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Ransomware is malware that encrypts your files or stops you from using your computer until you pay money (a ransom) for them to be unlocked. If your computer is connected to a network the ransomware may also spread to other computers or storage devices on the network.

Some of the ways you can get infected by ransomware include:

Visiting unsafe, suspicious, or fake websites.
Opening file attachments that you weren’t expecting or from people you don’t know.
Opening malicious or bad links in emails, Facebook, Twitter, and other social media posts, or in instant messenger or SMS chats.

You can often recognize a fake email and webpage because they have bad spelling, or just look unusual. Look out for strange spellings of company names (like "PayePal" instead of "PayPal") or unusual spaces, symbols, or punctuation (like "iTunesCustomer Service" instead of "iTunes Customer Service").

Ransomware can target any PC—whether it’s a home computer, PCs on an enterprise network, or servers used by a government agency.

Caution: Mobile devices can get ransomware too! Learn more

Make sure your PC is up to date with the latest version of Windows and all the latest patches. Learn more about Windows Update.
Be sure Windows Security is turned on to help protect you from viruses and malware (or Windows Defender Security Center in previous versions of Windows 10).
In Windows 10 or 11 turn on Controlled Folder Access to protect your important local folders from unauthorized programs like ransomware or other malware.
Get ransomware detection and recovery with Microsoft 365 advanced protection.
Back up your files with File History if it hasn’t already been turned on by your PC’s manufacturer. Learn more about File History.
Store important files on Microsoft OneDrive. OneDrive includes built in ransomware detection and recovery as well as file versioning so you can restore a previous version of a file. And when you edit Microsoft Office files stored on OneDrive your work is automatically saved as you go.
Use a secure, modern, browser such as Microsoft Edge.
Restart your computer periodically; at least once a week. This can help ensure the applications and operating system are up-to-date and helps your system run better.

Use antimalware programs, such as Windows Security, whenever you’re concerned your PC might be infected. For example, if you hear about new malware in the news or you notice odd behavior on your PC. See Virus & threat protection in Windows Security for how to scan your device.

Unfortunately, a ransomware infection usually doesn’t show itself until you see some type of notification, either in a window, an app, or a full-screen message, demanding money to regain access to your PC or files. These messages often display after encrypting your files.

Try fully cleaning your PC with Windows Security. You should do this before you try to recover your files. Also see Backup and Restore in Windows for help on backing up and recovering files for your version of Windows.

Don't pay money to recover your files. Even if you were to pay the ransom, there is no guarantee that you'll regain access to your PC or files.

If you’ve already paid the ransom, immediately contact your bank and your local authorities. If you paid with a credit card, your bank may be able to block the transaction and return your money.

You can also contact the following government fraud and scam reporting websites:

If your region isn't listed here, Microsoft recommends that you contact your region's federal police or communications authority.

For an illustrated overview about ransomware and what you can do to help protect yourself, see The 5Ws and 1H of ransomware.　

If you're in an enterprise, see the Microsoft Malware Protection Center for in-depth information about ransomware.

How malware can infect your PC

Protect yourself from online scams and attacks

Potentially unwanted applications (PUA) are a category of software that can cause your machine to run slowly, display unexpected ads, or at worst, install other software which may be more harmful or annoying.

Windows Security has reputation-based protection that can help protect your PC from potentially unwanted applications. Potentially unwanted app blocking was first introduced in the Windows 10 May 2020 update and is turned on by default for enterprise customers, but off by default for consumers.

Note: Beginning in September of 2021 we will only be blocking cryptomining software as PUA for enterprise customers.

To configure potentially unwanted app blocking go to Start > Settings > Update & Security > Windows Security > App & browser control > Reputation-based protection settings.

There you'll find a control that lets you turn potentially unwanted app blocking off, and select if you want to block apps, downloads, or both.

We recommend that you leave this feature on, and that you enable both block apps and block downloads.

Block apps will detect PUA that you've already downloaded or installed, so if you're using a different browser Windows Security can still detect PUA after you've downloaded it.
Block downloads looks for PUA as it's being downloaded, but it only works with the new Microsoft Edge browser.

When Windows Security detects a potentially unwanted app you'll get a notification encouraging you to take action on it.

Click on the notification to go to the Virus & threat protection area of Windows Security, then click on the name of the PUA to select the action to take.

Note: You may not have all of the options shown in the sample below.

Important: Until you select an action to take, and have Windows Security take that action, the PUA that was detected is only blocked on your system; it's not removed. Future scans may continue to detect the PUA until you take action.

Once you've made a selection choose Start actions.