when, in spite of the The experience must have been distinctly thrilling GREAT BRITAIN FROM A GERMAN feeling directed against Germany by the people, England STANDPOINT. to many of the visitors--the majority of whom were never failed of some enlightened spirits, who restrained them selves in favour of justice to Germany in the face of the sharpest certainly not engineers- -since the cage was without We have before us a copy of a book entitled " Eng. / opposition, guides, and was free to swing about! The shaft was lands Handelskrieg und die Chemische Industrie, English chemical and economic literature reveals a sharp criticism of its own shortcomings, especially in the speeches about 9ft. in diameter, and was tubbed with planks by Professor Dr. A. Hesse and Professor Dr. H. of the Presidents of the Society of Chemical Industry, which about 2.1 in. in thickness. It was described as being Grossman, of Berlin a collection of articles, reports, show clearly to the English chemists, and still more to industrial almost free from water, and what there was at the and papers published in British scientific and technical leaders, haurien un progressive applied weide eemarkable con prothet bottom of the shaft was apparently land water which journals during the early months of the war. countrythat, although it has made progress After in the last fifty years, England could not hope to compete had trickled down behind the tubbing. From the the introduction, to which we will refer later, Thx with Germany in her own markets, still less in the markets bottom of the shaft, which is given as being 160ft. ENGINEER has the honour of the first place in the of the world. deep* and 100ft. below low water. This is all the more remarkable in view of the fact that so Leading off table of contents, and we find our articles on “ The many branches of industry have originated in England. On from it was a drift cut out to 12ft. by 10ft. and War and the British Engineer,” August and this account it is sometimes said that the Ciormans are a nation stretching for about 50ft. This drift was very | September, 1914, and “ German Industrial Competi- of copyists. The often-quoted example of the coal-tar colour strongly supported with whole balk timbers. From tion After the War,” March 12th, 1915, here dealt industry and its story shows most distinctly what an influence its far end started a 7ft. circular heading cut by a with. Then follow abstracts and translations of papers personalities, and this story shows also, in the absence of the above-mentioned qualities have when exercised by leading revolving boring machine worked by compressed air, and speeches, on matters affecting chemical indus- the technical ability to do the same, the hollowness of such a and at the time of the inspection to which we are tries, by Sir William Tilden, Dr. F. Mollwo Perkin, charge, referring the length bored was about 1100 yards. At Sir William Ramsay, Sir Henry Roscoe, Dr. Ormandy, the want of knowledge in the leading circles, with their aversion In the last few months we are not mistaken in regarding about half this distance the heading was opened out Lord Moulton, Professor Meldola, Professor Arm- to anything not English, as one of the innermost reasons for to about 12ft. in width to 10ft. in height and heavily strong, Professor Percy Frankland, and Professor the world war; but we cannot say that England has been timbered. In another place there was an opening W. 11. Perkin ; reports on meetings of the Society into the existence and understanding of German development. wanting in people of rank who have endeavoured to penetrate out to about 8ft. 6in. wide and 8ft. high, and the same of Chemical Industry, held to discuss the influence You cannot go deeply into the matter without substantiating length, which was left unsupported and seemed to of the war on the chemical industry and the sugar the views of some of the deserving English authors who have be quite dry. industry; discussions in Parliament on the support advanced ideas. The whole boring was in the same material of the colour industry by the Government ; Here follow abstracts from articles and papers grey chalk---Which our observer described as being a reference to the establishment of the manufac- expressing views on German methods and ability, strongly aluminous material cutting much like soap; ture of laboratory glassware in England—with favourable and otherwise, with an emphasis on stone, or something between chalk, soapstone, and the first eleven formulas published by the Institute the former, and directing attention to criticism of gault.” In the tunnel, where the material was still of Chemistry ; a report of the British Science Guild English methods by our own writers. damp with absorbed moisture, it had a greenish with regard to optical instruments, &c.; a report of To continue the translation :--colour, but on drying it became hard and a true grey. the deputation of the Royal Society and the Chemical German chemists have nothing to add to those views. They When soaked in water it behaved more like clay than Society to the Presidents of thé Board of Trade know that England has brought forward a great number of chalk, and when damp it had an unguentous and the Board of Education on the need for further capable chemists, who have performed great things, not only in character. Throughout the length of the boring | Government support of scientific and industrial only to the English people, but also to the educated world science, but also in technique, and have given impetus not there appeared to be no water, though the moisture research ; a letter to the Chemical News, May, 1915, generally. in some places amounted to wetness. There seemed, from Sir William Tilden and “Perplexed” on "Science One may be glad that even in this time of war the views of however, to be little doubt that this was where the and the Stato"--referring to the inadequate payment do not agree with the general tone of the Press as regards German chemical circles in England, with one unimportant exception,* material was softest, and hence most hygroscopic, of chemists at Woolwich Arsenal; a paper by Dr. knowledge and industry, as the following printed documents-the for upon cutting wder the wet surface the normally W. H. Nichols on The War and American Chemical contents of the book will show. It is well understood that under hard dry material was soon reached. Industry,” and other abstracts from papers referring prevailing circunstancos, and consequent on the many incon. The heading, which was bored on a down gradient to the same subject; a paper on veniences which the cessation of intercourse between England and The Position of Germany since August, 1914, has caused in England's chemical of about 1 per cent., was parallel with the foreshore, Chemical Industry,” read by W. Pochitonow before industry and in the roeds of chemists, even in this land of and it was said that the boring machine at the time of a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society in Sep. political freedom, the call for State aid has sounded, and that inspection was probably nearly exactly under the tomber, 1914, and an article on Chemical Industry in view of certain necessities the principul and staunchest free traders demand an energetic protection from the Government, high-water line. As our observer remarked that in Italy and the War,” from the Bolletino Chimico- What do the doings of the English Governinent and English this was near cnough to the sea for the infiltration of Farmaceutico. industry amount to? The Board of Trade, the English Ministry sea water if fissures existed in the part which had The most interesting part of the book to us, for of Trade, has undertaken to appoint a committee to collect been bored through. We may add that the depth the present, is the introduction. Here we evidence in order to make propositions to the Government with regard to the regulation of products in which previously it had of the tunnel at the leading was at that time 133ft. selves as the Germans profess to see us. taken no interest. below low-water level. After announcing that the war which for four It is a recognised thing in most countries that officials of We may liere break off our parrative in order to decades the English have carried on against German Legal and economic departments fail in connection with the difficult problems of the many-sided chemical industry. explain that it had all along been contended by many industry, and which was becoming more and more In many countries people now are just beginning to see that experts that even if fissures had existed in the original unpleasant to them, has been a continuous series the criminal neglect of the different possibilities of chemistry formations they would long before have become of attempts with unsuitable means, the authors by officialdom has given rise to much embarrassment, and they silted up with material practically as impervious to refer to the failure of the Merchandise Marks Act would be false to considor the circumstancos in Germany as hasten, year in and year out, to make up for lost time. It water as was the solid grey chalk, so that those (1877), declaring that it led to the mark“Made idoul, but in Germany in the Departments there are always authorities anticipated no trouble from this source. in Gerinany" being regarded as à guarantee of men at hand who have not only the theoretical well-being at In the actual heading there was no appearance of quality instead of implying inferiority. It might bart; but also possess a thorough knowledge of the needs of chemical industry, and especially latterly is this dislocation, though there was evidence of stratifica- have been expected, they say, that for further in the lectures of the Union for State Science Improvement,' tion, considerable quantities of material having attempts better means would have been employed, whose fruitful work is always finding more recognition as the fallen at what are described as the ceiling angles in but these means were not forthcoming in the second interest of the officials increases in chemical questions. A some places where the soffit of the boring just cut stage of the trade war, which was particularly minds to solving problems which the last few months have great number of our chemists in Germany are now turning their into the underside of a bed. The appearance of the directed against chemical industry. As a result of brought forward, and energetically work at the solution of horizontal plane of separation was somewhat like an agitation by the Manchester Chamber of Com- important propositions of the times. Let us ucknowledge that that of a slate cleavage plane. There were to be seen, merce in the year 1907, the Patents and Designs work should be recognised in authoritative circles, as in school in future, more than ever before, the significance of chemical however, a few places where a slip had taken place in Act, which was intended to compel German owners teaching, as the basis of industrial power. the beds. These, it was remarked, might not be of English patents to work their processes in England, The Board of Trade has called into existence many organisa. evidence of true faults but of very local subsidence. was passed. They need not, say the authors, express tions in the first place, the Committee of Chemical Products, They were shown by the fall of angular Jumps from any opinion on this Act. It is sufficient to point Lord Haldano, which has the duty to determine the best means under the presidency of the formerly inspired friend of Germany, the sides and near the ceiling of the heading. One of to the discussion which was held on April 1st, 1914, of manufacturing chemicals and products formerly imported the surfaces of the plane of separation had a slightly in London at the Imperial Industries Club of Great from onemy countries. Among the namos or the Committee grooved and polished, or glissée, surface. Generally Britain, during which it was denounced, after an are names also known in Germany. For the same purpose speaking, however, the mass bored through was existence of six years, from every point of view by and the Society of Public Analysts, which, before anything, serves also the Joint Committee of the Institute of Chemistry homogeneous, though it, certainly was not, as Sir the most prominent leaders of industry, among tried to find out how to obtain laboratory requirements, and Edward Watkin asserted, “ capable of standing on them even Members of Parliament and Minister's how an adequate supply of glass apparatus could be obtained its own legs throughout." In fact, there were lining who had promoted it. during the war. Unfortunately, here also are to be found the names of former German chemists, who do not disdain at such rings in places. These rings were in some cases in Then we are told that the world war is the third & time to proffer their services. The Society of Chemical single and in others in double rows. Two pairs of attempt of England to defeat German industry ! | Industry and the Chambers of Commerce have dealt with narrow gauge rails were laid from the bottom of the Will this strongest means, it is asked, prove also questions of trade policy. Other trade associations and bodies shaft to the boring machine in the heading, and the ineffectual ? They restrain a too hasty judgment, literary energy gathering statistics which would not have been concerned with export trade with other countries are busy in borings from the machine were raised by a cup but think that the intentions of England have never sought for in times of peace. elevator into square iron tubs holding about one been shown more clearly. In their view, not only third of a cubie yard. These tubs were run on hand from political documents which have come into and Austria in chemical and pharmaceutical products, The Board of Trade statistics of trade with Germany pushed trolleys to the shaft bottom. Apparently, German possession, but from scientific and sociological colours, and colouring matters are then reproduced, few fossils or flints were encountered during the work writings, there is no doubt that envy of the brilliant and this part of the introduction concludes with the of boring, but there were patches of harder and drier German industry and knowledge of the impossi, following paragraph :-chalk here and there which damaged the cutters of bility of competing with it in trade, were the real the boring machine. A few crystals of an iron salt causes of the world war. One easily recognises from these figures that the war must of The events of the war up necessity strike the trade relations of both countries severely, were, it is said, also met with, to the present dato show that the working classes for Germany's loss is as the Economist, August, 1914, remarks * It will be observed that this figure is git. deeper than the 15510, and trade have borne, and are yet to bear, still -not England's gain, as the Chauvinistie Press of the country mentioned above, the latter figure having been quoted from a speech made by Sir Edward Watkin. greater enormous losses. Page 19
chloride was used as the freezing liquid, and this was tough, it presented a close white fracture, as illustrated Turning to braced girder bridges : It is no uncommon thing prepared in special mixing tanks. Its circulation between in the photograph reproduced. During melting a thick, to see overhead bracing entirely dispensed with, even in spans the refrigerators and the freezing tubes was secured by black, sluggish slag was formed which from its appear-Chords are struts and often curved. of 250ft. Surely this is absolutely necessary. I cannot imagine any means of two plunger pumps. The brine pipes between ance evidently contained a high percentage of iron. the plant and the shafts were insulated by means of hair- An analysis made of the pig produced gave the following theory that will tell us the true stresses in these membershiy unsupported laterally, felt, with excellent results. In each foreshaft two circular results : It is only possible to calculate the stress in a strut if we know mains-Fig. 4 -distribute the brine to the freezing tubes Per cent. its length. In this case the length is unknown. If we assume and collect it again. Cap pieces and valves at the top of CC .. 3.98 it to be the full length of the girder we still have no points of the columns allowed an easy control of the working and Gr fixture. I think that if we could find out the true stress in these an immediate determination of the temperature of the Si 0.13 unsupported chords under full load we would find that twenty brine circulating by means of a thermometer. Mn 0,45 tons per square inch would be nearer than the six and a hali allowed by the Board of Trade. If, on the other hand, we brace The provisional headgears were designed for boring S 0.071 the plane of the top chord right along by some finite bracing freezing holes as well as for sinking. Pitch pine and P 0.034 system, and put in a stiff portal bracing between the end posts Oregon pine were used in their construction. The roof Obviously it would be an easy matter to produce any of the opposite girders, to take the reactions from the system, and cover were made with corrugated sheets and iron desired silicon content by the addition of ferro-silicon to we are fairly safe in assuming the length of the strut to be that rafters. When sinking, was started the centre of the the molten metal, and with the possible exception of a between the horizontal posts of the bracing system. We have shafts was not yet frozen, and this allowed important rather high sulphur content it will be readily seen by the to the abutments. also a system which will convey the upper wind stresses directly progress, which afterwards was diminished in the hardened above analysis that the pig iron produced could be classed There are numerous bridges up now, and more being built ground, to be made. Excavating was very slow in the gravels alongside of hematite or even cold blast irons. without any or with very little overhead bracing. I know at a depth of 110ft., for, owing to the frost, they had become The total weight of metal charged into the cupola was that many designers assume the length of the chord struts to a solid concrete, which it was impossible to perforate with 3 tons 3 cwt., and the total weight of metal tapped out be that between the points of intersection of the diagonals, hammer drills. But in the homogeneous rock the hammer and recovered from the “ dump” was 2 tons 18 cwt., but if these points are not fixed horizontally by a rigid overhead drills gave excellent results, the depth sunk per day thus showing a fairly heavy loss of 5 cwt., or approximately buckling, or at least a very high induced stress. frame, there is no fixture, and nothing to prevent lateral What becomes increasing from 2ft. or 3ft. to 5ft. or 8ft. 8 per cent. It is considered that this heavy loss was due of the wind pressure load when there is no overhead bracing ? The question of the shot firing was not so easily settled, largely to the oxidation of the very fine borings which It must be taken by the rivet heads in the cross girder end as most of the explosives generally used in frozen ground constituted the major portion of the borings used in the connections at tremendous adverse leverage. were not obtainable. Expedite," a nitrate powder, was charge. With a heavier class of borings, or such material Up to the present we have had few bridge breakdowns in found, however, to give excellent results. Lighting was effected by incandescent portable electric lamps. as plate punchings and cuttings, the extent of this loss England, but structures have stood for many years and then The can be easily reduced to 3 or 4 per cent. Even with fallen, so that existence is no proof of strength or adequate pits were fitted with English tubbing. Three curbs were inserted in each shaft in frozen and one other in unfrozen case, the whole experiment proved to be a paying pro- chords, perhaps two. Who can say at what stress per square such a heavy loss as that experienced in this particular design, with have seen many of these bridges, bridges of large “ in the middle of the upper ground. The curb in the unfrozen ground was at 247ft. 3in. depth in the first pit and at 242ft. 10in. in the position. If the market value of the original scrap is inch they are working ? reckoned to be on an average £3 per ton, the total cost of Again, if we take the unit stresses and designing rules adosted: second pit. Behind the tubbing, concrete, 6in. thick, was the pig iron produced by the melting of this scrap, including These vary greatly according to the opinions of the designers. inserted in order to strengthen the whole lining, melting costs, labour and standing charges, and also the The rules of British railway companies are nearly all different melting loss, works out at approximately 95s. per ton. and vary very widely. Nearly all ignore the effect of impact The market value of the pig iron produced at the present dead load. A live load on a short span has almost double the due to moving loads. A live load is not and never will be a time is at least 130s. per ton. Undoubtedly a paying effect of a dead load of like amount. Chiefly we rely upon MELTING STEEL IN THB IRONFOUNDRY proposition. a safe stress of 6 tons per square inch to cover the tensile The two great drawbacks to the melting of steel in this effects of both added, and to act as a basis for our strut formulæ. CUPOLA. manner are, first, as already pointed out, the excessive loss Cross girders and rail-bearers calculated thus are stressed to During recent years the addition of steel to ironfoundry through oxidation, and secondly, the tendency of largely nearly 13 tons per square inch, not 65. Surely it is more mixtures has become quite a common practice. In increasing the sulphur content. By avoiding the very sensible to add in a load covering the impact effect and then use a suitable factor of safety. addition to finding an outlet for comparatively valueless small and fine class of borings or resorting to some form of Struts and columns are also worthy of very careful consteel scrap, such additions present an easy and effective briquetting process the first drawback can be materially sideration. Mr. Moncrieft's investigations showed us that many means to the ironfounder of producing low silicon cast reduced to a normal figure. In connection with the of our cherished ideas were of the nature of delusions. He iron. sulphur content, the greatest possible care must be taken in proved that practically no column could be considered fixed at The mechanisin of the melting of steel in the iron- the selection of the fuel. The addition of extra limestone due en excentric loads." I find that a common error is not to the ends He foundry cupola is now fairly generally understood. The together with sand is a most efficacious method of keeping consider the load excentric so long as it rests on the cap of the steel in the cupola in contact with carbon-coke and in the sulphur content down, and in addition gives a more column. I have seen columns designed thus with a most decided an atmosphere containing carbon monoxide, absorbs fluid and manageable slag. bend in them after being loaded. The bending stress should increasing amounts of carbon as the temperature rises, The action of limestone and sand in the reduction of the always be considered unless the centre line of the column exactly as is the case in the cementation and casehardening sulphur content is possibly somewhat similar to that of the coincides with the centre line of the load. This is a very common processes for the treatment of steel. As the carbon blast furnace, in which the sand and limestone react with fault in crane columns in buildings. I once investigated a the oxide of iron, forming a basic double silicate, which at 1 building supposed to have been designed for a factor of safety temperatures between 1150 deg. and 1300 deg. Cent. is of five. Under the worst condition I found the stress in the columns to be no less than 27 tons per square inch. capable of dissolving sulphur from the iron according to Most of our leading contractors, some of our consulting the equation. engineers, and one or two railway companies work to up-to-date Fe ( + Ca () + Si 0, 1 FeS I Fe, Si Ca SO, rules of design. It would be of great benefit if a thorough investigation were made into both theory and practice and basic silicate some definite understanding arrived at. Standard specifications In conclusion, the author offers his thanks to Messrs. could then be drawn up for all to work to, the public safety Richard Hornsby and Sons for permission to publish the would be ensured, and we would have some chance of ngain above results. J. E. HURST. becoming a competitive nation in this particular manufacture. A large amount of the steelwork manufactured here and sent abroad is designed by the latest and most up-to-date methods by people who are always investigating and do not hesitate to alter their practice when they deem it advisable. The result LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. is some magnificent structures. Why should we not have the same high standard throughout, officially settled, but always (We do not hold ourselves responsible for the opinions of our open to improvement as modern science casts light upon what Correspondents.) is now obscure. Huah R. LEWIS. Middlesbrough, November 20th. A.M. Inst. C.E. FRENCH “PACIFIC "TYPE LOCOMOTIVES. SIR,--I read, with much appreciation, Mr. R. H. White's SIR, -One hardly likes to criticise such a fine design of loco. letter in your issue of November 3rd, and I feel that I can motive as the “Pacific ”type engines recently under conendorse his statements to a very large extent. struction for the French Government by the North British I agree with Mr. White as to the urgent necessity for stan- Locomotive Company, Limited. At the same time, to my dardisation as far as possible. Owing to the war the cost of mind, the fire-box design is a bad one, and I am anxious to labour has risen prodigiously, and it is, perhaps, doubtful know what advantages there are in such a design of box to whether it will ever fall to the pre-war level. To enable us to outweigh the advantages which would have resulted from become a competitive nation as regards structural work, inclining the front water-leg and keeping the fire box entirely unnecessary labour must be carefully avoided and everything behind the driving wheels. TYPICAL FRACTURE This would have enabled a perfectly done to lower the shop cost, consistent of course with good simple, regular, and straightforward shape of box to be used. content of the steel increases, the melting point corres workmanship. Methods of design and manufacture of structural Apart from the extra cost in constructing the type of box pondingly decreases, and it will readily be seen that the steelwork, have completely changed during the last twenty adopted, it must be difficult and costly to maintain and repair, melting point of the steel in the cupola is rapidly reduced years, and new light has been cast on problems which formerly and, further, the arrangement of stays in diagonal fashion is were left unsolved. Structures designed by the old methods not a good one, when considering expansion of plates, &c., in by the absorption of carbon to a figure within the tempera- would not stand modern investigation. The trouble is that service. This shape of box has, I believe, been in use for about ture range of the cupola. Approximately, the average many British engineers still cling to the old ways and refuse to seven years, and it would be instructive if you could publish maximum temperature in the cupola is in the region of from change. the reason for its adoption. It would also be interesting to have 1350 deg. to 1100 deg. ('ent., and therefore the very fact It is obvious that if we are to compete in the markets of the particulars as to its maintenance, cost, and behaviour in service. that the steel is successfully melted indicates that it must world, we must be absolutely up-to-date in theory and practice. WILLIAM J. GRIGGS, have absorbed between 3 to 4 per cent. of carbon. We must save labour where possible ond put no useless metal Locomotive, Carriage, and Wagon Superintendent, This being the case, it was considered possible to melt right place, and eliminate as far as possible needless indirect into our work. To do this we must put all that we use in the Jamaica (iovernment Railways. Kingston, November 2nd. steel alone in the cupola, and if successful, to produce an and bending stresses. Consideration for the public safety also iron of, say, from 3 to 4 per cent. total carbon, with a low demands that, where possible, uncertainties should be kept out (We will endeavour to obtain the particulars for which Mr. silicon, phosphorus, and, with due care, sulphur contents. of design. Griggs asks, but fear it will not be easy to do so at the present time. -ED. THE E.) The following account of an experiment in this connec- Taking plate girders. These are not easy to design properly, tion will doubtless prove of interest. The steel scrap specially those carrying heavy loads. The rivet spacing in the charged into the cupola consisted of borings and turnings, main angles to take up the horizontal shear is very often merely crop ends from 5in. billets, and miscellaneous serap; of what the stress on the rivets may be. guessed. I have frequently seen a pitch of 4in. put in regardless I have also seen girders A WELL-KNOWN firm of high-class motor car builders consisting largely of old files and the like. A small with four or six wide range plates connected to the web by in America has carried out a series of tests to ascertain proportion of hematite pig iron was added, the object two narrow angles, the Hanges being balanced on the angles the relative efficiencies of accumulator and magneto being to ensure melting. It has subsequently been found by means of the ancient cranked stiffeners without gussets. ignition systems, and has abandoned the latter after that this addition was unnecessary. The cupola was The true stress in those poor main angles must be something a long series of tests on the dynamometer and on the charged up in charges of 5 cwt. each, consisting of scrap colossal. It is impossible in a heavy girder safely to transmit track. The conclusion reached was that there was in the following proportions :--5 cwt. of steel borings; the horizontal pull of the flanges to the web by means of two 2.5 cwt. of crop ends ; 1.0 ewt. of miscellaneous scrap ; to do so by means of double riveting spaced as closely as single-riveted angles. I have sometimes found it impossible nothing whatever to choose between the two systems at moderate and high speeds, but that with low-crank0.175 cwt. of hematite No. 3 pig. The mean carbon possible, and have had to resort to the box girder. shaft speeds the magneto was unreliable. American content of the above charge would be approximately Again, the bearings of heavy plate girders are very rarely motor car makers argue that if the accumulator is to 0.45 per cent. ('C. reinforced, and at the bearing the whole of the reaction has to become a part of every car because of the starting and Limestone and coke were charged on as in the usual be transmitted to the web by a quite inadequate number of lighting requirements--as indeed it has already become practice, a slight excess of each being allowed. The blast rivets in the vertical leg of the main angle. I suppose it is then there is nothing to be gained by carrying the magneto was started and the charge soon showed signs of melting. This is very rarely the case with the best of workmanship, and assumed that the web plate bears hard against the lower flange. as a reserve form of ignition. Mr. A. Ludlow Clayden, The blast pressure as indicated by the gauge was very the smallest clearance is quite enough to throw all the stress on in a paper on the Electrical Equipment of a Car," high 28in. of water- a fact which was ascribed to the to the rivets, read before the Institution of Automobile Engineers, closeness of packing of the charge. The melting continued Another fault is often found in the web joints, vertical covers recently, said that obviously if the dynamo can be successfully though at a somewhat slower rate, as would only being used. In this way nearly all the resistance of the depended upon to furnish ignition current with the same be expected, than is the case in an ordinary pig iron web plate to bending is lost at the joint, unless the moment of reliability as the magneto, there is no object in carrying charge. The metal tapped out was very "wildand resistance of the rivets in the cover is equal to the moment of the additional weight of a separate electrical machine. It emitted showers of sparks ; but was readily quietened by resistance of the web, the allowable, safe tension, stress being is, however, not so much the dynamo as the accumulators put into the by the addition of ferro-manganese or ferro-silicon. The shear at the joint, The true nature of the stresses in the web and trembler coil that motorists have had cause molten metal was cast into a pig bed and allowed to cool. is a problem on which anthorities differ, and no conclusive mistrust in the past. On the other hand, a well built On breaking the cold metal, which was exceptionally I solution appears to have been arrived at. magneto is an almost infallible instrument. Page 20
TO CORRESPONDENTS. ing strength of the specimen, and the scratch test primarily by the shearing strength. The scleroscope BUENOB AIRES.--MITCHELL'S BOOK STORE, 576, Cangallo. CHINA.-KELLY AND WALSH, LIMITED, Shanghai and Hong-Kong. correspondents that letters of inquiry addressed to the public and intended imperfection of the specimen's elasticity, particularly In order to avoid trouble and confusion, we find it necessary to inform test may be said to be influenced primarily by the TIENTSIN Press, LIMITED, Tientsin, North China. for insertion in this column, must in all cases be accompanied by a EGYPT.-Y. DEIMER, FINOK AND BRYLANDER, Shepheard's-buildings, Catro. large envelope, legibly directed by the writer to himself, and stamped, in so if, as seems to be the case, it is essential for the FRANCE.-BOYVEAU AND CHEVILLET, Rue de la Banque, Paris. order that answers received by 148 may be forwarded to their destination. CHAPELOT & Cix., Rue Dauphine, 30, París, No notice can be taken of communications which do not comply with success of this test that a permanent indentation INDIA.-A. J. COMBRIDGE AND Co., Bombay; THACKER AND CO., LIMITID, Bombay. these instructions. THACKER, SPINK AND Co., Calcutta. should be left on the specimen by the fall of the ITALY.-LORSCHER AND Co., 307, Corso, Rome; FRATELLI TREYES, Corso Umberto, AU utters intended for insertion in TAE ENGINEER or containin, hammer. No doubt in each case the figure arrived 1,174, Rome; FRATELLI BOCOA, Rome; ULRICO Hoepli, Milan Libreria, DETKEN AND ROCHO..., Naples. questions should be accompanied by the name and address of the writer, not necessarily for publication, but as al proof of good faith. No notice at is influenced JAPAN.-KELLY AND WALSH, LIMITED, Yokohama. a very complex manner by proMARUZEN Co., Tokyo and Yokohama. whatever can be taken of anonimous communications. RUSSIA.-O. RICKER, 4, Nevsky Prospect, Petrograd. We cannot undertake lo return drawings or manuscripts ; we mus perties of the specimen other than and in addition AFRICA.W». DAWSON AND SONA, LIMITED, 7, Sea-street (Box 489), Capetown. CANTRAL NEWS AGENCY, LIMITED, Johannesburg, Durban, &c., and at therefore request correspondents to keep copies. to that mentioned. Nevertheless, it is reasonably All Bookstalls. clear that the three methods do not and cannot all RICXXN', News AGENCY, 52, Pritchard-street, Johannesburg; HANDEL House, LIMITED, Eloff-street, Johannesburg. AUSTRALIA.-GORDON AND TH, LIMITED ourne, Sydney, Brisbane, measure the same property or the same combination Perth, &c. of properties. This deduction is strengthened by MELVILLE AND MULI.EN, Melbourne. ATKINSON AND Co., Gresham-street, Adelaide. noticing the “ dimensions” of the respective hardness QANADA.-Dawson, W., AND Sons, LIMITED, Manning-chambers, Toronto. GORDON AND Gorcu, LIMITED, 132, Bay-street, Toronto. figures. The Brinnel number is really a stress, MONTREAL News Co., 386 and 388, St. James-street, Montreal. TORONTO News Co., 42, Yonge-street, Toronto. that is to say, a force divided by an area. The SELLE LIMITED, 302, Shaughnessy-building, McGN-street, Montreal. OLYLON.-WIJAYAKTNA AND Co., Colombo. scratch test number is a force. The scleroscope JAMAICA.-EDUCATIONAL SUPPLY CO., Kingston, NOVEMBER 21, 1916. NEW ZEALAND.-GORDON AND GOTCH, LIMITEN, Wellington and Christchurch; number has the dimension of a length, but more UPTON AND Co., Auckland ; J. Wilson CRAIG AND Co., Napier. STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.-KELLY AND WALSE, LIMITED, Singapore. properly it is to be regarded as representing an UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.- INTERNATIONAL NEWS Co., 83 and 85, Duane What is “Hardness"? amount of potential energy. Many experiments have been conducted with the object of deducing a Chicago, U.S.A. ness and softness within certain range, it remains a fact that science has not yet succeeded Brinnel number, divided by six, is approximately numbers, and it is commonly believed that the SUBSCRIPTIONS. in formulating a satisfactory definition of the term “hardness.” Still less successful have been the equal to the scleroscope number for the same material. THE ENGINEER can be had, by order, from any newsagent in town or Recent careful experiments on the point, conducted , on thirty-three different samples of steel and two As to what advance) :Half-yearly (including double number) hardness, is and what causes it, we may be said to The variation from the average is, however, at times samples of bronze, show an average ratio of 5.94. Yearly (including two double numbers) :: 41 139. 82. be in profound ignorance. According to Dr. Unwin, CLOTR READING CASES, to hold six issues, 28. 6d. each, post free 29. 100. considerable. Thus, in seven cases the ratio is 5.5 If credit occur, an extra charge of two shillings and sixpence per annum hardness is the resistance a material opposes to made. or less, and in one case it is as low as 4.0. In seven Foreign Subscriptions will, until further notice, be received at the rates penetration by another body. Dr. A. E. H. Tutton given below. Foreign Subscribers paying in advance at these rates defines it as the resistance offered by a smooth cases it is 6.7,6.8, or 6.9, the latter being the highest will receive THE ENGINEER post . Subscriptions way Presente con order must be made payable to the ENGINEER and surface of a solid substance to abrasion by a sharp therefore subject to considerable variation. figure recorded. The relationship, if one exists, is accompanied by letter of advice to the Publisher. fragment of another substance of slightly greater THIN PAPER COPIES. THIOK PAPER COPIES. Half-yearly. Until we are able to define hardness, it will be Half-yearly.. hardness. Sir Robert Hadfield conceives it to be Yearly.. Yearly.. impossible to say whether or no our present means simply resistance to deformation,” and holds that to measure it in a metal one has only to measure scientific definition of hardness is, however, a matter for measuring it give reasonable results. The Canadian Subscriptions : , Thin paper edition £1 11g. Od. per annum. Thick the yield point. In practice“ hardness" is measured by means of various forms of testing devices, of which very largely of academic interest. The practically ADVERTISEMENTS. the Brinnel indentation instrument, the scleroscope the question, Is hardness , whatever it is, really important point is that we should be able to answer The charge for Situations Open and Wanted Advertisements of rebound instrument, and Professor Turner's scratch four lines and under is three shillings, for every two lines afterwards a criterion of the resistance to wear possessed by a The Brinnel method an advertisement measures an inch or more the charge is ten shillings is in wide practical workshop use, and is undoubtedly one shilling and sixpence ; odd lines are charged one shilling. When test instrument are typical. metal, or, to be more precise, do the means in existper inch. The rates for all other classes of Advertisements, other than those mentioned above, are included in “ THE ENGINEER Directory," a valuable aid in many processes, particularly at ence which are commonly regarded as measuring which is sent post free on application. All single advertisements hardness from the country must be accompanied by a remittance in payment. the present moment. A fourth conception of “ hard give us a measure of the resistance to Serial Advertisers can alter the text and illustrations as desired, should also be noted. According to many, speaking, why hardness and resistance to wear ? There is no very apparent reason, physically subject to the approval of the Proprietors of THE ENGINEER, Alter we might almost say to most, practical engineers should be identical, or even be in fixed relationship. hardness in a metal is identical with its power of weekly advertisements are taken subject to this condition. resisting wear. That hardened material resists Experimental evidence is available on this subject, Advertisements cannot be inserted unless delivered before and clearly points to an entire absence of identity Five o'clock on Thursday evening, and in consequence of wear better than material not hardened is very the necessity for going to press early with a portion of the generally true, and its truth is exemplified in the measured by the Brinnel test and resistance to wear or relationship at least between “hardness” as edition, ALTERATIONS to standing advertisements should practice of case-hardening, and of hardening and arrive aot later than Ten o'clock on Monday morning in tempering tool steel. Indeed, it may be said that as measured in a machine specially designed to each week. in almost every case the engineer desires hardness produce wear by sliding abrasion. In the experiLetters relating to Department of the Papercure to be addressed to the publisher, Mr.Sydney While it all in certain parts of his machines only because he mentis referred to the wear on the specimen was wants those parts to have an enhanced resistance expressed as the thickness of the surface layer in to This aspect of hardness is the really specimen and the body causing wear. worn a way per 1000ft. of slip between the Postal Address, 88, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. important one from the practical point of view. of this figure was taken as the resistance of the The reciprocal however, very difficult to carry out under workshop of steels and bronzes, as referred to above, the ratio between of a skilled experimenter. It is, therefore, of great resistance to sliding abrasion as thus determined was the Brinnel hardness number and the PUBLISHER'S NOTICE. importance to determine first whether the simpler found to vary not only considerably, but quite 11 any Subscriber abroad should receive TAE ENGINEER in an appliances used in the Brinnel, scleroscope, or imperfect or muilated condition, he will oblige by giviny prompt information of the fact to the Publisher, with the name of the scratch tests do give us reasonable and consistent be as high as 64. Of two materials, both having Mersuffered, can be remedied by obtuining the paper direct from the hardness so measured may really be identified abrasion in one case was 48 and in the other 80. Agent through whom the paper is obtained. Such inconvenience, measurements of hardness, and, secondly, whether a Brinnel number of 206, the resistance to sliding this office. with resistance to wear. It may fairly accurately be said that the Brinnel) one specimen of steel, having a Brinnel number of indentation test corresponds with Dr. Unwin's CONTENTS. definition of hardness, Professor Turner's scratch while another, having a Brinnel number of 332, bad THE ENGINEER, November 24th, 1916. PAGE test instrument with Dr. Tutton's definition, and a resistance of but 24. Clearly, then, it is almost DRAINAGE EQUIPMENT FOR THE HUDSON River SIPHON OF TAN -although this point is not immediately obvious impracticable to deduce from the Brinnel hardness CATSKILL AQUEDICT. (Illustrated.) number of a metal its relative wear resistance. In 154 tbe scleroscope with Sir Robert Hadfield's conception saying this, we do not wish to convey the impression THE CHANNEL TUNNEL AND OTHER PROJECTS. 458 of hardness. Little reflection is required to show that the Brinnel, and, by implication, the scleroscope PIT SHAFT SINKING BY THE BREEZING Process. Hlustrated) 161 that the three definitions can scarcely be methods of testing for hardness,” are of no practical value. The contrary is quite clearly the case. Plea for up-to-date Bridge work in the United Kingdom.. 40 | instruments can hardly be held to Ty* Locomotives. These methods give us a very ready means of ascertain463 and only one, property of metals, and that one NOTES AND MEMORANDA ing in the workshop whether or not our materials The Brinnel test MISCELLANEA the same in all three cases. are being kept up to standard. It appears undesirThe Problem of Aeroplane sojin 185 indentation produced in a specimen when a sphere these tests as the "hardness” of the materials tested. commonly 16 mm. in diameter is pressed against This term should, we suggest, be defined, as it is CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING #07 it by a known force. This force, in kilogrammes, interpreted in practice ninety-nine times out of a A NEW SAND MOULDING MACHINE (Muxtrated) 163 divided by the area of the indented surface in square hundred, as the resistance of the material to wear. FIVE-TON ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE CRANE. (Illustrated.) millimetres gives the so-called Brinnel ball hardness By so doing we would be left to seek a practical 169 number. Professor Turner's scratch test is made PROVINCIAL LETTERS with a diamond-pointed lever. The weight in grams but we woulil obviate the risk now in existence workshop method of quickly determining" hardness," which has to be exerted downwards on the diamond, of being seriously misled over a very important Lancashire 472) in order that it shall, when moved over the specimen, matter. North of England 473 produce a scratch one-hundredth of a millimetre Wales and Adjoining ('ounties in width is taken as the hardness number. In the SKILLED MEN AS MUNITION VOLUNTEERS 424 scleroscope a diamond-faced hammer, weighing about FORTHCOMING ENGAGEMENTS The Problem of Aeroplane Supply. 474 40 grains, is dropped on the specimen from a fixed (Illustrated. THE ACQUISITION OF PATENT RIGHTS 170 height. The hammer rebounds, and by the height The relatve urgency of the claims of the Admiralty FIRST LONDON ENGINEER VOLUNTEERS to which it rises against a fixed scale the hardness and the War-office to the output of the aeroplane The Martell Scholarship in Naval Architecture 474 of the specimen is measured. It thus appears that and airship constructors of the country has been The Civil Engineering Profession and Economic Problems Institution of Naval Architects 174' the Brinnel test is influenced primarily by the crush a problem of no mean magnitude since the beginning Page 21
the Board of Trade. Should the Board of Trade decide to be very brisk. There is great pressure all round, and Edwin L. Orde ; and Selling Organisation," by Mr. G. H. to concede the men's demands, as was done on a previous generally the conditions are the same as for the past few Tweddell. occasion, despite the protests of the coalowners, then the months. But in the tin-plate trade things are far from PHYSICAL SOCIETY LONDON. — Imperial College of increase of 15 per cent. demanded by the workmen will being as satisfactory. The scarcity of supplies of bars, &c., Science, Imperial Institute-road;. South Kensington, S.W. bring the wage rate up to 55.83 per cent. above the 1915 hampers operations, and there is practically nothing being Paper, On the Measurement of the Thomson Effect in Wires," standard. On the Thermo. done outside of Government work. A meeting of manu- by Mr. H. R, Nettleton, M.Sc., and paper, facturers was held at Swansea, on Tuesday, for the purpose A.R.CS, FLC, and Mr. A. W. Grace. electric Properties of Fused Metals," by Mr. C. R. Darling, Current Business. of considering the question of fixing minimum prices, mittee meeting, 23.45 p.m. Council meeting at + p.m. 5 p.m. Editing Com but no definite decision was come to. Competition is very Day-to-day operations have been of very small keen for class “A” orders, and values are round about 275. MONDAY, NOVEMBER 27TH. account, the market being quite monotonous in its dulness. for I.C., 14 x 20 x 112 sheets. The following are official Tonnage arrivals have no more than balanced outgoing quotations from the Swansea Metal Exchange :-Block ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS.-John-street, Adelphi, Lɔndon, steamers, with the result that the shortage of supply is tin, £188 158. per ton cash, £190 5s. per ton three months ; W.C. Howard Lecture, “ Coal and its Economic Utilisation," still very much apparent. For the first time for several copper, £144 per ton cash, £139 10s. per ton three months? | by Professor John S. S. Brame. weeks past it was reported on Tuesday that there were no Lead : English, £32 5s. per ton; Spanish, £30 10s. per delay in discharging at French ports. This should result ton ; spelter, £56 10s. per ton. WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 29TH. in vessels getting a quick turn, but there has been no LIVERPOOL ENGINEERING SOCIETY.-Royal Institution, Col. chartering of any account for near French ports for a quitt-street. Paper on Notes on the Design and Construction week or two, and so far as any recovery in the coal market of Modern Dock Gates," by Mr. T. L. Norfolk. is concerned the view is now becoming more general that AMERICAN NOTES. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS.--John-street, Adelphi, London, there is very little hope for any improvement before W.C. Ordinary meeting. “ The Internal Combustion Engine," Christmas. New business is ruled out by the scarcity (From our own Correspondent.) by Dugald Clerk, D.Sc., F.R.S. 4.30 p.m. of tonnage, and the bulk of shipments now being carried out are in respect of contract coals. Some time ago NEW YORK, November 8th. MONDAY, DECEMBER 4TH. Norwegian shipowners sought to make the stipulation STEEL prices are moving to a higher level. The estimated ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARts.-John-street, Adelphi, London, that charterers should be responsible for extra insurance business for export is placed by some interests at or near on vessels. Coal exporters and others have now been one million tons, most of it for delivery late next year. Large W.C. Howard Lecture :-“Coal and its Economic Utilisa orders for notified that at a meeting of the Chairman's Committee of every possible mill product are coming in. tion." No. II. By Professor John S. S. Brame. 5 p.m. the Central Executive Committee of Great Britain for Locomotive and car builders report a heavier influx of orders than has been presented at any other time. Purchases of FRIDAY, DECEMBER 8TH. coal supplies to France, held last Friday, the question material to cover these new orders are being made, some was raised whether a merchant could pay marine insurance deliveries running late next year. The Italian Government has THE INSTITUTION OF WATER ENGINEERS.-Apartments of in addition to the scheduled freight rate on a neutral placed an order for forty locomotives of 73 tons weight each. the Geological Society, Burlington House, W. Paper on steamer on voyage charter, but the answer was that this Orders for export are expected from other sources. Finished steel " The Cross Hill Covered Service Reservoir for the Birkenhead would be a breach of the limitation scheme. Last week production increased five per cent. over September during C) poration,” by Mr. J. E. Binnie ; and “The Rating of Water. licences came through pretty freely for Portugal and Spain, October. The urgency for mill supplies is without record. works,” by Mr. Charles Clifton, P.A.S.I. and freight rates were very firm, but now it is more diffiDuring the ten months past orders have been placed for 119,632 freight cars and 1237 passenger cars. The often-referred to MONDAY, DECEMBER llth. cult to get licences for Spain, and the market in this direc- orders for 30,000 freight cars and 1000 locomotives are still the tion is not so good, Barcelona having been fixed at 62s. 6d., subject of negotiation. Domestic demands are assuming very w.c. ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS.-John-street, Adelphi, London, Howard Lecture :-“Coal and its Economic Utilisaas against 65s. previously paid, but for Mediterranean great magnitude. Railroads have been buying only what they tion.” No. III. By Professor John S. S. Brame. destinations which are not governed by the limitation were obliged to, and when they crowd into the market a new scheme, freight rates continue firm. The general run of situation will develop. Domestic demand for copper has WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 13TH. quotations for large coals of almost any description is the assumed very large proportions for next year's delivery, and the limitation price of 30s., but supplies for spot loading can estimate of the turnover is placed at approximately 100,000,000 THE INSTITUTION OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERS.--Hall of the be secured at several shillings less, according to individual pounds. Copper contracts are being placed for delivery nearly | Royal Society of Arts, John-street, Adelphi, W.C. Paper on 1 year ahead ; very little copper is to be had for first quarter. position, especially through middlemen, although in the Spot copper is 30 cents, and later quotations will probably be Lanchester. 8 p.m. Worm Gears and Worm Gear Mounting," by Mr. F. W. case of leading Monmouthshires 30s. is more firmly adhered the same; home buyers are obliged to place business so far in to, as these coals are not held much by middlemen, and advance owing to European developments. buyers are thus forced to treat direct for their requirements. Smalls are unchanged, colliery salesmen quoting 20s. for best bunkers, with seconds about 18s. to 198., and cargo sorts down to 15s., and in some instances even less. Patent SKILLED MEN AS MUNITION VOLUNTEERS. PERSONAL AND BUSINESS ANNOUNCEMENTS fuel is very quiet, there being scarcely any demand, while pitwood has improved to 47s. to 48s., some sellers asking 50. for half and half sizes, but it is becoming more difficult of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers held in London on It is announced by the Minister of Munitions that a conference ERNEST GRIFFIN AND Co., engineers' merchants and many facturers, inform us that, on Saturday last, they removed from for importers to maintain these prices owing to the difti Novembr 17th and 18th, appointed representatives to discuss, 69 and 70, Mark-lane, to 12, Railway-approach, London Bridge, culty in arranging wagons. with the Minister of Munitions, the Under-Secretary of State for S.E. Their telephone No. is Hop 1806. War, the Labour Adviser to the Government, and Mr. Austen We are asked to state that a new company, “Light Railways, Nominal Quotations. Chamberlain, the question of the recruiting of skilled men for the Limited," with registered offices at 2, London-wall Buildings, Army. Proposals which had been prepared by the Government Steam coal : Best Admiralty large, nominal ; for submission to the skilled engineering trade unions were London, E.C., has been recently formed to deal with the export of all materials connected with light railways, the special object best seconds, nominal ; seconds, 28s. to 30s. ; ordinaries, discussed with the representatives of the society, and the being to supplant the enormous quantities of light and portable 27s. to 28s.; best drys, 29s. to 30s. ; ordinary drys, agreement given below was arrived at. Endeavours were made 27s. 6d. to 29s. ; best bunker smalls, 19s. to 20. ; best by the representatives of the Government to obtain a conference railway materials of German origin which have reached the Colonies during recent years. ordinaries, 18s. to 198. ; cargo smalls, 18s. to 20s. ; inferiors with representatives of the other skilled engineering unions 158. to 18s.; best Monmouthshire Black Vein large, 29s. to concerned, but it was not found possible to collect them in the WELLMAN, SEAVER AND HEAD, Limited, inform us that, in time. The same proposals will accordingly be submitted to consequence of the Government requiring the whole of India 30s. ; ordinary Western Valleys, 27s. 6d. to 30s. ; best them early next week, House and the two adjoining buildings for purposes connected Eastern Valleys, 29s, to 30s. ; seconds Eastern Valleys, The agreement with the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, with the war, they, in conjunction with his Majesty's Office of 25s, to 28s. Bituminous coals : Best households, 258. 6d. which was signed by the Ministers and by the delegates of the Works, have secured offices at King's House, Kingsway. W.C., to 26s. 6d. ; good households, 24s. 6d. to 25s. 6d. ; No. 3 National Conference, who bound themselves for the Government to which they removed on Monday last. Their telegraphic and Rhondda large, 28s. to 30s.; smalls, 20s. to 228. ; No. 2 | and for the society to do collectively and individually all they telephonic addresses remain respectively as follows : ' Princi pium, Estrand, London," and Holborn 1782. Rhondda large, 28s. to 30s. ; through, 22s. to 24s. ; smalls, can to make it successful, is as follows :18s. to 20s. ; patent fuel, 37s. od. to 40s. Coke : Special 28th, 1916, that “ skilled men-by which I mean men who from The undertaking given by the Prime Minister on September foundry, 62s. 60. to 658. ; good foundry, 57s 6d. to 62s. 60.; natural ability or training, or a combination of both, have furnace, 50s. to 52s. 6d. Pitwood, ex ship, 47s. to 48s. special aptitude for particular and indispensable kinds of national work here at home ought not to be recruited for LATER. THE MARTELL SCHOLARSHIP IN NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.--A general service,” will be strictly observed, subject to the con- scholarship, designated the “Martell Scholarship in Naval The coal market shows no variation of any importance: order to give immediate effect to this pledge it is proposed : ditions attached to it by the Prime Minister at the time. Architecture,” will be offered for competition by the Council Slightly better tonnage supplies have not affected the of the Institution of Naval Architects, which has been appointed position for prompt loading, and values remain easy with (1) That all members of the Amalgamated Society of administrators of the fund available for providing the scholar. very little business passing. There has been a little more Engineers, as one of the trade unions of the skilled ship. The scholarship is of the annual value of £100, and, engineering trades not now fully engaged, or at any time subject to certain conditions, is tenable for three years. The chartering for loading during the next fortnight or so, but hereafter ceasing to be fully engaged, shall enrol as war scholarship will be awarded in connection with the competitive the amount of tonnage coming along and open for em- Munition Volunteers, and thus place their services at the examinations for scholarships, studentships, &c., to be held ployment shows no very material expansion. Pitwood disposal of the country, in accordance with arrangements by the Board of Education in May and June, 1917, in the followis rather firmer at 48s. to 49s. now in existence under the War Munitions Volunteer ing subjects (1) Naval architecture ; (2) pure mathematics; scheme. (3) applied mechanics (materials and structures) ; (4) either Newport. (2) The skilled men referred to in this agreement are men (a) applied mechanics (machines and hydraulics) or (6) heat, were either journeymen or apprentices prior to engines. Candidates are not to be less than eighteen nor more The market has been dull from the point of view August 15th, 1915. than twenty-one years of age on March 1st, 1917, and must at of business passing, and in the case of inferior grades, more (3) All skilled men on war work or who have enrolled as that date have been continuously employed for at least two particularly, substantial concessions have been obtainable War Munition Volunteers shall be provided with a card of years upon naval architecture and marine engineering. Further exemption from military service. The form of this card particulars regarding the scholarship may be obtained from for immediate shipment. Ordinary Eastern Valleys have will be authorised by the Army Council, and the card will the Secretary of the Institution of Naval Architects, 5, Adelphibeen secured as low as 258., but for the superior qualities be issued through the trade unions. Orders will be issued | terrace, London, W.C. colliery salesmen have been more persistent in holding out by the Army Council to all recruiting officers that no man for the limitation price of 30s. for large. Stocks, however, who produces such a card to the local recruiting officer shall THE CIVIL ENGINEERING PROFESSION AND ECONOMIC PROB. be removed from his work without specific authority from LEMS.--The above is the title of are very heavy and hamper smooth and regular work somewhat remarkable the War-office, which will not be given without reference paper contributed recently to the “ Proceedings at the collieries. Nominal quotations :Steam coal : "' of the Liverto the Minister of Munitions and the executive of the man's pool Engineering Society by Mr. James Glover, M. Inst. C.E. Best Newport Black Vein large, 29s. to 30s.; Western union, Valleys, 27s. 6d. to 30s. ; Eastern Valleys, 29s. to 30s. ; In case of any dispute arising as to a man's right In the paper the author dealt with a number of economic con to hold a card, it shall be decided by a representative of the ditions peculiar to these islands, commencing with a national other sorts, 25s. to 27s.6d. ; best smalls, 20s. to 21s. ; War-office, a representative of the Ministry of Munitions, commissariat. On this heading the author urged that war and seconds, 178. to 198. Bituminous coal : Best house, and a representative appointed by the executive of the commerce cannot long maintain a State if the agricultural basis 25s. 6d. to 26s. 6d. ; seconds, 24s. 6d. to 258. 6d. ; patent union to which the man belongs. be neglected. To foster and encourage British essential agri- the fuel, 37s. 6d. to 40s. Pitwood, ex ship, 47s. to 488. (4) The provision of skilled mechanics for the Army will culture by making simple and attractive and secure unions will do their utmost to provide the Ministry of and the labourers' physical energy to the production of essential Swansea. Munitions with skilled men, who will undertake to serve at food and its storage within our insular limits, is, says the There has been next to no activity in any section the choice of the Ministry either in the Artificers' Corps in author, to provide an ample and secure foundation for our of the anthracite market, the tonnage position being the Army or as War Munition Volunteers in civil life. Ti national and imperial prosperity and greatness. The author skilled men for the Army are not secured in this way it is then went on to deal with “ Capital and Labour and the Missing altogether too inadequate to allow of any scope in new clearly understood that recourse must again be had to the Factor, Wages and Prices," and Scientific and Equitable business. Quotations have ruled easy generally for statutory powers. Taxation." He advocated a standard tax on all incomes prompt shipment. The market is very quiet. Approxi. (5) That the Amalgamated Society of Engineers will from £50 upwards, which would produce a revenue of mate quotations :--Anthracite : Best malting large, 30s. furnish names and, wherever possible, particulars of skilled £108,000,000 on a national income of £2,008,000,000. Mr to 32s. ; second malting large, 29s. to 30s. ; Big Vein large, men now serving in non-mechanical corps, and the Army Glover said he was strongly of opinion that in future the civil 258, 6d. to 288, ; Red Vein large, 25s. 6d. to 27s. ; machine. Council will continue to make every possible effort to engineering profession should, for the good of the community, transfer such skilled men to mechanical units. take more interest in those great national problems so airily made cobbles, 40s. 6d. to 42s. 60. ; French nuts, 40s. to undertaken during recent years by so many whose equipment, 429. 60.; stove nuts, 40s. to 42s. 6d.; beans, 28s. to mental and practical, has been inversely proportional to that 29s. 6d.; machine-made large peas, 20s. to 23s. 6d. ; knowledge and experience the subjects dealt with by the rubbly culm, lls. 6d. to 12s. 3d.; duff, 6s. to 6s. 6d. national parliament urgently demand. There were, he said, some Steam coal : Best large, 30s. to 31s. ; seconds, 27s, 6d, to FORTHCOMING ENGAGEMENTS. two hundred members of Parliament who belong to the legal 29s. 6d. ; bunkers, 20s. 6d, to 24s. 6d. ; smalls, 158. to profession, while the civil engineering profession had not a 19g. 6d. Bituminous coal: No. 3 Rhondda large, 30s, to single representative. This absence of the civil engineer was, 32s. ; through and through, 248. to 26s. ; smalls, 18s. Od. TO-DAY. no doubt, largely due to that modesty and industry usually to 20s. ; patent fuel, 38s. to 40s. North-East Coast INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS AND SHIP and quasi-public duties of his profession. It might, however, associated with immersion in the performance of the private Lecture Theatre of the Literary and Philosophical be claimed that the charter of the parent institution defining Tin-plates, &c. Society, Westgate-road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Papers on " Works his activitiesamo" the art of directing the great forces of Nature Organisation, comprising Manufacturing Organisation," by | for the use or convenience of man --was sufficiently wide to cover and include the affairs and welfare of the nation. Page 22
Foundry, Foreman. - Energetic Wanted, Two or Three 8 H.P. , , A Large Firm of Engineers in Sorter mode Address, 2002, Engineer ons met Lancashire Boiler; Good Second Lancashire Boiler; Good Second- 80 HP PLENTY MOTOR, A.C., 625 volts, Engineering Pupil. -- Firm MACHINE TOOLS Academia e il modo minha audio released the replaceRails, Chairs, and Slet pers: New SADDLE, TANK LOCO 12in. cyls, 4 wheels FROM STOCK AND FOR QUICK DELIVERY. Pupil. - The Borough Air ir Compressor for Sale. --One R. H. LONGBOTHAM & CO., Ltd., Pin and try to be working mabad British School of Aeronautics. DUPLEX* AIK" COMPRESSÚR, latest improved design,
FOREMAN, age 49, at LIBE TY NOW. Up-to-date steel rods up to gin, or in. Full particulars to EDISON 12in. Six-coupled LOCO.,, ' y Manning-Wardle, copper box, in all branches, including motor and aircraft cassings. Address, P102, Engineer Onice, 33, Norfolk-street, Stian W.C. SWAN ELECTRIC Co., Ltd., Engineering Stores, Ponders PARSONS STEAM TURBO SET, 3500 K.W., brass tubes, 140 lb. w.p.: good engine. £gro. Ead. 1200 r.p.m, 200 lb. to sq. in., with alternator field-rotating 12in. Six-coupled LOCO., by Manning-Wardle, copper box, 27in. when 400,000 gallons of water are being supplied, sín. Four-coupled LOCO., by Manning-Wardle, copper box, RE ENG TRACTION ENGINES, modern, with large fire-box complete with three-throw type air pump, driven by 120 lb. w.p. £365. actical and theoretically trained, Used to "igh-class jobbing and -Full particulars and price to WILLIAMS and SONS, 37, All above engines 4ft. 8 in. gauge. three-phase motor. 548 F repetition wurk, and able to pr duce at the lowest possible Queen Victoria-street, London. 350 K.W. ALTERNATOR, three-phase, 50 cycles, 3ft. gauge LOCO., by Bagnall, fin. cylinders, 150 lb. w.p. £350. cost.-Address, P115, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, 550 volts, by B.T.H. Co., driven by 600 I.H.P. Cross-com- 3ft. gauge LOCO., six-coupled, 10in, cylinders, copper box, Strand, W.C. Head Lathes. --Several pound Engines by Barclay, 26in. I.P. cyl., 40in. L.P. cyl., 150 lb. w.p. £575. 2 by 21 Jones and Lamson WANTED for Munition 4ft, stroke, fly-wheel 20ft diam., &c. &c. Very fine set. Two 2ft. 6in. gauge LOCOS., copper boxes, fin. cylinders. "THE TWO WESTINGHOUSE MOTOR GENERAT £375 each. Two 2ft. gange LOCOS., by Bagnall, 140 lh. w.p. £375 each. PRODUCTION, Austin Motor Co., Ltd., Northfield. Bi. ING SETS, 300 H.P. Motors, 3-pbase, 40 cycles, 480-500 the Midlands have an opening for a youth of good mingham. P97 F All above Locos. in good" ordor, most of them having been volts; Generators 200 KW., D.C., compound wound. rebuilt at our works. education as PREMIUM PUPIL, the course to include both 540 G Each set on separate sole-plate. Norfolk-, Strand, W.C. H.P. PHOENIX , , , JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. 2002 E 100 working 40 cycles, 3-phase. 290 r.p.m. P109 F VALVE ENGINE, 17 H P. cyl.. 33in. L.P. cyls., 42in. (Government Contractors), employing 500 hands, have stroke. Patent cut-off motion. , , Bolton. or good second, two thou and five hundred coupled, 120 steam pressure. Orders subject to the approval of the a-half inch track. Also about a DOZEN SETS of POINTS. with trailing bogie, 2ft gauge. Ministry of Munitions, Machine Tool Department. Apply, AUSTIN MOTOR CO., Ltd., Northfield, Birmingham. P106 Waterworks Engineer of Leamington has a VACANCY VERTICAL BOILER, 8ft, high x 4ft. dia., with in his office for a PUPIL - Address. TIWN HALL two cross-tubes for 80 lb. pressure. 6jin. X 4ft. straight bed HAND LATHES. Two weeks ; Dew. sfin. x 8ft. straight bed S.S.S. and Scr. LATHES, with A LAVALLUD 8 . x 8ft. gap S.S.S. Scr. LATHES. Also with New Ingersoll X B2 Belt WAKEFIELD, 6ft. bed. 'I wo weeks ; new. Aeroplanes and Airships. Construction, Design, and having cross-compound two-stage air cylinders, water-jacketed, 9 in. x 8ft. Straight'bed S.S.S. and Scr. LATHES. Three Oranghtsmanship. Complete Postal Courses. Fees reasonfitted with Imperial Corliss inlet valves and direct-lift dis weeks ; new & AT MILBURN HOUSE, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE. able. Also preparation for A.M.I.E.E., A.M.I.M.E., and charge valves. L.P. air cylinder 14in. dia. x 12in, stroke, H.P. Tel : 44 Wakefield ; 867 Nowcastle. 9 in. x 8ft. gap bed 8.8.8. and Scr. LATHES, with cabinet feet A.M.I.C.E.-PENNINGTONS, 254, Oxford-road, Manchester. air cylinder Sin. dia. X 12in, stroke, ontput 446 cubic feet of One week ; new. T'el. Add. : “ Engineer, Wakefield." 2018 1 free a ir per minute up to 100 lb. pressure. The above plant is 104in. 10ft. gap bed S.S.S. and Scr. LATHES. Four wecks; new. One 12 in. x 12ft. gap bed S.S.S. and Scr. LATHES. One further , , week ; new. A berthaw and Bristol Channel Portland Cement Co., Ld. MILD STEEL DISCS, each 12in, and 12 in diameter, and all ENGINEERING EXAMINATIONS.-Mr. G.P. One 6 in. x 6ft, gap bed S.S.S. and Sor. LATHE. Merthyr House, Cardiff. 8 g. thick, alternatively; similar quantity HARDNNING new KNOWLES, B.Sc., A.M. Iust.C, E., &c., personally PREPARES POTS, 9in. diameter. --Address, 8, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk- One 10in. by llin. SLIDING and SURFACING LATHE, CANDIDATES, either orally or by correspondence. Hundreds 8 G 9ft. and 12ft. straight bed. Stock ; new. of successes during the past twelve years. Courses can be Boilers for Sale. --One Cornish street, Strand, w.o. One 9 in. x 16ft. gap bed S.S.S. and Ser. LATHE, with cornmenced at any time. -39, Victoria-street, Westminster. S. W BOILER, 2lft. by 7ft., by Hutchinson, of Bury; passed For or Sale, Aveling and Porter chuck. P813 Stock ; second-band. for 80 lb. pressure. One 12 in, x 12ft. straight bed SLIDING and SURFACING TWO CORNISH BOILERS, 21ft. by 5ft., by Davey, Paxman; STEAM ROLLER, with SET of WHEELS for convert LATHE with chuck. Second-hand ing to traction engine.-F. WHEELER, Midsomer Norton, Wanted, Agent, with Good passed for 2016. pressure. 22in. WET TOOL GRINDERS. Ten days ; new. Bath. Pill Two CORNISH BOILERS, 10ft. by 4ft., by Fraser ; passed One SAW SHARPENER, for saws up to 20in, diam. connection in the Midlands and Eastern Counties, for 80 lb, pressure. Stock ; new calling upon Foundries, to Represent old-established Coal Two LANCASHIRE BOILERS, 22ft. by 6ft., by Tinker; Duck Blacking, &c, Manufacturers. --Address, SECRETARY, For , ., One American FILE SHARPENER. Stock ; new. passed for 60 lb. pressure. Four 6in. SLOTTERS with circular table. One week; new, 1 wicht street, Nottingham, . P26 D One VERTICAL CROSS-TUBE BOILER, 8ft. by Jit. oin.; All with ring oiling bearings, fast and loose Sin Stroke S OTTERS. Five weeks; new. passed for 80 lb. pressure. pulleys; for immediate DISPOSAL.-H. J. H. KING and Co., 703 G Ltd., Engineers, Nailsworth, Glos. Two Jonen and Shipman Three-spindle DRILLS, with chucks. ondun Office with RepresentaLP One VERTICAL Marshall-Hopwood TUBULAR BOILER, Stock ; new. TION. -- Advertiser having own offices in best part 8it. Sin. by 3ft. 4in.; passed for 90 lb. pre sure. Urt. bin RADIAL DRILLS. Gear-box drive. Stock, new, One VERTICAL TUBULAR BOILER, 9ft. by 3st. 3in.; 4ft. RADIAL DRILLS. Gear-box drive. Four weeks; lew, Westuinster, long established, DESIRES REPRESENT well passed for 50 ih, pressure. For Sale, Compound-wound Three 6in, x 6in. POWER HACKSAWS. Stock ; new, known Engineering or similar Firm amongst Home and One Ditto, 3ft. by lit. din.; passed for 60 lb. pressure. INTERPOLAR DYNAMO, 78 kw., with 22 in, pulley, One gia. Giant KEYSEATER, by Baker Bros. Stock ; Colonial Governmen's shippers, railways, &c. Whole business One GAS-FIRED Ditto 21t. 6in. by lft. 9in. mounted on cast iron bed-plate, with three pedestal self-oiling econd-hand, in every instance conducted by advertiser with staff for office One Webster Patent FEED-WATER HEATER, for dealing bearings and eyebolt complete, 110 volt, 560 revs., by Crompton. Sixteen CORE CRUSHERS. Stock: new. work. – Address, 526, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, with 9000 lb. per hour, by Simpson, of Newark Only been working six weoks. £300.-CRITTALL, Braintree. One 25 lb. “ Little Giant" POWER HAMMER. Strand, W.C. One Berryman type VERTICAL FEED-WATER HEATER, PC9G "British Bulldog" DUPLEX HORIZONTAL BORERS. casing oft. high by 3ft. diameter, with 23 brass tubts, 2in, dia VERTICAL BORING MILLS, DUPLEX DRILLS. HIGH For Sale, Corni-h Boiler, 24ft. POWER DRILLS, POWER HAMMERS, BACKING-OFF LOfered a FIVE-SIXTH CONTROLLING INTEREST One Independent Sectional SUPERHEATER, to superheat , , & in a limited liability company inanufacturing high-class D.C. 15,000 cubic feet of steam per hour at 150 lb. per square inch by 7ft. dia., by Danks, with all fittings as now fixed. Electrical Machinery (to replace present managing partner). up to 400 deg. Cent. Insured for 100 lb. pressure. Cheap for immediate removal. – THE JUDSON-JACKSON COMPANY, LTD., Capital £5000 to £6000. Average returns for past four years One UNDERTYPE ENGINE and BOILER, by Robey; WILLIAMS and SONS, 37, Queen Victoria-street, London. 50, Marsbam-street, Westminster, London, S.W. over £1000 per annum. Open to arrange easy terins of pay. cylinders 8in. and lzin, by 18in. stroke; boiler 9ft. in long in ment under guarantee. --Address, 517, Engineer Othce. 33, bai rel by 2it. Gin. diameter, for 140 lb. pressure. Telegrams: Ozonistic, London. Telephone: Victoria, 5089 729 G Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. or Sale, Cornish Multitubular GEORGE COHEN, SONS AND CO.. 600, Commercial-road, London. E 2012 BOILER, 14ft. by 5ft., passed for a working pressure of ew Creosoted Sleepers. For Attings and mountings; full working order; condition SALE, 9ft. x Sin. X 44in. SLEEPERS, in small or large in practically equal to now. Also Iron BOILER TANK, 16ft. by quantities. State number and place for delivery: - Address, knowledge can be utilised, or would ., insured 704, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. 704 6 suitable Business.-Address, P96, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk- ready immediate dispatch - Apply, GILYAN, Lightswood- will be accepted for quick sale. Can be seen at any time. street, Strand, W.C. P96 hill, Birmingham Apply, DIXONS, Ltd., Malpas-road, Truro, "Proc. Inst. Civil Eng.," 166 vols., cloth, rare set, £17 178.; Grant-Francis “Copper Smelting," 256.; “Proc. Inst. Mech. (STEAM AND ELECTRIC). PLANT, consisting of two Marshall HORIZONTAL GAS ENGINE, in good condition.-THE BRITISH Stuart's "Anecdotes of the COMPOUND ENGINES, Eng.," 1874 to 1914, £14 14s. ; with steam-jacketed cylinders, FILM STOCK CO., Ltd., Ashtead, Surrey. 502 3-ton Steam Loco. Crane, by Smith; steel jib 23it. long ; all Steam Engine," 2 vols., 100 plates, 1829, £2 2s.; Bell's "Manu- gin. and 14in. bore by '16in. stroke, and variable cut-off motions by steam ; bojler 90 6. w.p. £400. facture Iron and Steel," " 1884, £228.; Bell's "Chemical governors; steam pressure 120 lb. and two E.C.C 50 K.W. 2-ton Loco. Crane (Isles); boiler 80 lb. w.p. £220. Phenomena Iron Smelting," 1872, £2 2s.; Vosmaer "Mechani. 210 volts BIPOLAR COMPOUND-WOUND GENERATORS, 2-ton Loco. Crane (Bedford Eng's Co.); boiler 70 lb. w.p. cal and Other Properties of Iron and Steel," 1891, 218.; belt driven. In good working order and condition. Can be FOOR-WHEELED LOCOMOTIVE; must be in good £210 “Journal Iron and Steel Institute," 1887 to 1909, 55 vols., order.-Address, 559, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-steet, seen running. - Apply, ALLDAYS and ONIONS, Matchless 2-ton Loco. Crane (Jessop and Appleby); boiler 80 lb. w.p. Works, Fallows-road, Sparkbrook, Birmingham. £6 10s.; " Railroadiana," a Catalogue of Books, Pamphlets, 514 G Strand, W.C. 569 F £185, Maps, Guides, Time Tables, &c., connected with Origin, Rise 'I he whole of the above cranes normal gauge, good condition, and Development of Railways, post free; Flower's "History 10-too Travelling Derrick Crane (Morgan) ; steel jib and or Sale, Electrical Plant, of the Trade in Tin," 1880, rare, 25s. Walker's “ Severn ma t; fine crane Tunnel," 188B, 10s. 6d.; “ Caledonian Railway: Its Origin and £550. 115 K.W. Willans-Sie y ens SET ; Engine 200 H.P., RATOR, about 150-300 KW. capacity, compound- 5-ton fixed Steam Derrick Crane (Butters); good crane. £200, 100,000 books in stock; any subject ; Dynamo 230 volts, 500 amps., 350 r.p.m. Completion," 108. 6d. wound, 22.-230 v. D.C., steam pressure 150 16. per sq. in. State 5-ton fixed Steam Derrick Crane (Morgan); good crane. £185. 40 KW. Ditto, 130 volts, 300 amps., 450 r D.m. state wants.- EDWARD BAKER'S Great Bookshop. 14-16, full particulars, condition, and lowest price. - Address, 487, Spl 3047 5-ton Electris Loco. Crane (Grafton); 34ft. steel jib, 40 H.P. 18 KW.SET; R bey Er gine. D, namo 100 volts, 200 amps. John Bright-street, Birmingham Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, strand, W.C. motor. £550. THREE-THROW IPUMP: 6zin. plungers X 8in, stroke; 3-ton Electric Loco. Crane (Smith); 23ft. steel jib, 30 H.P. 5 H.P.GEC. Motor, 550 volls, £475. ELECTRIC HOIST, with two winding druns 15in. wide X 2110, dia ; Motor 100 volts, 80 amps., with control. ING and SHEARING MACHINE, in first-class con- All the above first-class cranes, normal gauge. Particulars and price, dition, to punch and shear & -Adaress, 519, Engineer Office, 15-ton Electric Overhead Crane, four motors, 391t. pan. £500. J. T. WILLIAMS AND SONS, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. 519 South Bermondsey Station, £400. Span can be allered if required. 518 G London, S.E. 5-ton Electric Overhea 1 Crane single inotor, 40ft, span, £275. Above all good overhead cranes. Yor Sale, Hrizontal Steam with 101c diameter; VERTICAL TURNING and FACING MA. JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. ENGINE, 20in, cyl, by 30in, stroke, fly-whcel 1611. día. CHINE, with horizontal revolving table about 10ft, diameter ; also large RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE. Please state in halves, expansion slides and governors, massive cast iron bed ; approximate weight 20 tons. Low price. -WILLIAMS pr ce, particulars, and where can be seen. -Adiress, 528 Eng. and SON, South Bermondsey Rly. Station, London, S.E. 459 G neer Uffice, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. 450-600 K.W. GENERATORS, compound-wound, Arm strong-Whitworth, 230 volts, D.C., 60 r.p.m., switch- board and accessories £1100 DROP HAMMERS, 7 cwt and 15 cwt. and 25 cit., 300 K.W. Westinghouse ALTERNATOR, coupled tɔ AIR COMPRESSOR, 12ļin. cylinder by 14in. stroke ; or nearest. New or second-hand.–Send fui? particulars to capacity, 285 cubic feet free air por minute; air pressure, £500 Willans and Robinson Engine, 2400 volts 100 lb.; with steel air receiver and connections. -RIDDEL and 481, Engineur Office, 33, Norfolk-street, rand, W.C. 481 250 KW.ENERATOR, bv G E.C., 500 volts, 120 r. p. m. CO., 40, St. Enoch-square, Glasgow. 562 G Two 60-75 K.W. GE ERATORS, coupled comp uud wound, by Armstrong-Whitworth. 230 volts, DC. £350 WANTED Combined Automatic High-speed ENGINE anu GENE RATUR, by Westinghouse Co., 30 K.W., six-pole, 125 volts, D C., 350 r. p m. SHEARS, to cut up to 1fin. thick. £1100.-JOHN F. £125 WAKE, Darlington. £150 70 F.P. GENERATUR. '350 volts, D.C. FOR URGENT WAR WORK. All a ove first-class condition. 543 G JOHN F. WAKE, DARLINGTON. facture of One 30in. CENTRE LATHE on about 10din. x 17in. cylinders, with 70 K.W. single phase, 50 gin Hire, 3uft. bed. Well cycles, 2200 volts, alternator.—THOMAS JOHNSON, PrescottBORING TOOLS for Contractor's Deep Wells, &c., 2in. street, Wigan. 714 G One git. 10ft. or FACE PLATE to 24in. diam.-R. RICHARDS and Co., 'Upper Ground- street, London, S E. Telephone No. 978 Hop S22 G or Sale, Theodolites, LATHE. or Immediate Sale, One Ex DRAWING INSTRUMENTS, SECOND-HAND. CLARKSON'S 338, High Holborn, W.C. One PLANING MACHINE, about Sit. CELLENT PAIR of 25in. by 48in. WINDING (opposite Gray's Inn-road). ENGINES, drim 10ft. dia, by 5ft. 4in. wido ; done very by 4ft. by 4ft. little work. --Address, P92, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk- Street, Strand, W.C. DRAWING INSTRUM' NTS, SECOND-HAND. New or good second-hand would be CLARKSON'S, 338, Hig i Holborn, W.C. considered. : 2003 G (opposite Gray - inn-road). ONE MILE of NEW 14 lb. Address, 565, Engineer Office, 33, Norfolk-street, Strand, Sale, 10-Ton Road Roller, W.C. by Ateliug. Also 8-ton, by MacLaren. Both insured Drawings can be seen at the Area Ergi120 lb. steam, Immediate delivery under steam by 24in. Gauge complete. Quantity of SECOND-HAND PIT RAILS, 50-60 lb. FLANGE KW., DC. High-speed Engine for 440 volts ; must be RAILS, Relayable Railway -leeper«, and Cart Road Sleepers, a good machine - Address, 557, Engineer Uffice, 33, Norfolk 5551 Crossing Timbers, Pit Props, and Pit Lids. street, Strand, W.C. DELIVERY of one unused Hadfields No. 6 GYRA- B. M. RENTON and CO., TORY CR SUER, capable of crushing 60 tons of stone per Market-place-buildings, High-street Sbetfield, FOR SALE 445 G BOILER, 28ft. by 7it. bin, or near. 120 lb. pressure. Sent age, maker, price, and last report. -Addiess, P100, Engi- 'or Sale, Almost New Horineer Ottice, 33, Norfolk-street, Strund, W.C. +100 F ZONTAL BORING MACHINE, spindle 2 in diameter. English make, high-speed. Delivery one week. Two One 12in stroke SHAPING MACHINE, by Buckton (Steam Titan). By STOTHERT & Pitt, Ltd., Bath. LATHES, by the Duff Manufacturing Company. Seen by Capacity, 40 tons at 50ft. radius and 14 tons at 9in, diameter clinder. Must be in good condition Onc 3-uwt. STEAM HAMMER, by Massey. appointment. SECOND-HAND 4in, 54in., bin., and llin. 100ft. radius. Gauge, 24ft. Wheel Base, 24ft. and ready for running-state price and full particulars, Two Double-gezred PILLAR VERTICAL DRILLING SCREW-CUTTING LATHES. Heavy Universal MILLER, CORRIE ROWLANDS and Co., Beacombo, Ches. Erected and in Excellent Condition.- Apply, S. MACHINES, spindles 2in, diameter. 28 n. by 9fin. HOLROY PROFILER, bin. PLAIN LATHES One Set 12ft. Shipyard PLATE BENDING ROLLS. BENCH and PILLAR URILLS,BACKSAWING MACHINES. PEARSON & SON, Ltd., of 10, Victoria-street, 386 G RIDDEL and Co., 40, St. Enoch-square, Glasgow. 504 -DOWNING, 12, Longbridgo-road, Birmingham. 387 G Westminster, S.W. Page 23
authority gave the main armament as ten 14in. guns, Although only minor engagements have so far though in later years it had dwindled down to very with a secondary battery of 5.9in. or 7.6in. guns. taken place in the Adriatic campaign, it is not unlikely little. The main village in the upper part of the The big guns were to be mounted in double turrets that the near future will witness important naval valley is Misox, which, with its various outlying houses, on the centre-line. If two of these vessels have been developments in that quarter, especially as the has 1400 inhabitants. As it is topographically finished, which, in view of the extensive resources economic and military causes which eventually suited to be the terminus of the railway, it was of the dockyards concerned, is a fairly safe assumption, may compel Germany to seek a decision at sea are decided to take the rails up to it, the line starting the Austrian fleet will now include six Dreadnought operative, though in a more limited sense, in the case at Bellinzona, where the station was placed some hattleships, with a total broadside fire of sixty-eight of Austria-Hungary. It may, therefore, be of 200 m. from the station of the St. Gotthard Railway. heavy guns. interest to compare typical ships of the rival navies The configuration of the country for 25 kiloms. ARMOURED CRUISERS. in the Adriatic : from Bellinzona was mostly of a very easy character, Of the three armoured cruisers, two may be and as the main road consequently had a favourable considered effective, viz., Kaiser Karl VI. and Austrian. alignment and longitudinal section, it was at first Italian. Austrian. Italian. Sankt Georg. The first-named, which was launched Ferdinand intended to build that part of the line as a tramway, Roma. Tegetthoff Cavour. in 1898, displaces 6300 tons, and has a speed of using the road and widening it where necessary. By 20.8 knots. There is a narrow belt of armour, Date of launch 1908 1907 1912 1911 this scheme only the last 6 to 7 kiloms. of the line were Length, ft. 430 435 485 8ļin. thick amidships, but the ends are unprotected, 557 to be carried on formation works of their own. How Beam. ft. 82 731 894 save for a 2}in. steel deck. Two 9.4in. guns are Draught, ft. 92 ever, the combination of road and railway had pro263 27 28 mounted in single barbettes of 8in. armour, and Displacement, tons... minent drawbacks, and, as the economy aimed at 14,500 12,800 20,300 22,500 eight 6in. Q.F. in casemates, together with sixteen Designed H.P. 20,000 22,000 25,000 (t) 28,000 (t) 22.5 small guns and two above-water tubes, these last Designed speed, kts. behind armour. Armour, belt, in. 11 9.1 The coal supply is equal to a radius Above belt, in. of 4000 knots. The Sankt Georg, of 7400 tons, Big guns, in. 9449 99–6 11 91 Cebbia launched in 1903, has a maximum speed of 22 knots. Battery, in. 5.9 In her forward turret she carries a pair of 9.4in. guns, Armament 4 12in. 2 12in. 12 12in. 13 1. in. MISOX ÖR 8 9.4in. 12 Sin. 12 5.9in. | 18 4.7in. and astern there is a single 7.6in. gun. Four other 20 4in. 24 12-pdr 18 12-pdr 18 12-pdr Qremco MESOCCO 7.6in. and four 5.9in. Q.F. are mounted in casemates, 3 tubes 2 tubes 4 tubes 3 tubes Benábbia besides which there are nineteen smaller guns and Weight of broadtwo submerged tubes. The armour system generally side, Ib 5812 3200 12,350 Soazza third vessel, Maria Theresia, was launched twentyTHE MISOX RAILWAY. Drunat three years ago, and her present-day fighting value is By S. BERG, practically nil. No. I. Buffalora Augio Çabbiolo 25,000 shaft horse-power give a speed of about of San Bernhardino, about 2060 m.--6758ft. 27 knots. The Spaun is armed with seven 4in. Q.F., above sea-level, and thus in a length of 36 kiloms. Sta. Domenica increased to nine in the three later ships, with two it has a fall of some 1800 m., the chief portion of NOMNOME deck torpedo tubes. Over boiler and machinery which, viz., 1460 m.-4790ft.-is in the upper spaces there is vertical steel plating 2ļin. thick, 12 kilome. These figures indicate the main charac- Masöradone Lostallo: P:DI GROVENO reinforced by a fin. protective deck. These fast teristic features of the longitudinal section of the ::Cauco little vessels have played a conspicuous part in the valley. The Misox Valley, being of somewhat poor Dosseda Adriatic campaign. One of the quartet, said to be fertility, experienced a diminishing tendency in its Sebna the Novara, was recently reported to have been population, and it was thought that a good way torpedoed and sunk by the French submarine to counteract this was to improve its means of LandaréncaBernouilli, but the Austrians have not yet admitted communication by a railway, thus also facilitating the the loss. The only other cruisers of any value are journey to the pass of San Bernhardino, where a "Norantold the Aspern and Szigetvar, launched in 1899-1900, health resort had been established. It was, accord Arvigo which can steam_20 knots, and are armed with ingly, decided to build the Misox Railway, which it 4.7in. Q.F. The Zenta, of this class, was destroyed is proposed to describe in the following article. A Dabbio Cama: 316 by a French squadron early in the war. Three plan and profile of the line are given in Figs. 1 and 2 Verdabbio: improved Spauns, to displace 4800 tons, and to have respectively. 15:0}Leggja a speed of 29 knots, were authorised under the 1914 The valley is flanked by high mountain ranges, Sta Maria programme, and may since have been completed. with peaks of upwards of 3000 m. above sea-level, Busen Castaneda... DESTROYERS. places narrow in the valley to little more than is St. Carlo : Grono modern boats, launched between 1905 and 1913. these steep mountain sides come numerous streams, 12 Roveredo. :) Twelve of these were built after a design by Yarrow which, though usually quite harmless, and occasionally San Antonlo. and Co., Limited, the displacement being 400 tons very beautiful to look at, may in times of excessive pizzetta and the speed 28 knots. The remaining six were rain easily become dangerous to the valley at the San Vittore of 800 tons, fitted with oil-burning boilers and places where they flow into the river Moësa. One Curtis turbines, designed for 32 knots. Of this river especially, the Calancasca, which comes down Monticello group, the Lika and Triglav were sunk hy gunfire a valley of the same name, and joins the Moësa just last December. Six further boats of similar design below the village of Grono-which stands on an L'umino were to have been laid down in 1914. There are enormous cone of mountain débris and shingle, about seventy effective torpedo-boats, the displace. formed at a remote period by the Calancasca-has ment ranging from 100 to 250 tons, and the speed shown itself to be of the most difficult character. R. Castione 4 from 25 to 30 knots. The present strength of the At times of excessive rainfall these mountain rivulets submarine flotilla is uncertain. Only six boats easily carry with them vast quantities of shingle Arbedo were ready when war broke out, but several others and stones, and deposit these masses in the valley, Molinazzo were building, including five large boats ordered covering up fields, houses, and stables, and at times, Gorduno from the Germania yard at Kiel. Some of these through the blocking of the main river, causing are reported to have been dispatched overland to great inundations of a violent character, as the Pola, in sections, though it is possible that they water, when breaking through the obstruction. made the voyage to the Adriatic by sea. Finally, goes on with a rush strong enough to wash away there are the usual auxiliaries, including one new bridges spanning the rivers and buildings near to it. BELLINZONA mine-layer, the Camäleon, of 1100 tons and 21 knots ; Passing along such a valley the engineer cannot the Gaea, of 13,000 tons and 19 knots, which acts help feeling the danger which threatens from these as parent ship to the destroyer flotilla ; and one Monte enormous steep slopes, and the events which happen Carasso large sea-going depôt ship for submarines. occasionally prove this feeling to be quite justified. There are, of course, means of protection against NAVAL ORDNANCE. the disasters above mentioned. These means Fig. 1--THE MISOX RAILWAY guns were purchased from Krupps, but since 1900 is the cause of ruin to the valley below. All streams all the guns mounted in the fleet have come from the which are liable to be dangerous have to be thus proved smaller than was expected, it was eventually Skoda works at Pilsen, while the whole of the armour controlled, and where there is a possibility of their decided to make the line of 1 m. gauge, and entirely plate is manufactured at Witkowitz. Austrian naval cutting into material, this possibility has in one way on its own formation, using as maximun gradient guns are remarkable for their massive construction or other got to be removed, a task which is often and minimum radius of curvature 6 per cent. and and for the great weight of the projectile in proportion difficult, both as concerns the study of the place | 80 m. respectively. It was also decided to work to calibre. The 12in. 45 cal. model, weighing 541 tons, itself, and by reason also of the expense of carrying with electric traction. as mounted in the “ Franz Ferdinand” and “ Viribus out the necessary works. But, as there is no other As standard works for the line it was decided to classes, discharges a projectile of 990 lb. weight, way out of the difficulty, it is just as well to tackle follow for the most part those of the Grissonian which is 140 lb. more than that of the British 12in. the problem in the right way from the beginning, as. Railway, which are known from the description of shell. There are two models of the 9.4in. gun, if matters turn out badly, that way has eventually to the Albula Railway, which appeared in THE ENGINEER one of 40 cals., using a 504 lb. shell, and one of 45 cals., be chosen as a matter of necessity, after much damage during 1904. These standards are very good, but using a 473 lb. shell. The 70-ton 14in. gun of has already been done. However, in this kind of as regards station buildings they are too expensive, 45 cals., with which the battleships following the country the possibilities of danger are so many that when only a small amount of traffic has to be dealt " Viribus” class were to be armed, discharges a projec. only the engineer, who is able to back his warnings with. The standards followed are shown in Figs. 3, tile of 15601h. Great attention has been paid to improv. by quite positive experience in similar districts, has a 4, 5 and 6, of which Fig. 3 shows characteristic cross ing the quality of naval ammunition. As early as chance of being heard. sections, Fig. 4 normal formations, Fig. 5 normal 1898 elaborate experiments with high-explosive The main road passing up the valley also gives dimensions of dry stone walls, and Fig. 6 tunnel shell were conducted at Pola, and each year a sub-through communication over the Bernhardino Pass, sections. The financing of the Misox line was a stantial sum was spent on similar tests. and the traffic on it was formerly rather important, difficult problem, and it was only with the greatest Page 24
190 cu. m. 30 cu. m. 140 eu. m. 180 eum.
8 cu. m. 8. tcum. 19 cu. n.
24 25 00 5 2.50 10 25 6 1 15
over the Moësa and Calancasca are noteworthy, and cheap, considering the low elevation of the bridge In 1884 he was second wrangler and first Smith's prizeman, He therefore felt that he was free to devote the following details of them may be given. The above the river bed. estimates of cost are not quite those originally got The rise of the two Moësa bridges at Roveredo is hinself whole-heartedly to investigating physical problems with the help of mathematics. He specially studied out, though they do not differ widely from them, rather small , being cnly 4.0 m., or, with the spans the problem of the distribution of electricity on two and with the wages in force at the time, the prices f 1 The dimensions of the arch are: spherical conductors when near one another. include a contractor's net profit of about 10 per cent. 1 The wages paid per hour were : 0.90 m. by 3.55 m. at the keystone, and 1.30 m. by 4. ELECTRIC IMAGES. Stonecutters 3.75 m. at the imposts. Thomson attacked the problem of calculating the Masons 0.65f. A statical investigation was made in the ordinary mutual attractions and repulsions of the two electrified Masou's labourers 0.401. way, and this gave a maximum stress of 29.2 kilos. conductors, and obtained a complete solution from which First Jloësa Bridye at Roveredo, Two Spans of 30 m. per sq. cm., neglecting the influence of wind and numerical values could be found without very much temperature. An investigation according to the difficulty: . In obtaining this solution he used the method i. theory of elasticity confirmed this. Taking wind of “ electric images," with which his name will always and temperature into consideration, the maximum be associated. He shows that if we have two conducting Excavation : Loose soil stress is about 40 kilos. per sq. cm., which is spheres with given electric charges, the field round the Rock conductors can be exactly reproduced by an infinite series Addition for pier a low figure, considering the good quality of the of point charges placed at certain definite points inside 1,400 Concrete, 1:3:6 .. 3,780 stone employed, which with stones set dry and good the two spheres, and on the line joining their centres. Regular rubble masonry in hydraulic mortar rammed into the joints would easily stand This method is useful in the theories of heat, hydrolime 8,320 100 kilos. per sq. cm. dynamics, sound, &c., and also in pure mathematics. Ashlar arch masonry in cement mortar, He proved that the behaviour of electrified conductors, 1:3 10,780 as described by Snow Harris, was in exact accordance with Regular rubble arch theoretical deductions from Coulomb's law. He also hydraulic lime ('onsoles criticised, mistakenly in the author's opinion, certain Coping stones: 1,140 SOME ASPECTS OF LORD KELVIN'S LIFE AND of Snow Harris's experimental results. Although Snow Vault coating 130 sq. m. Stone backing Harris was certain that his experimental results were WORK.* accurate, he was most impressed by the ability of the Addition for the vault faces 132 sq. m. 1,320 Drainage I piece By Dr. ALEXANDER RUSSELL. young Scottish mathematician. Railings It was not, however, until 1853, that Thomson published 1. EARLY TRAINING AT GLASGOW. Rip-rap the solution of the problem and gave a table and formula, ('enterings 280 sq. m. 4,200 The period of Kelvin's life which is of the greatest by means of which the attractions, capacities, and neutral Different stagings 1,500 human interest and well deserves special study by distances of the two spheres can be easily and accurately Pumping, &c... 2,000 Addition for rubble masonry in cemeni educationalists, is from his eighth to his sixteenth year, found, provided that they are not too close together. 325 His father, James Thomson, was appointed to the Chair When a very young man, Thomson published the solutious of Mathematics in Glasgow University in William's of several important problems without, however, publishing Total 38,022 (Lord Kelvin's) eighth year, We know that when William the methods by which they were obtained. For instance, was eight years old, he and his elder brother James in a letter to Liouville in 1846, he gives the solution attended unofficially their father's junior mathematical of the problem of the distribution of electricity on a gneiss granite of an excellent cleavage was to class. It is recorded that William once electrified the class spherical bowl--one of his greatest achievements . Tho De had in the rock cutting close to the bridge, and by asking his father's permission to answer a question. method of solving the problem, however, was not published sand and gravel were taken from the river bed near When he was ten years old he matriculated at Glasgow until twenty-three years later. by. The bridged area is 560 square metres, which University and went through the Arts Course, going up to Cambridge at the beginning of his seventeenth year. 5. ABSOLUTE UNITS. His father carefully superintended William's course In the fourth Kelvin lecture, Dr. Glazebrook gave at Glasgow, fostering his love for physical science, and us the history of the absolute units, beginning with the giving him judicious help in his mathematical and classical appointment of the Electrical Standards Committee of studies. In his later life Kelvin often recalled that all the British Association in 1861. But ten years before this that he had learnt as a boy in English, geography, history, Thomson had found that all the effects of electromagnetic mathematics, and classics, was taught him at home, along and electrodynamic induction could be explained by the with his brothers and sisters, by his father. He used also principle of the Conservation of Energy-a principle to add that he never met a better teacher in anything first clearly enunciated by George Green. In the Philothan his father was in everything. During his course at Glasgow he studied under several son's remarkable paper on the sophical Magazine for December, 1851, appeared Thom Applications of the famous professors, and won distinction by carrying off Principle of Mechanical Effect to the Measurement of most of the prizes. The preparing for examinations Electromotive Forces, and of Galvanic Resistance in at this period encouraged that hot intemperate method Absolute Units.” Since the E.M.F. of the electrochemical of study which caused in after years so much anxiety action in a cell equals the dynamical equivalent of the to the second Lady Thomson. Luckily, however, the whole chemical change effected by a current of unit (ilasgow session lasted only during the six winter strength in a second, the E.M.F. of a Daniell cell can be months, and so Professor Thomson and his family could calculated (1) on the assumption that the whole chemical spend a considerable part of the summer vacation in action is electrically efficient, or (2) on the assumption holiday-making. The letters of the family show how that only the oxidation or deoxidation of the metals is much they all liked these happy months at villages on electrically efficient. The true value of the electromotive the Firth of Clyde. William then acquired that lifelong force we now know to be about 1.07 volts. Making the love for navigational problems. During his holidays first assumption Thomson obtains 2,570,300 foot-grain. he read and studied mathematical works assiduously, second units, that is, 1.101 volts as the E.M.F. of a Daniell being eager to qualify himself to attack those physical cell, and on the second he gets 0.995 volt. He also found problems about which he had heard so much at college. that Joule's experimental results made the value 1.074 One of his favourite books was De Morgan's “ Differential volts. Although his theory is not rigorous, the results and Integral Calculus.” Some of the difficulties in this obtained are wonderfully accurate, book were doubtless explained to him by his father, Thomson was a severe critic of Weber's theory that an but the reading of it he regarded as relaxation, as it gave electric current consists of the motion of particles of two him great pleasure. There kinds of electricity moving in opposite directions. Weber His last year at Glasgow University was of assumes that the forces exerted by these particles on unexampled mental activity. Some years later, on other particles of electricity when in relative motion are looking back on this period, he said that his mental different from those that would exert when at relative Fig. 18—-VIADUCT AT KILOM. 27.9 vision was clearer then than it was now." Thomson points out that Weber's assumptions are As his conclusions also are inconmakes the cost per square metre 68f. This is chear afterwards professor of engineering at Glasgow University, sistent with the conservation of energy they must bo considering the small distance between the river bed was a thoughtful and thorough student, who was much wrong. loved by his friends. He was less brilliant than his and the rail level. younger brother, but no trace of jealousy ever shadowed 6. ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS, An iron bridge of two openings would have cost their affection. Their sister, Mrs. King, in Lord Kelvin's about: Larly Home," tells how both James and William made In 1853 Thomson read an epoch-making paper on the The abutment 9.0001. Oscillatory Discharge of a Leyden Jar," to the Glasgow The pier 0.0001. better 65 111. girders 70 tons at 1501. 31,5001. designed from the mechanical point of view, but William's had discussed a puzzling phenomenon he had noticed worked quite satisfactorily. Even the smell of ozone when a steel knitting-needle was magnetised by the Total 16,500f. proved attractive to the Thomson family, who used to call discharge current from a Leyden jar. In some cases the A similar instance is the (alancasca bridge ilt sulphur and phosphorus."' needle was left magnetised with the north pole at one end, and sometimes with the north pole at the other. If the kilom. 12.3. It has got two spans of 16 m., with Before Thomson went up to. Cambridge, he wrote a paper criticising a theorem given in Kelland's Theory discharge were oscillatory this would explain the results. only 1.80 m. rise, or 0.11. The dimensions of of Heat." The paper is purely mathematical, and is Thomson proved mathematically that this was true in 1 a remarkable production for a boy of sixteen. certain cases, and obtained a formula by means of which the arch are 0.80 m. by 3.55 m. at the keystone. the forerunner of many hundreds of papers, some of which the rapidity of the oscillations can be computed. He aud 1. 10 m. by 3.65 m. at the imposts. opened up unexplored regions of science, and all of suggested also that an experimental verification of this which were cha acterised by clear thinking and deep might be obtained by means of Wheatstone's revolving Estimate of Cost, physical insight. mirror. Feddersen did this in 1859. The invention of the oscillograph has enabled us to study these discharge 2. ELECTROSTATICS. currents in detail, and prove that Thomson's theory is The first important paper of Thomson's was written approximately correct. four months later, just before he entered Peterhouse, Excavation Addition for the pier Cambridge, as a freshman. It was entitled 7. PERISTALTIC INDUCTION. On the Concrete, 1:3:6 2,520 Uniform Motion of Heat in Homogeneous Solid Bodies, Regular rubble masonry in hydraulic and its Connection with the Mathematical Theory of Thomson published a paper on the peristaltic induction In the “Proceedings of the Royal Society for May, 1856, Jime 3,680 Electricity.” He points out how the problem of the of electric currents. Ashlar arch masonry in cement mortan 110 eu. m. 4,400 Aow of heat in a conducting solid is exactly analogous testing submarine cables proved to him that the capacity The phenomena observed when (onsoles .. to the problem of the electrostatic field in an insulating effects between a wire and the sheath, or between neigh('oping stones.. medium. The lines of flow in the heat problem are bouring wires, were most important. In this paper Vault coating 80 sq.m. coincident with the lines of force in the corresponding neglects the effect of clectromagnetic induction, as this is Stone backing Addition for the vault faces 62 sq. m. clectrostatic problem. In this paper Thomson gives perinissible for slow signals. Thomson had very clear Iddition for masonryi comentar: a clear statement of Green's theorem, which he like Gauss. Siews about the electrostatic coefficients of neighbouring Drainage I piers 2 Sturm, and (hasles, had iindependently discovered. conductors. His work on the forces between electrified Rip-sap Railings 3. CAMBRIDGE. spheres proves this. He saw that when we have several (entering 120 sq. 111. 1.800 wires in a cable and they have static charges, the potentials Different staging In 1843 William Thomson rowed in the May races at of each wire can be found by means of these coefficients. Cainbridge, first as No. 7, and then as bow, and was This is still true when the charges are in motion. They Total 17,588 largely instrumental in preventing the Caius boat, which present a very perfect analogy with the mutual influences had a great reputation, from bumping Peterhouse. Six of a number of elastic tubes bound together laterally · months later he won the Colquhoun sculls. and surrounded and filled by a liquid which is forced The bridged arca ii, 220 square metres, and the Borrowing a medical Cool I" Squarr metro 8of., which also is very delivered Nuleinler Mb. Abstract. Page 25
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All except progressive arts like shipbuilding and marine engi- of the United Kingdom remain occupied with naval weekly advertisements are taken subject to this condition. neering, but the probitv of all is unquestioned. shipbuilding to the exclusion of mercantile work Advertisements cannot be inserted unless delivered before Five o'clock on Thursday evening, and in consequence of In what, then, does their power consist ? Simply built to classification rules. The existence of two such societies as Lloyd's and the necessity for going to press early with a portion of the this, that the certiticate they grant is so sure à edition, ALTERATIONS to standing advertisements should guarantee of the quality of material and the British Corporation for the purpose of registraarrive not later than Ten o'clock on Monday morning in struction of it ship that no underwriter would tion of shipping may be considered a reversal of the each week. accept any monetary risk in one that did not hold argument, which brought Lloyd's into being as Laters relating to Advertisements and the Publishing Department of such a certificate , except at an increased premium. solution of the difficulties connected with two conto to , Sydney ; all other letters to be addressed to the Editor of THE ENGINEER. This not only explains their authority, but furnishes current registers known as the Green Book and the prima jacie evidence of the skill and knowledge of Red Book, but really it is not, for conditions are now Postal Address, 88, Norfolk-street, Strand, W.C. the men who have formed and maintained them. entirely changed, both in quantity and quality. The Telographie Address, " ENGINEER NEWSPAPER, LONDON.” | The best known, and really the oldest, of these rapid growth in numbers of ships leaves ample room Telephone-No. 18852 Central. societies is Lloyd's Registry of Shipping, which must for two such societies, and the progressive nature of not be confused with Lloyd's Insurance Corporation. the art of ship construction makes it a desirable thing The latter body was incorporated by Act of Parlia-Ithat there should be healthy rivalry rather than it PUBLISHER'S NOTICE. ment in 1871, to carry on the business of marine close monopoly held by one concern. Such a monoTi any Subscriber abroad should receive THE ENGINEER in an insurance, to protect the interests of members of the poly would probably result in restriction, and ultra*imperfect or mutilated condition, he will oblige by givind prompt society in respect of shipping, cargoes, and freights, conservatism, tending to check legitimate enterprise the name of the Agent through whom the paper is obtained. Such inconvenience and to collect, publish, and diffuse information and growth. Beside this there is the international if suffered, can be remediend by obtaining the paper dirent from with regard to shipping. It has developed much character of the work done ; ships are similarly conthis office. since then, but Lloyd's Registry of Shipping is a structed, do similar work, and sail the same seas the society formed for it distinctly different purpose. world over ; there is no fear of overlapping by these There were registers of shipping before Lloyd's; as separate corporations; they have a great work to do, CONTENTS. early as 1726 there was one, printed for circulation, and a great and increasing field in which to do it : THE ENGINEER, December 1st, 1916. PAGE of which there is no existing copy ; others followed their technical skill is sharpened by competition, and WHAT INDUSTRY Owes to SCIENCE. No. I. 478 for it was soon found to be absolutely essential that is available on any occasion for the international No. I. (Illustrated) underwriters should have some sure guarantee of development of shipping ; their future is as secure as 484 the quality of the vessels they accepted risks upon their past has been satisfactory . . The last register, edited and supported wholly by Mr. H. Pilkington 486 | underwriters, was known as the Green Book, but the Human Efficiency. RAILWAY MATTERS 487 basis upon which certificates were granted was the locality in which the ships were built, because of the We have always felt, and sometimes been bold LEADING ARTICLES superior shipbuilding skill which the underwriters enough to say, that the workshop methods of Taylor, Development of shipping Registration 489 considered was exhibited in certain districts. This Gilbreth and others, were de-humanising, and we RANDOM REFLECTIONS 490 attitude naturally aroused violent hostility among expressed our sympathy with those who opposed THE CHANNEL TUNNEL AND OTHER PROJECTS. NO Ü illusi) 192 193 shipowners and shipbuilders who were unfavourably their adoption. It is hard enough upon people to have EFFICIENCY PNEUMATIC GRAIN ELEVATORS 194 placed, and were thus themselves classified as effec- to work automatic machines at all,' but it is still LETTERS TO THE EDITOR – tively as the vessels they built ; their representations, worse to make the workers themselves into automaties, The Power of Cran. tot however, had no effect in changing the existing order with every motion, every thought controlled by The Shipping of Food of things, so they tinally founded a rival register, mental cams which are adjusted in an office by the WOLFRAM FROM THE MALAY STATES 495 which was known as the Red Book, and, curiously help of a card index and a slide rule. Efficiency may FORTHCOMING ENGAGEMENTS 495 enough, reproduced the very faults which were the be bought at too high a price. Against hard work PROVINCIAL LETTERS cause of contention in the previous one. In the not a word can be said, with good management we Lancashire 19€ state of shipbuilding development at this time these are in entire sympathy, but when these two put North of Englanit rival registers were both unnecessary and inconve- together make human machines instead of human Wales and Adjoining counties 497 mient; as a result, in 1823, a committee of underwriters, beings, our repugnance to them arises. Output is merchants, and shipowners was formed to tackle the then being bought too dearly. We have always PERSONAL AN BININESS ANNOUNCE ENTS BRITISH PATENT SPECIFICATIONS, 498 problem of founding a new register. This committer the samie feeling with regard to shops run on these (Illustratol.) THE ACQUISITION OF L'ATENT RIGHTS saw financial difficulties ahead, and recommended advanced lines that we have for a man who is so busy that Government assistance should be given ; the keeping himself up to the pitch of health which The Iron and Steel Institute Government approved the scheme and encouraged makes living worth while that he has no time to enjoy
THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN NAVY Sir Hiram Maxim Page 26
1915. Tons. ..) 2:20 266 18
whether the Jin, area safety valve was sufficient. As a PROVINCIAL LETTERS. THE MIDLANDS AND STAFFORDSHIRE. resources of these ores. In the last report of Mr. W. Eyre working order or not. » (From our own Corresponulent.) Extraordinary Premiums on Finished Iron “ Extras." from those States in 1915 amounted to 291 tons, in 1914 was not the case here. It appears that the firm appointed to 261 tons, and in 1913 to 225 tons. The greater quantity a general manager, who, in turn, appointed a manager of STAFFORDSHIRE marked bars are still subject to was low grade ore, and carried less than 65 per cent. of the particular factory--the company had two factories 2! per cent. discount ; but the question of falling into line tungsten acid. Tungsten ores, aggregating 407 tons, were and the factory manager selected a departinental manager with the movement for establishing net prices is to be imported from other countries, and re-exported after to look after the machinery, and he, it was admitted, knew considered by their makers in the near future, and the treatment at separating works in the States, but are not nothing about it. A mechanic was employed on odd opposition to departure from the immemorial usage of the included in the above-quoted figures. There is nothing occasions, but he was not responsible for the running of the trade appears to be weakening. Small sizes of bar iron of to show to which countries the tungsten was exported machinery. Thus it came about that on the morning of merchant qualities are in as urgent demand as ever. There The value of wolfram alone exported from the Federated June 5th the pressure gauge of the boiler showed little is a continuous inquiry on behalf of France. Some busiMalay States in 1915 was £32,174. or no pressure at about 7 a.m, when the men came in to ness is also being done on account of Italy and Russia. It is not generally realised that tungsten ores do not work, a few minutes later there were signs that something Ironmasters who can supply any bars under fin. size are occur in the Federated Malay States in defined deposits, was wrong, and whilst a workman was in the act of able to charge big extras. It does not appear that the and that by far the greater bulk is found in small quanti- turning off the gas, the boiler exploded killing the man new British list of extras laid down as a result of the recent ties, irregularly intermixed with tin ore and valueless and injuring three others. Investigation showed that National Conference is uniformly applied. Some leading matter. These facts render it impossiblo to obtain any the safety valve was stuck fast and the stop valve closed, firms in the Staffordshire trade have issued the list to their large increase in output. The ore is also mainly of a low although there is some doubt as to whether the latter was agents with the intimation that it will be adhered to. grade, which is not a favourable factor. Every effort has not closed after the explosion through so many people But the fact that there are merchants who are still in been made by the authorities to stimulate production, handling the débris. As to the pressure at which the ignorance as to the details indicates that the old order of however. Export duty has been suspended, and special boiler, normally designed for 60 lb., exploded, experiments things has not been entirely uprooted. Extras are still terns are given to prospectors and as regards mining made by the Surveyor of the Board of Trade showed that being adjusted in many cases to the exigencies of the rights. with all outlets closed, the steam reached 60 lb. in particular order. The time which has elapsed since the Turning to the statistics of the Straits Settlements, more 18 minutes, and after that it increased at the rate recent national resolutions, passed in Birmingham, abolish light is obtained with regard to the supply of wolfram from of 10 lb. per minute, and if the explosion took place as ing discounts, and arranging the new list of extras, which the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. The total value suggested at 7.10 a.m., the steam pressure would have has received the approval of the Ministry of Munitions, has of the exports for three years was as follows :--1913, been 175 lb. Of course, had the safety valve been in revealed an extraordinary condition of things with respect £74,638 ; 1914, £54,130; 1915, $69,900. Wolfram was extras" which imported into the Colony from the following countries :- that was the definite view arrived at by the Commissioner. merchants have to pay to secure deliveries. Staffordshire Dealing with the question of responsibility, the Com- | iron merchants assure me this week that ironmasters are 1913. 1914. Tons. missioner said there had been a good deal of crass ignorance, charging remarkable premiums upon bars-rounds and Burma and in some cases culpable negligence. He considered squares-of special sizes entailing extraordinary rolling. British Malaystates Messrs. Braithwaite were partly responsible for the Although the new list for extras shows an advance of 205. 10 Siamese Malay States Dutch Islands accident, first by sending out a dangerous machine, and 30s. per ton over the old one, as I set out in detail last week, warning the It is interesting to note to which countries the wolfram secondly, for not users that it needed ironmasters decline to deliver on it. They demand a prewas exported, and the principal purchasers are given company responsible. To a minor extent, he held the This is serious, since, as I pointed out, the new expert attention. He did not hold the Derby Boilermium of £l to £2 per ton, and for some sizes of £3 per ton. below: principals of Messrs. Selincourt responsible for the list, without premiums, quotes fin. bars numbers. 10 accident, because a firm could not discharge its responsi- and 11 gauge 160s. above ordinary general large sizes Belgium bility by appointing managers, however highly paid, if and iin. 120s., and proportionately equally high they knew nothing of the works they were appointed to on many other sizes. When it is borne in mind United Kingdom manage. The manager of the factory ought to have seen that the list comprises fully 1600 different sizes, It should be explained that the excess of exports over that the boilers were properly looked after, but in selecting the difficulties confronting merchants will readily be imports is not due to the mining of wolfrain in the Straits his departmental manager, the manager of the factory understood as very great. Settlements, but to its extraction from the tin ore sent was aware that he knew nothing of boilers. Therefore for treatment to the great tin smelting establishments the manager of the factory was also partly to blame. Short Deliveries of Manufactured Iron. Finally, the departmental manager, aware that he Deliveries of manufactured iron are still in very States Information Agency, of 88, (annon-street, E.C. powers he had, have called in expert assistance. Further short (ase. It is useless for consumers to attempt to more, his attention had been called to the fact that the negotiate carly delivery of anything more than small lots. safety valve was not in working order, yet ho took no steps i considerable amount of business had to be turned down 10 have it put right. Therefore, le considered the owing to lack of facilities for putting it through. The departmental A LONDON BOILER EXPLOSION. manager primarily responsible for the output available for the general trade has become accident. slender, but considering the apparent stringeney, houses A SOMEWHAT extraordinary state of affairs was revealed In conclusion, the Commissioner said he had no which are largely concerned with civil requirements are With the supply of at the Board of Trade inquiry into a fatal boiler explosion hesitation in advising that the area of the safety valve of doing it substantial amount of work. in an East End clothing factory on June 5th last. The the boiler be increased to an area well in excess of the raw materials cut down the sheet mills find their scope inquiry, which concluded on Tuesday, having lasted ordinary requirements, and that the safety valve should becoming more contracted. The black sheet branch is seven days, was conducted on behalf of the Board of Trade also be capable of being moved in its seating to test receiving chief attention, the proportion of galvanising under the Boiler Explosions Acts, by Mr. A. A. Hudson, whether it was operative. Furthermore, in all cases these pots now in service being small. Only orders which carry K.C., who had the assistance of an engineer in the person boilers should be entrusted to the care of it capable the Class A certificato can be entertained. Values remain of Mr. Melrose, mechanic undisturbed on the basis of £28 10s. for galvanised sheets Briefly, the facts are as follows : -Messrs. Selincourt and of 24 gauge, £19 for black sheets (doubles), and £20 for Son, clothing manufacturers, of Copperfield-road, Stepney, painted sheets. There has been a decided appreciation of FORTHCOMING ENGAGEMENTS. had two Hoffman cloth pressing machinos, each of which hoops. Makers are not prepared to entertain business was supplied with steam from a sinall gas-heated boiler at less than £18 10s. to £19, and for special accommodation measuring 2ft. 8in. by 9.1in. external measurements. MONDAY, DECEMBER ATH, Nut delivery. Other current prices are: marked bars, £15 105., fitted, however, the machines differed somewhat from the ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN. -Albemarlo-street, less 2 per cent. (Earl of Dudley's brand, £16 2s. 6d.) original American design, and to these alterations the Pic £13 158. These are the maximum prices prescribed f.o.t. at Machines of the type, however, have been on the market Un makers' works net, except in case of marked bars. TUESDAY, DECEMBER 5TH. since 1912, and about 150 are in use and have given no controlled prices are gas strip £15 and upwards. trouble. The boiler was designed for a steam pressure of Victoria Embankment, W.C. Paper on THE RÖNTGEN SOCIETY.--Institution of Electrical Engineers, Some Remarks upon Pig Iron Continues Better. As last week, so again this, there is nuch over the manufacture of the boilers to the Derby Boiler Westminster, Sul. Paper on " Keadby Bridge," by James more active inquiry for iron, and smelters Company. The original boiler sent from America as a Benjainin Ball, M. Iust. C.E. Paper on "Experiments on Earth have been relieved of some part of their apprepattern was butt jointed and welded by the oxy-acetylene Pressures;" by Ponsonby Moore (rosthwaite, B.A.I., M. Just heusions as to the placing or their output by the process, the thickness of the steel being 14 gauge or slightly C.E. authorisation of shipinents to France, Italy and Sweden. less than lin. In 1914 the Derby Company suggested WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER (TH. This export business will be cautiously watched, for while that the shell should be a full lin. thick, and that instead of the butt weld there should be a buti strap welded by Roxa SOCIETY OF ARTS. Jolm-street, Adelphi London; margin for home requirements, the shortage of shipping it is necessary on the one hand to safeguard à sufficient the oxy-acetylene process. A further modification was W.C. Ordinary meeting. The ('oal-tar Colour Industry, by ('. M. Whittaker, B.Sc. the setting of the safety valve in a case, and later a stop presents dilliculties in another direction. The shipments now sanctioned are sufficient, however, to confirm the valve was introduced between the boiler and the separator. FRIDAY, DECEMBER STH. market in its more confident tone. Derbyshire houses It was in these respects that the boiler which exploded THE INSTITUTION OF WATER ENGINEERS.-- Apartments of generally are now quoting full maximum figures for foundry was modified. the Geological Society, Burlington House, W. Paper on iron. The authorisation of further shipments has strength. ('ommenting on these facts, Mr. Hudson said that * The Cross Hill Covered Service Reservoir for the Birkenheadened their hands. Some of them are also being called upon whilst the boiler was reasonably foolproof as made in Corporation,” by Mr. J. E. Binnie ; and “The Rating of Water- to relieve the stringency in the Scottish pig iron trade. America, the modifications had rendered it a dangerous works,” by Mr. Charles Clifton, P.A.S.I. Northamptonshire brands participate in the increased machine. In saying this, he took occasion to refer to the briskness of the market. Maximum prices are : South Staffordshire common forge, 90s.; part-mino forge, 9.75.; waite who had appeared at the inquiry showed any THE INSTITUTION OF LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS. Caxton Hall, practical training either in boilers or steam engines, nor foundry, 975. 66.; all-mine forge, 1155.; foundry, 1205. Westminster. Locomotive Fire-boxes," by Mr. Paper on had any of thein served their time or apprenticeship. warm air, forge, 1455.; foundry, 1558.; special quality Smith-Mannering. 2.30 p.m. sharp (Lord Dudley's cylinder), 167s. 6d.; cold blast, 1825. 6d. The chief object of the stop valve was to enable repairs to MONDAY, DECEMBER LITH. North Staffordshire No. forge, 95s.; foundry numbers, be made whilst the boiler was under steam, and the effect was that if the stop valve was used in this way the pressure W.C. ROYAL SOCIETY or Arts:--John-streot, Adelphi, London, 1975. 60.; basic, 97s. 6. Northamptonshire, No. 4 forge, Howard Lecture : “ Coal and its Economic Utilisat: 875. 6d.; No. 4 foundry, 898.; No. 3 foundry, 90s.; No. 2 gauge was put out of action, for it was on the separator. tion." No. III. By Professor John S. S. Brame. foundry, 925.; No. I foundry, 945.; basie, 978. 64. Derby. It was impossible to use the gauge, and safety depended THE SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS, upon the effectiveness of the safety valve. He had Apartments of the Geological shire No. 4 forge, 90s.; No. 33 foundry, 9.s. Odl.; No. 2, enquired of various experts as to whether they had ever Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. (1) Paper on "The foundry, 9 ts. Gal.; No. I foundry, 965. Odl.; basic, 975. 01. Sources of the Minerals Required by the Iron and Steel Ludus. Some of the Staffordshire smelters are well sold, and are heard of a steam boiler without a pressure gauge, and the tries of the United Kingdom," by Professor William G. Fearn. receiving inquiries as to supplies in the New Year. They answer had invariably been No." Whilst, it was under- sides (2) laper on The Mineral Resources of the British standable that personis ignorant of boilers should send out Empire us regards the Production of Nonferrous Industrial (urrent business, apart from small lots for prompt delivery, are not disposed to commit themselves so far forward. a boiler so defectivo, it was surprising to hear that similar Metals, " by Professor (': Gilbert . ('ullis. boilers had been insured by one of the largest boiler JUNIOR INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS: ---Institution of Electrical sanctioned by the Ministry at any time shall apply. is subject to the renewed reservation that any advance Industrial Engineering : Present Position and Post-war Remarkable American Raw Steel Pricos. TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12TH. Only odd lots of material are coming to hand from some excuse for Messrs. Braithwaite continuing to send them out, but it would be dangerous to introduce such a Cold StoraCE AND ICE ASSOCIATION: The Royal Society added a few billets. Sheet bars are unobtainable. The America. They consist chictly of wire rods, to which are principle. Again, the |
The business they built from scratch was destroyed indicates a
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