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DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND. After Charles II (1660–1685) was restored to the English throne in 1660, the Crown took steps to limit the independence of localities within England and the American colonies. Various measures were taken to ensure that the colonies remained loyal and subordinate to Britain. The Navigation Acts restricted colonial trade in favor of English commercial interests, and in 1675 colonial policy was placed under the Lords of Trade and Plantations, a subcommittee of the king's own Privy Council. Bitter land disputes, restrictions placed on Church of England members by the Puritan government, conflict with the Indians (particularly King Philip's War), and especially mass evasion of the Navigation Acts drew the Crown's attention toward Massachusetts and New England. Until its charter was revoked in 1684 the fiercely independent Massachusetts colony had never had a royal governor. In May 1686, however, King James II (1685–1688) carried forward plans initiated under Charles II to place the New England colonies directly under Crown control. James named Edmund Andros, a soldier and former New York governor, "Captain General and Governor in Chief of Our Territory and Dominion of New England" on 3 June 1686. Andros had jurisdiction over Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, the disputed Narragansett territory, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. New York and New Jersey were added in 1688. The Dominion government, headquartered in Boston, was modeled on the Spanish viceroyalty system, in which the Spanish crown ruled directly through appointed officials and councils. Governor Andros arrived in December 1686 with a force of sixty English soldiers and quickly moved to establish a vice regal government, consisting of the appointed governor and council but no representative assembly. The governor's appointees replaced local elected officials. Rights to jury trial and bail were restricted, the press was censored, and freedom to leave the Dominion was limited. Church of England members were favored for appointments, as Andros actively promoted the Church and dislodged Massachusetts Puritans from their formerly exclusive hold on government power. Andros even forced Puritan congregations to allow Church of England services in their meeting-houses. Though not all were sorry to see Puritan power broken, colonists united in opposition to Andros's tax and land policies. In March 1687 Andros imposed new direct and indirect taxes without any legislative consent. He infuriated colonists with his land distribution policies, especially when the Dominion government claimed title to all undistributed land that had formerly been held in common by individual towns. By the summer of 1688 the Dominion government had completely alienated Puritan and non-Puritan colonists alike. Then in early 1689 reports arrived that William of Orange had, by invitation of parliamentary leaders, invaded England with his Dutch army and ousted James II from power. Spurred on by the still unofficial news, an uprising began in Boston on 18 April 1689. Andros was arrested after a brief siege and the colonies' former governments restored. Though Massachusetts absorbed Plymouth Colony and was placed under a royal governor in 1691, the new king, William III (1669–1702), made no renewed attempt to impose direct royal power upon the colonies. BIBLIOGRAPHYJohnson, Richard R. Adjustment to Empire: The New England Colonies, 1675–1715. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1981. Lovejoy, David S. The Glorious Revolution in America. New York: Harper and Row, 1972. McFarlane, Anthony. The British in the Americas: 1480–1815. New York: Longman, 1994. Sosin, J. M. English America and the Revolution of 1688: Royal Administration and the Structure of Provincial Government. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982. Speck, W. A. Reluctant Revolutionaries: Englishmen and the Revolution of 1688. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Aaron J.Palmer See alsoLords of Trade and Plantation ; Navigation Acts ; New England Colonies . Plymouth Colony , PLYMOUTH COLONY (or Plantation), the second permanent English settlement in North America, was founded in 1620 by settlers including a group of relig… John Endecott , Endecott, John Endecott, John 1588 (or 1589) Dorchester, England Boston, Massachusetts Governor and military leader John Endecott "rebuked the inhabi… Royal Colonies , Royal Colonies Royal Colonies Crown Law. Royal colonies were those that in the absence or revocation of a private or proprietary charter came under t… Massachusetts Bay Company , The Massachusetts Bay Company was formed in 1628 as a joint stock venture to trade in the fish and furs of New England. But from the beginning, a num… Proprietary Colonies , PROPRIETARY COLONIES were grants of land in the form of a charter, or a license to rule, for individuals or groups. They were used to settle areas ra… John Winthrop (scientist) , John Winthrop John Winthrop (1588-1649) was an American colonial political leader and historian. He was a very effective governor of the Massachusett… Dominick’s Finer Foods, Inc. 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At the center of the Dominion was its governor, Sir Edmund Andros who was appointed by the king and was assisted by a council composed of representatives from each of the colonies. Council members were not paid nor compensated for their travel to the Dominion’s capital of Boston, therefore most councils were dominated by representatives from Massachusetts, and in most cases, this left Andros to rule the Dominion alone. Andros may have been one of the most resented officials of the colonies. Andros established the Church of England as the official religion of the Dominion, which undercut Puritan beliefs. He restricted local courts, the press, and schools. In order to diminish local authority, Andros restricted the power of town meetings and then imposed taxes. Colonists found this most objectionable because they were being taxed without their consent. Since England had revoked colonial charters, old land titles were questioned. The land belonged to the King and landowners had to petition the government for new titles. The title work involved taxes, fees, and sometimes bribes to officials.
The years 1675 to 1700 represented times of turmoil in England. The British Parliament believed that James II centralized too much authority and was worried that he wanted to make England a Catholic nation. By 1689, James II was forced to abdicate the throne and was replaced by his daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange. This peaceful transfer of power was called the “Glorious Revolution.” English Parliament was able to permanently limit the monarch’s power and established parliamentary control over taxation, laws, and the courts. The English Monarchs included:
Once news of the Glorious Revolution hit New England, the colonists erupted into a riot and, through the riot, rid themselves of Andros and Dominion. The Glorious Revolution had set the significant precedent for the removal of a monarch. A mob formed in Boston on April 18, 1689, and fearing for his life, Andros returned to England. Most of the colonies reverted to their original forms of governing with a few changes. Massachusetts was the most affected colony and was made a royal colony in 1691. As a royal colony, Massachusetts was under direct control of the King and ruled by a royal governor who was appointed by the king. The new royal charter required Massachusetts to acknowledge freedom of religion and ended religious restriction on voting. In the case of Massachusetts, the Dominion of New England caused society to move towards being more secular.
The Dominion of New England was a failed attempt by the British to assert control over its colonies. The colonists resented the overbearing rule of Sir Edmund Andros and eventually, a mob forced him to leave Boston and his post as governor of the Dominion. Overall, the Glorious Revolution had more long term effects in the colonies. In 1689, before William and Mary assumed the throne, England passed the Bill of Rights which guaranteed rights to citizens and established a limited constitutional monarchy. Among other provisions of the Bill of Rights was the idea that taxes could not be raised without the authority of Parliament. Colonists expected the same rights as English subjects. Many of the provisions of the English Bill of Rights were used in the Declaration of Independence.
The failure of the Dominion of New England ushered in an era of “salutary neglect” in the colonies. Some in England felt that the colonies would flourish economically and provide more in the way of profits if left alone and that the Navigation Acts were not enforced. Additionally, with such vast territories to patrol, the Navigation Acts were too expensive to enforce. An unintended consequence of this neglect was the growth of self-government in the colonies. Colonists became less dependent on British appointed governors and more dependent on locally elected representatives. Since British laws were not enforced, colonists became accustomed to self-rule. When the era of salutary neglect ended with the British victory in the French and Indian War, the colonists were ready to resist British rule and Parliament’s rights to tax. |
Q019 which colony was part of the Dominion of New England (1686 1688)
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