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Please make a selection from the available options APA is an in-text citation style. This means you insert a brief reference (‘citation’) into your writing whenever you use a source. The citation should appear within the body of the document and includes details such as the author’s family name, year of publication (in round brackets), and page numbers (if applicable). For each source cited in the text, you need to create a corresponding entry in the reference list. The reference list is an alphabetical presentation of all the sources used in a piece of writing.  Each entry in the reference list should contain enough identifying detail to allow your reader to locate the source if they wished. Additional resources APA Style Blog
When you are paraphrasing or using a direct quote in your writing you must acknowledge each author or source of information (whether print or online). PARAPHRASING Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author in your own words. When you are paraphrasing you must acknowledge each author or source of information with a citation. Use round brackets to add the author’s family name and the year of publication, or use the author’s family name as part of your sentence, followed by the year of publication in round brackets. When paraphrasing, the citation details can be used at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence. Citation at the beginning Brophy (2010) states that student motivation . . . . . . motivation is evident (Brophy, 2010), and as a result, can contribute significantly to achieving learning goals. . . . where a number of subjective experiences can inform motivational outcomes (Brophy, 2010). Citations can also be structured according to whether they give prominence to the author, or to the information being conveyed. Author-prominent or narrative citations This type of citation incorporates the name of the author as part of the sentence followed by the date in brackets. In his research, Brophy (2010) argues that . . . With author-prominent citations, after the first citation in a paragraph you do not need to include the year in subsequent author-prominent citations in the same paragraph as long as the study cannot be confused with others. Felton and Royal (2015) argue that…. The population studied by Felton and Royal was….. Information-prominent or parenthetical citations This type of citation has the author's name and date inside brackets. . . . findings are based on the qualitative study of behavioural learning (Brophy, 2010). All information-prominent citations should include the year, regardless of how often they appear in a paragraph. . . . identifies skills intrinsic to current nursing practitioners (Felton & Royal, 2015). Including page numbers in a paraphrase citation When paraphrasing, page numbers may also be included as part of the citation, especially if it helps the reader locate the source of the information in a lengthy document. Including page numbers when paraphrasing is optional and is not a requirement of the APA referencing style. In order to establish a learning community in the classroom, it is important to motivate students by addressing both individual and collaborative learning goals (Brophy, 2010, pp. 23-24). General rules for in-text citations when quoting When you are using a direct quote in your writing, you must acknowledge each author or source of information. Direct quotes are used if you are using the exact words of the author. Put direct quotes between double quotation marks “ ” and add a page number. Do not overuse direct quotes. “Student motivation to learn can be viewed as either a general disposition or a situation-specific state” (Brophy, 2010, p. 12). If the work you are referencing does not contain page numbers, then use chapter numbers, section headings, and paragraph numbers as part of the citation. "As the national peak body for early childhood, ECA is a regular, and trusted, contributor to the public policy debate on all matters affecting young children (birth to eight years) and their families" (Early Childhood Australia, 2016, Advocacy section, para. 1). If you omit words from a direct quote, you need to add a space followed by three ellipsis dots ( . . . ) and another space. Cannon (2012) argues that "changes in corporate approaches to such sensitive areas . . . will require coherent change strategies" (p. 165). Quotations more than 40 words in length need to be in block form: without using quotation marks, begin the quote on a new line, and indent and double-space the entire quote. At the end of the quote, include citation details in brackets.
You need to insert a brief reference into your writing, whenever you use a source. This is the in-text citation. It is made up of the author and the year of publication of the source. Page numbers are added when you are referring to a specific part of the source. TEMPLATE (Author, Year) or (Author, Year, Page)
… which is confirmed by the most recent study (Jenkins, 2013). … was “fully confirmed by these results” (Jenkins, 2013, p. 213). … the study by Jenkins (2013) confirmed these results.
… seemingly different from Twain’s later work (M. Grech, 1994).
(Hendricks & Angwin, 1975) OR Hendricks and Angwin (1975) …
Group author (Government or organisation)
(Amnesty International, 1997) OR Amnesty International (1997) ALL MENTIONS (World Health Organization [WHO], 2013) FULL NAME IN FIRST CITATION FOLLOWED BY ABBREVIATION IN SQUARE BRACKETS (WHO, 2009) ABBREVIATED NAME IN FOLLOWING CITATIONS LEGISLATION/CRIMINAL CASES (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION)
Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187 TITLE in CIVIL CASE LAW Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1) TITLE in STATUTES
(Reading Rates, 2012) OR Reading Rates (2012) WHOLE WORK (“Last Gasp,” 2004) OR “Last Gasp” (2004) PART OF WORK MULTIPLE SOURCES IN SAME CITATION
… along with other studies (Keen, 2005; Lee, 2004; Wojk, 2003, 2006).
MULTIPLE WORKS BY SAME AUTHOR IN SAME YEAR
In a study by Crowley (2011a), it was found that . . . It is suggested that . . . (Crowley, 2011b). NO YEAR/DATE Use ‘n.d.’ (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source. (Smith, n.d.) or Smith (n.d.)
(Johnson, 2003, p. 6) … (Kennett, 1998, pp. 55–63) … (Wong, 2012, Figure 3)
It was described as “a stunning victory” (Harrison, 1965, p. 15). Harrison (1965) described it as “a stunning victory” (p. 15).
Carter et al. (2000) note that:
(Duer, 1974, “Introduction,” para. 12).
List multiple citations in alphabetical order, with a semi-colon (;) to separate them. … along with other studies (Keen, 2005; Lee, 2004; Wojk, 2003, 2006).
When an author has published more than one cited article in the same year, distinguish each article by using a lower case letter after the year within the brackets (this is also written in the reference list). In a study by Crowley (2011a), it was found that . . . It is suggested that . . . (Crowley, 2011b).
A secondary citation is where you refer to a source that you haven't read but which is cited in another, more recent source.
Hilferty describes the nature of teacher professionalism as “an evolving idea that responds to political, social & historical contexts” (as quoted in Meldrum & Peters, 2012, p. 109). "Whether the formats differ in effectiveness at the conclusion....." (Seamons, 2004, as quoted in Austin & Gustafson, 2006, p. 27).
Reference list
Meldrum, K., & Peters, J. (2012). Learning to teach health and physical education: The student, the teacher and the curriculum. Pearson Australia. Austin, A. M., & Gustafson, L. (2006). Impact of course length on student learning. Journal of Economics and Finance Education, 5(1), 26-37.
Each source that is cited in the text needs a corresponding entry in the reference list. The entry should contain enough identifying information about the source to allow it to be located by someone else. The information is presented as parts in a set order to help the reader identify at a glance which piece of information relates to which part. A basic APA reference entry is made up of the following parts: Author + Year + Title+ Publisher Information or DOI or URL Below are instructions for formatting the parts of an APA reference entry. When you are ready to create your entries, read the instructions and copy the punctuation used in the examples. Note that every part ends with a full stop, except DOIs and URLs, and a space follows each punctuation mark.
Give the author’s surname, a comma, and the initials of their given names. Winton, T. (2001). Dirt music. Picador. Name all authors. Separate by commas and join the last author by ‘&’. Hall, J. L., & Ashton, B. T. (2005). A spoonful of valour… Name the first nineteen authors and the last author. Join the last author by three dots (‘…’). Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. Group author (government or organisation) Give the name of the group in full, even if you have abbreviated it within the text. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2004). Australia’s health … When was the source published?
Winton, T. (2001). Dirt music. Picador. Greendale, N. (2006, May 4). Road toll rising. The Age, 13. List each work alphabetically by title and add a lower case letter (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, etc.) to the year to reflect the order the entry appears in the reference list, e.g., ‘a’ for the first entry, ‘b’ for the second entry, etc. Harris, D. W. (2001a). Hadrian’s wall … Harris, D. W. (2001b). Julius Caesar … Use ‘n.d.’ (stands for ‘no date’) if no year/date can be found on the source. Gardiner, I. T. (n.d.). Life in rural Australia … What is the source called?
Harris, M. (1983). The mighty Yarra: Rivers of Victoria. … TITLE AND SUBTITLE Gerd, N. B. (2001). Method in action. Journal of Health, … PART OF & WHOLE WORK
Bandman, E., & Bandman, B. (2002). Nursing ethics through the life span (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. If there is no title, give a brief descriptive title in your own words in square brackets with no italics. Jensen, P. R. (1945). [Wartime navy reminiscences]. Liberty Press. Who made the source available in the form I used?
Gourley, D. (2002). Action man. Bellinger. Carbonation, L. A. (2012). Can we use MR-mammography to predict nodal status? European Journal of Radiology, 81(1), 17-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(12)70007-4 Gull Group. (1992). Annual report. Is there a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)?
http://doi.org/10.1086/529076 UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR [URL] AND RETRIEVAL DATE What is the address of the source online, and when did I retrieve it?
Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
How to set up the list in Microsoft Word
How to arrange the entries
Example of a reference list
This table offers broad guidance to assist in creating citations and references with missing elements. The formatted examples reflect the referencing requirements for a ‘website post or page’. Refer to FedCite or the reference style’s official publication for instruction and templates when referencing other specific material types such as books, journals, web documents etc. Refer to the ‘Using APA 7 ed’ section in FedCite for instruction on formatting requirements for the references list.
ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association: The official guide to APA style. (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.
There are a number of changes that have been made to APA style referencing from the 6th edition to the 7th edition. Please check with your lecturer which edition you need to use for your referencing. The following is a summary of the major changes that have been made. Please check the relevant FedCite page for each source you are citing to ensure accuracy.
Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. Retrieved 2019, November 16, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127 Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
Carbonation, L. A. (2012). Can we use MR-mammography to predict nodal status? European Journal of Radiology, 81(1), 17-18. doi:10.1016/s0720-048x(12)70007-4 Hampden-Turner, C., & Trompenaars, A. (2000). Building cross-cultural competence: How to create wealth from conflicting values. Available from http://search.ebscohost.com/ Carbonation, L. A. (2012). Can we use MR-mammography to predict nodal status? European Journal of Radiology, 81(1), 17-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(12)70007-4 Hampden-Turner, C., & Trompenaars, A. (2000). Building cross-cultural competence: How to create wealth from conflicting values. John Wiley.
Fitzgerald, F. S. (2003). The great Gatsby [Kindle version]. Available from http://www.amazon.com Fitzgerald, F. S. (2003). The great Gatsby. Text Publishing. http://www.amazon.com Bruck, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007978-90-481-2473-2 PUBLISHER LOCATION
Pastorino, E., & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2016). What is psychology?: Foundations, applications and integration. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Pastorino, E., & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2016). What is psychology?: Foundations, applications and integration. Cengage Learning.
Marinovich, M., Houssami, N., Macaskill, P., Sardanelli, F., Irwig, L., Mamounas, E., …, Ciatto, S. (2013). Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 105(5), 321-333. doi:10.1093/jnci/djs528 Marinovich, M. L., Houssami, N., Macaskill, P., Sardanelli, F., Irwig, L., Mamounas, E. P., Von Minckwitz, G., Brennan, M. E., & Ciatto, S. (2013). Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting residual breast cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 105(5), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djs528 Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537
. . . outlining the thought processes (Demacheva, Ladouceur, Steinberg, Pogossova, & Raz, 2012). . . . outlining the thought processes (Demacheva et al., 2012). CONTRIBUTOR
In-text citations Paraphrasing When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s). Studies indicate that . . . (Sullivan, 2013). Sullivan (2013) states that . . . Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. Sullivan, E. (2013). Becoming influential: A guide for nurses (2nd ed.). Pearson. American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.
In-text citations Paraphrasing . . . and is vital in order to encode memories (Pastorino & Doyle-Portillo, 2016). Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo (2016) have identified that . . .
Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx Pastorino, E., & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2016). What is psychology?: Foundations, applications and integration. Cengage Learning.
In-text citations Paraphrasing
. . . independent variables are controlled by the selector (Kraemer et al., 2016). Kraemer et al. (2016) posit that . . .
Kraemer et al. also found that . . . Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx Kraemer, W., Fleck, S. J., & Deschenes, M. R. (2012). Exercise physiology: Integrating theory and applications. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. Brown, T. L., LeMay, H. E., Bursten, B. E., Murphy, C. J., Langford, S. J., & Sagatys, D. (2010). Chemistry: The central science: A broad perspective (2nd ed.). Pearson.
In-text citations Paraphrasing
Lodish et al. (2013) identified . . . Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx
In-text citations Paraphrasing When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s). According to Bandman and Bandman (2002) ethics in nursing is …. Ethical medical care given by nurses … (Bandman & Bandman, 2002) Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. Bandman, E., & Bandman, B. (2002). Nursing ethics through the life span (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.
In-text citations Paraphrasing When citing an entire edited book, use the editor as the author. If you are only using one chapter as your source, refer to the next section, ‘Book chapter from an edited book’. Brown (2001) states … Infectious diseases are often not spoken about in some families … (Brown, 2001). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list TEMPLATE Editor. (Ed.). (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx Mills, A. & Smith, J. (Eds.). (2001). Utter silence: Voicing the unspeakable. Peter Lang.
Chapter from edited collection An edited book will generally be comprised of chapters written by a number of different authors. When citing in-text, you need to attribute the authors of the particular chapter you are referencing, not the editors of the entire work. If you are using the entire book as a source, refer to the previous section, ‘Edited book’. IN TEXT CITATIONS
Infectious diseases are often not spoken about in some families … (Brown, 2001). Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number from the book.
Book Chapter Chapter Author. (Year). Chapter title. In Editor (Ed.), Book title (page numbers). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx Brown, J. (2001). Silence, taboo and infectious disease. In A. Mills & J. Smith (Eds.), Utter silence: Voicing the unspeakable (pp. 83–91). Peter Lang.
Book Chapter (with edition details) Chapter Author. (Year). Chapter title. In Editor (Ed.), Book title (edition, page numbers). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.
In-text citations Paraphrasing When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s). Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars (2000) believe that building cross-cultural competence ... Building cross-cultural competence is seen as … (Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars, 2000). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list N. B. When the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher from the source element. Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/xxxxx Ross, R. T. (2006). How to examine the nervous system. Humana Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-081-2
e-book from a database, without DOI TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. Hampden-Turner, C., & Trompenaars, A. (2000). Building cross-cultural competence: How to create wealth from conflicting values. John Wiley.
e-book accessed on e-reader, without DOI TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://xxxxxx Fitzgerald, F. S. (2003). The great Gatsby. Scribner Books. http://www.amazon.com
e-book without DOI, with non-database URL TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title: Subtitle (# ed., Vol. #). Publisher. http://xxxxxx Kirkwood, R., & Goldsworthy, S. (2013). Fur seals and sea lions. CSIRO. http://uball.csiro.patron.eb20.com/Collections/ViewBook/295eae4d-f807-481b-95cc-05fb9d9f5f48
In-text citations Paraphrasing When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s). Recent studies indicate that . . . (Carbonaro, 2012). Carbonaro (2012) contends that . . . Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Reference list TEMPLATE Online with DOI Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL Carbonaro, L. A. (2012). Can we use MR-mammography to predict nodal status? European Journal of Radiology, 81(1), 17-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0720-048X(12)70007-4 Normoyle, C. (2013). Nurses' wellbeing. Australian Nursing Journal, 20(10), 30–33. Online with URL (no DOI) Moran, W. (2014). Enhancing understanding of teaching and the profession through school innovation rounds. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(3). http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/
In-text citations
Paraphrasing . . . identifies skills intrinsic to current nursing practitioners (Felton & Royal, 2015). Felton and Royal (2015) argue that . . Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL Print or online with DOI Felton, A., & Royal, J. (2015). Skills for nursing practice: Development of clinical skills in pre-registration nurse education. Nurse Education in Practice, 15(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2014.11.009
In-text citation Paraphrasing
. . . outlining the thought processes (Demacheva et al., 2012). Demacheva et al. (2012) outlined the through processes relevant to ...
Demacheva et al. also found that . . . Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI Demacheva, I., Ladouceur, M., Steinberg, E., Pogossova, G., & Raz, A. (2012). The applied cognitive psychology of attention: A step closer to understanding magic tricks. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(4), 541-549. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2825
In-text citations Paraphrasing Use only the first listed family name followed by et al. and year of publication. Human colonization of Australia … (Tobler et al., 2017). Tobler et al. (2017) state that . . . Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL Tobler, R., Rohrlach, A., Soubrier, J., Bover, P., Llamas, B., Tuke, J., Bean, N., Abdullah-Highfold, A., Agius, S., O'Donoghue, A., O'Loughlin, I., Sutton, P., Zilio, F., Walshe, K., Williams, A. N., Turney, C. S. M., Williams, M., Richards, S. M., Mitchell, ... Cooper, A. (2017). Aboriginal mitogenomes reveal 50,000 years of regionalism in Australia. Nature, 544(7649), 180-184. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21416
In-text citations Paraphrasing When paraphrasing, include the author's family name(s) and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s). Sanchiz et al. (2017) contend that ... Age differences can influence searching behaviour due to ... (Sanchiz et al., 2017). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal. If no pages are stated, then include the section heading and paragraph number.
Reference list TEMPLATE Without a volume number Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, (issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: New discipline practices promote college access. The Journal of College Admission, (231), 44–47. https://www.nxtbook.com/ygsreprints/NACAC/nacac_jca_spring2016/#/4
Without an issue number Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol, xx–xx. DOI or URL Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038
In-text citations Paraphrasing When paraphrasing, include the author family name(s) and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s). Recent studies indicate that . . . (Walker & Buchbinder, 1997). Walker and Buchbinder (1997) contend that . . . Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal. If no pages are stated, then include the section heading and paragraph number.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL Walker, B., & Buchbinder, R. (1997). Most commonly used methods of detecting spinal subluxation and the preferred term for its description: A survey of chiropractors in Victoria, Australia. Journal of Manipulative & Physiological Therapeutics, 20(9), 583-589. http://www.jmptonline.org
Online with non-database URL (no DOI)
Online from database (no DOI)
In-text citations Paraphrasing When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s). The results of the study indicate . . . (Evans, 2015). Evans (2015) states that . . . Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.
TEMPLATE Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL Evans, K. (2015, January 05). Aspirin study raises hopes for dementia prevention. The Age, 11.
In-text citations Paraphrasing When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s). Craig (1968) reports that Mrs Holt’s sorrow has been shared by … A recent letter to the editor comments on Starbucks … (Rosen, 2014). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL Online replica of print edition Craig, B. (1968, January 10). Australia and the world shares Mrs Holt’s sorrow. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 2–3. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45649185
Online edition Rosen, L. (2014, January 22). Occupy Starbucks [Letter to the editor]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/23/opinion/occupy-starbucks.html
In-text citations Paraphrasing When paraphrasing, include the author(s) family name and year of publication in brackets. Or, if referring to the author(s) family name in the body of the text, then just include the year of publication in brackets immediately after the family name(s). Kennedy's assassination has … (Hunt, 1963). The assassination of President Kennedy has rocked … (Hunt, 1963). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year/Date). Article title. Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL Hunt, J. (1963, November 22). Assassin kills Kennedy. The Chicago Tribune, 1, 4–6.
In-text citations Paraphrasing If no author has been identified, provide the first few words of the title in Headline Case enclosed by double quotation marks " " followed by the year. An increase in education spending . . . ("Budget to Link," 2016). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.
Reference list TEMPLATE Article title. (Year/Date). Newspaper/Magazine Name, p. #. DOI or URL Budget to link school spending to outcomes. (2016, May 02). The Australian, p. 23.
Note: The APA style guide focuses on legal sources from the United States and United Nations, and refers readers to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (Bluebook, 2015), which does not cover Australian legal sources. In Australia, the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is widely used by the legal community as a standard for legal citation to which we will refer here. AGLC (4th ed.) 2018 is published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc.
In-text citationsParaphrasing
Direct quotePlace direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title and year of the Act in italics, jurisdiction in brackets and section number(s) (if applicable).
Reference listTemplate
Statutes
Notes on style
Note: The APA style guide focuses on legal sources from the United States and United Nations, and refers readers to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (Bluebook, 2015), which does not cover Australian legal sources. In Australia the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is widely used by the legal community as a standard for legal citation. AGLC (4th ed) 2018 is published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc.
In-text citationsParaphrasing
Direct quotePlace direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the Bill, year, jurisdiction and clause number(s) (if applicable) enclosed in brackets.
Reference listTemplate
Bills
Notes on style
Example
Note: The APA style guide focuses on legal sources from the United States and United Nations, and refers readers to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (Bluebook, 2015), which does not cover Australian legal sources. In Australia the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) is widely used by the legal community as a standard for re legal citation. AGLC (4th ed) 2018 is published by the Melbourne University Law Review Association Inc in collaboration with the Melbourne Journal of International Law Inc. Some of the following examples are taken from the AGLC. Please check with your school or course description for any specific requirements regarding referencing. In-text citations Paraphrasing When citing a case in-text, it is necessary to include the title of the case in italics followed by the year in brackets. Alternatively, it is also acceptable to include all case details enclosed in brackets; italicise only the case title, followed by the year. According to the case of Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011) . . . . . . (Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing, 2011). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the case, year, page number, section heading (if applicable) and paragraph number.
REFERENCE LIST Template Plaintiff v Defendant (Year/Date) Volume/Series Law report Page number Drew v Minister for Health and Ageing (2011) 56 AAR 227. http://www.westlaw.com.au/maf/wlau/app/document?docguid=I49472f517b6911e18eefa443f89988a0
Civil law cases
Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Co Inc v Fay (1988) 165 CLR 197
Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187 Todd v Nicol [1957] SASR 72 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Civil law case references
Referencing of international treaties and conventions is detailed in Section 11 (Legal References) of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition). The Australian Guide to Legal Citation also deals with international treaties and conventions in AGLC – Part IV The following examples are based on the information taken from the APA Manual. In-text citations Paraphrasing
Children have the right to privacy (Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990). According to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees(1954) . . . Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the title of the Treaty in italics, the year it entered into force and the article number(s) (if applicable).
REFERENCE LIST Template Treaty name, full date opened for signature or signed or approval date, and a URL if available. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 28 July 1951, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-relating-status-refugees
In-text citations Paraphrasing Trekking on the Kokoda track can be … (FitzSimons, 2011). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title (Narrator) [Audiobook]. Publisher. DOI/URL CD FitzSimons, P. (2011). Kokoda (L. FitzGerald, Narr.) [Audiobook]. ABC Audio. Online Dickens, C. (2013). Oliver Twist (S. Vance, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Tantor. http://www.audible.com (Original work published 1837-1839)
Give the full date the podcast was produced or uploaded, not just the year. Cohen (2013, December 29) comments that the supermarket war has led to many casualties ... The supermarket war has led to many casualties … (Cohen, 2013, December 29). Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Guy Sebastian's (2012) song touches a father's love for his child and ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list Singletrack: Modern music TEMPLATE Recording artist. (Year). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album. Label. Sinatra, F. (1958). Autumn in New York [Song]. On Come fly with me. Capitol. Sebastian, G. (2012). Big bad world [Song]. On Armageddon. Singletrack: Classical music TEMPLATE Composer. (Year of Recording). Title of song [Song recorded by Artist]. On Title of album. Label. (Original work published Year) Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [Song recorded by Staats-kapelle Dresden]. On Beethoven: Complete symphonies. Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)
Album: Modern music TEMPLATE Recording artist. (Year). Title of album [Album]. Label. Perry, K. (2013). Prism [Album]. Capitol. Album: Classical music TEMPLATE Composer. (Year of Recording). Title of album [Album recorded by Artist]. Label. (Original work published Year) Bach, J. S. (2010). The Brandenburg concertos: Concertos BWV 1043 & 1060 [Album recorded by Academy of St Martin in the Fields]. Decca. (Original work published 1721)
Use the speaker’s name for the author and the exact date of the speech. Martin Luther King's often quoted catch phrase … (King,1963). Follow the same rules as for paraphrasing, but additionally place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Use the speaker’s name for the author and the exact date of the speech. Speaker. (Year, Month Day). Title of speech [Speech audio recording]. Publisher. URL King, M. L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to the latest research . . . (Cutts, 2017). Cutts (2017) presents an interesting ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Website. URL Cutts, S. (2017, November 24). Happiness [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/244405542 BBC World News. (2019, December 21). Meet the maestro: Leo Nucci [Video]. Informit EduTV. https://edutv-informit-com-au /watch-screen.php?videoID=4493898 Catalyst. (2019, October 22). Investigating body dsymorphia [Video]. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/s20-e10-investigating-body-dysmorphia/11564912
In-text citations Paraphrasing The Gilmore girls were feeling anxious when … (Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso, 2002). Sherman-Palladino & Mancuso (2002) wrote an episode of the Gilmore girls that dealt with anxiety issues… Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list Executive producer’s name/s (Executive Producer). (Year range). Series Title [Form]. Production/Distribution Company. Gilligan, V. (Executive Producer). (2008-2013). Breaking bad [TV series]. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
TV series episode or webisode Writer’s name (Role), & Director’s name (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season and Episode number) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producers’ Names (Executive Producers), Title of series. Production/Distribution Company. Sherman-Palladino, A. (Writer), & Mancuso, G. (Director). (2002, April 21). Application anxiety (Season 3, Episode 12) [TV series episode]. In A. Sherman-Palladino, D. Palladino, & G. Polone (Executive Producers), Gilmore girls. Warner Bros. Television.
Writer’s name (Role), & Director’s name (Role). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season and Episode number) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producers’ Names (Executive Producers), Title of series. Production/Distribution Company. URL.
In-text citations Use the name of the director as the author. Zemeckis (1985) directed … Marty McFly walked towards the car when suddenly … (Zemeckis, 1985). Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Director. (Role). (Year). Title [Film]. Studio. Zemeckis, R. (Director). (1985). Back to the future [Film]. Universal Pictures.
In-text citations Use the game developer as the author. Fallout: New Vegas (Obsidian Entertainment, 2010) is a great new video game that features ... Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year.
Developer. (Year). Title [Video game]. Publisher. URL Obsidian Entertainment. (2010). Fallout: New Vegas [Video game]. Bethesda Softworks.
In-text citations This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication. Paraphrasing Telemedicine benefits from Robonaut technology due to … (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2014). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2014) states that … Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a time stamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Poster. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Video]. Website name. URL MarinaHD2001. (2009, February 10). Bizkit the sleep walking dog [Video]. Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BgjH_CtIA National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [NASA] (2014, January 17). Robonaut supports telemedicine advances [Video]. Youtube. http://youtube/9gbfL590Fgg
In-text citations Paraphrasing Watched on TED website: Amanda Palmer (2013) used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy. Watched on YouTube: Amanda Palmer used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy (TED, 2013).
Direct quote Watched on TED website:
Watched on YouTube:
Reference list TEMPLATE Watched on TED website: Speaker. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month). Title [Form]. TED Conferences. URL Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking Watched on YouTube: TEMPLATE TED. (Year, Month Day). Speaker: Title [Form]. YouTube. URL TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g
Corporate authors (e.g. organisations or government body)
Paraphrasing According to the City of Ballarat (2011) there has been a housing boom over the past ... There has been a housing boom in the Ballarat area … (City of Ballarat, 2011). The outcomes for early years learning and development ... (Department of Education and Training [DET] & Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority [VCAA], 2016). The Department of Education and Training & Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (DET & VCAA, 2016) state that …. Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) of the direct quote from the PDF document.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title [Document type if required]. Site name. DOI or URL
Corporate authors (e.g. organisations or government body)
Online curriculum resources
In-text citations Corporate authors (e.g. organisations or government body)
Paraphrasing According to the World Health Organization (2018) ... The My Aged Care website offers many support services for aged care including ... (Department of Health, 2018). The design of the curriculum ... (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], n.d.) According to the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA, n.d.) curriculum design should ...
Reference list Author. (Year/Date). Title [Form, if needed]. Site name. URL
Corporate authors (e.g. organisations or government body)
Online curriculum resources
REFERRING TO A WEBSITE IN TEXT The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is … IN WRITING ONLY No reference entry required
REFERRING TO A WEBSITE AS A WHOLE When making a general reference to a website as a whole (i.e., not to a specific document, page, or post on the site), give the URL in round brackets after the mention; no reference entry is needed. NO REFERENCE ENTRY REQUIRED Example: The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is … IN WRITING ONLY SPECIFIC DOCUMENT, PAGE, OR POST If you mention specific information from a website post or page, you must include an in-text citation and reference list entry whether you are paraphrasing or quoting directly.
In-text citations If there is no artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts and visual material. When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it in. So if you retrieved it from a journal article, just reference the actual article as normal. Within the written body
As shown in Figure 1 . . . (Fernandez-Lizarbe et al., 2013). Figure 1 illustrates . . . (Fernandez-Lizarbe et al., 2013). TEMPLATE Above the figure: Figure x. Caption. Below the figure: Print book Note. Image description. Adapted from/From Book Title, by Author, Year, Publisher. DOI or URL. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication). Note. Image description. Adapted from/From “Journal Article Title”, by Author, Year, Journal name, Volume(Issue), p. xx. URL or DOI. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication). Figure 1. Drawing of Rip van Winkle Note. Rip returns to his house in ruins. From Rip van Winkle, by W. Irving, 1848, American Art Union. CC0. Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, vol(issue), xx–xx. DOI or URL Fletcher, M. (2014). Our mob: Art by South Australian Aboriginal artists. Artlink, 34(2), 101-102. https://www.artlink.com.au
In-text citations if there is no artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts and visual material. When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it in. So if you retrieved it from a website, just reference the actual website as normal.
As shown in Figure 2 . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016). Figure 2 illustrates . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016). TEMPLATE Above the figure: Figure x. Caption. Below the figure: Note. Title or image description. Adapted from/ From Webpage title, by Author, Year, URL. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication). Figure 1. Diagram of lungs. Author. (Year). Title [Form]. Website name. URL Fidelity. (2016). The world’s largest economies are all in expansion, though at various phases of the business cycle. [Photograph]. Fidelity. https://www.fidelity.com/viewpoints/market-and-economic-insights/business-cycle-update-December-2016
In-text citations If there is no author or artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts and visual material. When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it in. So if you retrieved it from a journal article, just reference the actual article as normal. In text citations
As shown in Figure 3 . . . (The eye, n.d.). Figure 3 illustrates . . . (The eye, n.d.). TEMPLATE Above the figure: Figure x. Caption. Below the figure: Note. Title or image description [Form]. Adapted from/From Database, by Author, Year, URL. Copyright/licence. Permission if required (eg. for thesis or publication). Figure 3. The Butterfly Nebula. Note. NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula [Photograph]. From Hubblesite, by NASA, ESA and J. Kastner, 2020, https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image/display_image/4680/STScI-H-p2031b-d-1280x720.png CC4.0 Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title [Form]. Database name. URL The eye [Illustration]. (n.d.). Anatomy TV. http://www.anatomy.tv/gotoview.aspx?cus=&htmlhapURL=product/specialsenses/type/Topics/displayType/displayFlash/id/6/layer/3/angle/0/structureID/-1
In-text citations If there is no artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts and visual material. When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it in. So if you retrieved it from a website, just reference the actual website as normal. Within the written body
As shown in Figure 4 . . . (West, 2012). Figure 4 illustrates . . . (West, 2012). TEMPLATE Above the figure: Figure x. Caption. Below the figure: Note. Title or image description. Adapted from/From Creative Commons source, by Author, Year, URL. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication). Figure 1. Primary school classroom. Author. (Year). Title [Form]. Website name. URL Cassidy, K. (2006). Classroom tour 3. [Photograph]. Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/7UahE9
In-text citations If there is no author or artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts and visual material. When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it in. So if you retrieved it from a website, just reference the actual website as normal.
The city of Casey as shown in Figure 4 … (Victorian Electoral Commission, 2012). The Victorian Electoral Commission (2012) published a very useful map, shown in Figure 4 … TEMPLATE Above the figure: Figure x. Caption. Below the figure: Note. Title or image description. Adapted from/From Source Name, by Author, Year, URL. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication). Figure 2. Map of Victoria. Note. Victoria. From University of Texas Libraries by McCarron, Bird and co., 1916, https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg. Public domain. Author. (Year). Title [Form]. Publisher. DOI/URL Victorian Electoral Commission. (2016). Electoral structure of Casey City Council [Map]. Casey City Council. https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/electoral-boundaries/local-councils/casey-city-council
TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title [Form]. Publisher. Timms, P. E. (2006). Colonial settlement in Tasmania. Tiger Press.
If there is no artist recorded for the image, use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts and visual material. When citing figures in the text of your work, you need to acknowledge them in two places:
If you view artwork in person, such as at a gallery or museum visit, you refer to it in the text through a citation and include a reference. No caption is required as you cannot insert the original artwork into your document! If you do want to include a picture of the artwork in your document, you will need to caption and reference it according to the source you retrieved the reproduction from, such as a book or a website, but include the medium in the reference as well. Reference the figure in your list according to the source you found it in. So if you retrieved it from a website, just reference the actual article as normal. If you viewed it in person, see below for the reference template and example.
Figure 3 depicts ….. (Rackham, 1904). The artwork by Rackham (1904)…. TEMPLATE Above the figure: Figure x. Caption. Below the figure: Note. Title or image description. Adapted from/From Webpage title, by Artist, Year, URL. Copyright/licence. Permission (if required eg. for thesis or publication). Figure 3. The thundershower. Note. The thundershower (study for painting). From The Smithsonian American Art Museum, by H. Lyman Sayen, 1916, https://www.si.edu/object/thundershower-study-painting:saam_1968.19.6CC0. Artist. (Year). Title of artwork [Medium]. Gallery, City, Country: OR URL Original artwork seen in person Brack, J. (1955). The fish shop [Oil on composition board]. Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne, Australia.
Brack, J. (1955). The fish shop [Oil on composition board]. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne. http://www.ngv/collections/johnbrack
Bryant, H. (Ed.). (1993). Australian artists. Larwitt. Give a reference entry for the print source (e.g., book) containing reproduction, not the artwork itself. Name the artist and artwork in the text and add the page or plate number to the in-text citation for the print source; e.g., ‘(Bryant, 1993, p. 46)’.
In-text citations Use the title in the position the author would normally be in. Please note, in APA the word “figure” is used to refer to all images, graphs, charts and visual material. When citing personal photos in the text of your work, you only need to acknowledge them in two places:
You do not need to include them in the reference list as they are not retrievable by anybody else.
As shown in Figure 2 . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016). Figure 2 illustrates . . . (National Cancer Institute, 2016). TEMPLATE PERSONAL PHOTO TAKEN BY YOURSELF Above the figure: Figure x. Caption. Below the figure: Note. Title or image description. From personal photograph, by Author, Year. Copyright Year by author. Figure 1. De Adriaan Windmill, Haarlem, Netherlands, 2019. Note: De Adriaan Windmill, Haarlem, Netherlands. From personal photograph by author, B. Smith, 2019. Copyright 2019 by author. PERSONAL PHOTO TAKEN BY SOMEONE ELSE Above the figure: Figure x. Caption. Below the figure: Note. Title or image description. From personal photograph, by Author, Year. Copyright Year by author. Reprinted with permission. Figure 2. One of many canals in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2019. Note: One of many canals in Amsterdam, Netherlands. From personal photograph, by P. Johnson, 2019. Copyright 2019 by P. Johnson. Reprinted with permission.
In an assignment, you may need to create a table that combines information from multiple sources. How you cite the sources will depend on how you present your table. There are several different ways, so choose the option that best suits your needs. Remember that each source you cite in the table will need to be in the reference list as well. The authors appear in the standard format for one, two or three or more authors. The table needs:
A column or row of standard author-date citations Table 1 Summary of studies included in literature review
Cite each piece of data using brackets Table 2 Considerations of medication rights relating to the case study
An explanatory note below the table Table 3 Comparison of medications
Note. Atenolol is from MIMS Australia, n.d.-a; Furosemide oral is from MIMS Australia, n.d.-b. Multiple specific notes below the table with letters in superscript corresponding to the data Table 4 Characteristics of frog distribution
aCuevas and Sanhueza, 2020. bCorrea and Duran, 2019. cAmphibiaWeb, 2021. dClauzel et al., 2013. eASG Assessment Workshop, 2009.
This information has been adapted from advice given on the APA6 blog, however it is still applicable to APA7.
In-text citations This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication. Paraphrasing Daly (2014) asserts that a Pennsylvanian student buys WMD ingredients … A Pennsylvanian student has been buying WMD ingredients … (Daly, 2014). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year, Month Day). Title. Name of blog. URL Daly, Michael. (2014, January 29). Pennsylvania student proves you could buy ingredients for a WMD on Amazon. The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/01/28/
In-text citations This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication. Paraphrasing Coles Supermarket (2014) is pleased to announce ... A recent announcement by Coles states that … (Coles Supermarket, 2014). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.
Reference list Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Form]. Website title. URL Coles Supermarkets. (2014, January 2). Good news: In another national supermarket first, we’re pleased to announce 100% of our Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA Approved [Facebook post]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/coles/posts/639616386102380?stream_ref=10
Author. (n.d.). Title [Facebook page]. Website title. Retrieved URL Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved July 22, 2019 from https://facebook.com/nationalzoo
In-text citations This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication. Paraphrasing GeekBoy (2008, October 9) reports that … Recent criticism leveled at Twitter search functions have … (GeekBoy, 2008, October 9). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author [Screen name]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Form]. Website name. URL National Aeronautics and Space Administration [nasa]. (2018, September 12). I’m NASA astronaut Scott Tingle. Ask me anything about adjusting to being back on Earth after my first spaceflight! [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/9fagqy/im_nasa_astronaut_scott_tingle_ask_me_anything/
In-text citations This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication. Paraphrasing West (2013) pays tribute to Mandela's life work … In a recent Twitter, Barack Obama paid tribute to Aretha Franklin who was well known as the Queen of Soul Obama, 2018). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.
Reference list Tweet TEMPLATE Author [Screen name]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Form]. Website name. URL Badlands National Park [@BadlandsNPS]. (2018, February 26). Biologists have identified more than 400 different plant species growing in @BadlandsNPS #DYK #biodiversity [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BadlandsNPS/status/968196500412133379
Author [Screen name]. (n.d.). Title [Form]. Website name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://twitter.com/APA_Style
In-text citations This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable. Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Other sources; Personal communication. Paraphrasing Telemedicine benefits from Robonaut technology due to … (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2014). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2014) states that … Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a time stamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Poster. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month Day). Title [Video]. Website name. URL MarinaHD2001. (2009, February 10). Bizkit the sleep walking dog [Video]. Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BgjH_CtIA National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [NASA] (2014, January 17). Robonaut supports telemedicine advances [Video]. Youtube. http://youtube/9gbfL590Fgg
In-text citations Paraphrasing Watched on TED website: Amanda Palmer (2013) used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy. Watched on YouTube: Amanda Palmer used examples from her career as a busker and a musician to discuss the sharing economy (TED, 2013).
Direct quote Watched on TED website:
Watched on YouTube:
Reference list TEMPLATE Watched on TED website: Speaker. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month). Title [Form]. TED Conferences. URL Palmer, A. (2013, February). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_palmer_the_art_of_asking Watched on YouTube: TEMPLATE TED. (Year, Month Day). Speaker: Title [Form]. YouTube. URL TED. (2013, March 1). Amanda Palmer: The art of asking [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMj_P_6H69g
Terms related to Indigenous Peoples need to be capitalised, such as names of nations or groups (Cherokee, Wurundjeri) and words related to Indigenous culture (Oral Traditions, Traditional Custodian). This demonstrates respect for Indigenous Peoples and perspectives. RECORDED TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OR ORAL TRADITIONS The way in which Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples are cited depends on the way the information has been recorded.
TEMPLATE Use the appropriate format for the source type, for example: Whap, G. (2001). A Torres Strait Islander perspective on the concept of Indigenous Knowledge. Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 29(2), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1326011100001368 Cool Australia. (2014, July 31). Traditional Knowledge – Cool burning [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzuV5jsoqGY UNRECORDED TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OR ORAL TRADITIONS If the Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions have not been recorded and are therefore not recoverable by readers, cite them as personal communications with as much detail as possible. A reference entry is not needed. If you spoke with an Indigenous person to find information but they were not a research participant, use a variation of the personal communication citation. Provide the person’s
TEMPLATE (In-text citation only) Full name, Nation or Group, Location, personal communication, date of correspondence We spoke with Anna Grant (Haida Nation, lives in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, personal communication, April 2019) about traditional understandings…
In-text citations Paraphrasing A recent exhibition of Australian Impressionists in France … (Taylor, 2013). Taylor's (2013) exhibition catalogue presents Australian Impressionists who have recently exhibited in France … Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title [Brochure]. Publisher. DOI/URL Exhibition catalogue (print) Taylor, E. (2013). Australian impressionists in France [Exhibition catalogue]. National Gallery of Victoria. Parks Victoria. (2004). Fire ecology in the Grampians [Brochure]. Brambuk Council. http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf
In-text citations Paraphrasing A recent exhibition of Australian impressionists in France … (Taylor, 2013). Wenzel (1998) claims that Fellini's films were ... Films of Fellini have been very popular … (Wenzel, 1998). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Reference list Conference presentation TEMPLATE Presenter. (Year, Month Days). Title [Form]. Conference name, City, State, Country. URL Wenzel, B. Q. (1998, June 12-14). Films of Fellini [Conference presentation]. Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, Australia.
Conference paper published TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title of paper. In Editor (Ed.), Proceedings of the Conference Name (pp. xx–xx). Publisher OR DOI/URL Carbone, A., Mitchell, I., Gunstone, D., & Hurst, J. (2002). Designing programming tasks to elicit self-management metacognitive behaviour. In B. Werner (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education (pp. 533-534). https://doi.org/10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including this material as a reference source**
Retribution can be very costly because … (Huang, 2012). Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " .
Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Platform. DOI/URL Hull, B. & Drennon, D. (2011, February 17). Stomata density [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/BreanaHull/stomata-density-denzelbreana-6963546 Stamate, G. (2016, March 30). Amazing landscape designs with drought-tolerant plants [Video]. Moodle. https://moodle.federation.edu.au/login/index.php Print handout (lecture notes) Huang, L. (2012, March 5). The cost of retribution [Lecture notes]. School of Arts, Central University.
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using Wikipedia as a reference source** Reed (2003) states that … Black holes are still being discovered … (Reed, 2003). Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page or paragraph number (if online).
TEMPLATE Individual author Author. (Year). Title of entry. In Editor names (Eds.), Title of reference work (Edition information) (pp. xx–xx). Publisher. DOI/URL Reed, D. L. (2003). Black holes. In E. Smith (Ed.), Science Encyclopedia (5th ed.), (pp. 501–508). Academic Resources. McColl, G. (2014). Abba. In L. Stacy & L. Henderson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of music in the 20th century. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315062051 Group Author. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from DOI/URL Merriam-Webster. (n.d.) Self-report. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved July 12, 2019, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-report
Personal interviews are those you conduct yourself to obtain more information to support a point you are making, such as emailing a professor. In this case, treat as personal communications. Research participant interviews are those you conduct yourself as part of your own original research methodology. These do not need to be cited or referenced. For published interviews, reference it according to the source you found it in (eg magazine, YouTube). Stand-alone interviews can be used as references if recoverable by your reader (e.g., transcripts or recordings). Treat interviews that are not recoverable as personal communications. For an archived radio interview, use the following format. Use the name of the person being interviewed in the citation as the author. During an interview with Neil Armstrong … (Armstrong, 2001). Neil Armstrong fondly remembers … (Armstrong, 2001). Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Interviewee. (Year, Month, Day). Title [Format]. Publisher. OR DOI/URL Armstrong, N. A. (2001, September 19). An interview with Neil Armstrong [Interview]. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf
In-text citations Recent industrial action … (Qantas, 2011). Qantas (2011) announced … Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and the paragraph number(s).
Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Description]. Publisher. URL Qantas. (2011, October 29). Response to industrial action [Media release]. http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/
In-text citations Paraphrasing Single reference: ... to ameliorate pain (MIMS Australia, n.d.). Multiple references: If you have multiple drug references from MIMS Online, reference them using a hyphen and lower-case letter after the n.d. (-a, -b, -c, etc), and in alphabetical order in the reference list: ... might use Advil (MIMS Australia, n.d.-a). Panadol might be used for older children (MIMS Australia, n.d.-b) ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and use the name of the section or the paragraph number (count manually) as part of the in-text reference. Using section name:
Using paragraph number:
Reference list TEMPLATE: Author. (Date). Title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL. Single reference: MIMS Australia. (n.d.). Advil childrens 2-7 years chewable tablets. MIMS Online. Retrieved June 7, 2019, from https://www-mimsonline-com-au.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/Search/AbbrPI.aspx?ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=advil&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=98170001_2 MIMS Australia. (n.d.). Coumadin. MIMS Online. Retrieved June 7, 2019, from https://www-mimsonline-com-au.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/Search/FullPI.aspx?ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=warfarin&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=3050001_2 Multiple references: MIMS Australia. (n.d.-a). Advil childrens 2-7 years chewable tablets. MIMS Online. Retrieved June 7, 2019, from https://www-mimsonline-com-au.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/Search/AbbrPI.aspx?ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=advil&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=98170001_2 MIMS Australia. (n.d.-b). Panadol (children) 7+ years soluble tablets. MIMS Online. Retrieved June 7, 2019, from https://www-mimsonline-com-au.ap1.proxy.openathens.net/Search/AbbrPI.aspx?ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=panadol&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=41310001_2
** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including this material as a reference source** Personal communications are not recoverable, so they are not included in the reference list but may be referred to in the text. Identify the communicator (seek approval for private communications) and date in round brackets (omit any detail already in the surrounding sentence). The following sources are considered to be personal communications:
No reference entry required E. Jensen, personal communication, June 7, 2008 IN-TEXT CITATION Ford’s Adelaide performance (Festival Theatre, May 6, 2008) IN-TEXT CITATION
In-text citations Corporate authors (e.g. organisations or government body)
Individual authors
According to the 2016 Defence White Paper, there are … (Department of Defence, 2016). Outback Windmills are now subject to … (Department of Primary Industries, 2014). The design of the curriculum ... (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], n.d.) According to the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA, n.d.) curriculum design should ... The Australian workforce is made up of..... (Knight et al., 2020). Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Author. (Year). Title (Series number). Publisher. DOI/URL Department of Defence. (2016). 2016 Defence white paper. http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/Docs/2016-Defence-White-Paper.pdf Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2004). Australia’s health 2004 (AIHW Cat. No. AUS 44).
Individual author Knight, G., White, I., & Granfield, P. (2020). Understanding the Australian vocational education and training workforce. National Centre for Vocational Education Research. https://www.ncver.edu.au/research-and-statistics/publications/all-publications/understanding-the-australian-vocational-education-and-training-workforce
Online curriculum resources
In-text citations Schembri (2008) states that the motion picture Australia has ... Baz Luhrmann's movie Australia has attracted large audiences … (Schembri, 2008). Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
TEMPLATE Reviewer. (Year, Month Day). Title of review [Review of the film/ book etc Title of work reviewed, by name of principal contributor, role]. Name of Publication. URL Film review (print newspaper) Schembri, J. (2008, November 10). [Review of the motion picture Australia, by B. Luhrmann, Dir.]. The Age, p. 8. Croggon, A. (2014, January 31). [Review of the play Private lives, by N. Coward, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, 2014]. The Guardian Australia. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog?page=46
In-text citations Paraphrasing It is also possible to push this information via Bluetooth technology to a compatible device (WeatherFlow, Version 1.5.0). Direct quote
Reference list TEMPLATE Developer. (Year). Title (Version number) [Form]. Company. URL WeatherFlow. (2017). WeatherFlow (Version 1.5.0) [Mobile app]. Microsoft. http://www.windowsphone.com/en-au/store/ Microsoft Word. (2019). Microsoft Word (Version 16.0.4639.1000) [Computer software]. Microsoft. https://www.microsoft.com
Please note this section of FedCite refers to standards retrieved from the website Standards Australia, any other industry standards references will probably use a variant on the Web pages section of FedCite. In-text citations Paraphrasing When paraphrasing, include the organisation name (in this instance, Standards Australia) and year of publication in brackets. Residential timber framed construction techniques are … (Standards Australia, 2010). Standards Australia (2010) claims that … Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Provide both the title and Standard number in italics, and shorten the URL to the homepage. Print standards TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Standard title (Standard number). Standards Australia. (1994). Information processing - text and office systems - office document architecture (ODA) and interchange format: part 10: formal specifications (AS 3951.10:1994).
Author. (Year). Standard title (Standard number). URL Standards Australia. (2010). Residential timber framed construction – simplified - non-cyclonic areas: formal specifications (AS 1684.4:2010). http://www.saiglobal.com
In-text citations Paraphrasing Reid (1998) found that dysfunctional drivers ... Dysfunctional drivers cause … (Reid, 1998). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Reference list Print (Unpublished) TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title of thesis [Unpublished master's thesis/doctoral dissertation]. Institution. Reid, J. M. (1998). A cognitive study of dysfunctional driving behaviours [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Melbourne. Online from a repository TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title of thesis [Master's thesis/Doctoral dissertation, Institution]. Name of repository or archive. DOI/URL Ryan, D. A. (2013). Crowd monitoring using computer vision [Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology]. QUT ePrints. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/65652/1/ Online from a library database TEMPLATE Author. (Year). Title of thesis (Publication No. #) [Master's thesis/Doctoral dissertation, Institution Name]. Database name. Sutherland, A. M. (2016). Technology for single cell protein analysis in immunology and cancer prognostics (Publication No. 3738948) [Doctoral dissertation, California Institute of Technology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks confirm the referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer. Australian Harvard is an in-text citation style. This means you insert a brief reference (‘citation’) into your writing whenever you use a source. The in-text citation is made up of the source’s author and year of publication enclosed in round brackets. For each source identified in the text, you also need to create a matching entry in the reference list. The reference list is an alphabetical presentation of all the sources used in a piece of writing. Each entry in the reference list should contain enough identifying detail to allow your reader to locate the source if they wished. Additional resources Referencing information Study skills website
Basic treatment (Australian Harvard) As explained in the Australian Harvard overview, you need to insert a brief reference into your writing whenever you use a source. This is the in-text citation. It is made up of the author and the year of publication of the source. Include page numbers when you are quoting a source directly, or if the reference is long (e.g. a book or chapter) and it may be useful for the reader. (Author Year) or (Author Year, Page) … which is confirmed by the most recent study (Jenkins 2013). BASIC AUTHOR AND YEAR … was ‘fully confirmed by these results’ (Jenkins 2013, p. 213). PAGE NUMBER FOR QUOTE … the study by Jenkins (2013) confirmed these results. AUTHOR IN SENTENCE … seemingly different from Twain’s later work (Grech, M 1994). AUTHOR NEEDING INITIAL
More than one author 2 OR 3 AUTHORS (Hendricks & Angwin 1975) OR Hendricks and Angwin (1975) … (Smith, Hendricks & Angwin 1975) OR Smith, Hendricks and Angwin (1975) …
4 OR MORE AUTHORS (Oakes et al. 1994) OR Oakes et al. (1994) … ALL MENTIONS
Group author (government or organisation) (Amnesty International 1997) OR Amnesty International (1997) ALL MENTIONS (World Health Organization [WHO] 2013) LONG NAME, FIRST WHO (2009) SUBSEQUENT
LEGISLATION/CRIMINAL CASES (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION) Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187 TITLE in CIVIL CASE LAW Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1) TITLE in STATUTES
No author (Australian Harvard) WHOLE TITLE, FIRST MENTION (Style manual for authors, editors and printers 1996) OR Style manual for authors, editors and printers (1996) PART OF TITLE, SUBSEQUENT MENTIONS (Style manual 1996) OR Style manual (1996)
Page numbers BASIC TREATMENT (Johnson 2003, p. 6) … (Kennett 1998, pp. 55–63) … (Wong 2012, Figure 3)
QUOTATIONS It was described as ‘a stunning victory’ (Harrison 1965, p. 15). Harrison (1965) described it as ‘a stunning victory’ (p. 15).
Carter, Chitwood, Kinzey and Cole (2000) note that:
NO PAGE NUMBERS (Duer, 1974, ‘Introduction’, para. 12). If no page numbers are shown on the source, you can pinpoint the information by doing one of the following:
Multiple references in same parentheses Studies by Keen (2005); Lee (2004); and Wojk (2003) indicate that… … along with other studies (Keen 2005; Lee 2004; Wojk 2003).
In-text citations Paraphrasing Matthews (2010a; 2010b) writes for both teenagers and very young children. AUTHOR PROMINENT A crime committed in Australia is the basis for her first fictional account (Matthews 2010a); while in the second the narrative inches slothfully into adventure (Matthews 2010b). INFORMATION PROMINENT Direct quote Mathews' use of dialogue shifts from the idiomatic, 'she jumps a mile and screams' (2010a, p. 47). Reference list Matthews, P 2010a, A girl like me, Penguin Books, Camberwell. Matthews, P 2010b, Zizzy, Omnibus Books, Malvern.
IN-TEXT CITATION Hilferty describes the nature of teacher professionalism as “an evolving idea that responds to political, social & historical contexts” (as quoted in Meldrum & Peters 2012, p. 109). REFERENCE ENTRY Meldrum, K & Peters, J 2012, Learning to teach health and physical education: The student, the teacher and the curriculum. Pearson Australia, Sydney.
As explained in the Australian Harvard overview, each source that is referred to in the text needs a matching entry in the reference list. The entry should contain enough identifying information about the source to allow it to be located by someone else. The information is presented as parts in a set order to help the reader identify at a glance which piece of information relates to which part. A basic Australian Harvard reference entry is made up of the following parts. AUTHOR + YEAR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION OR DOI OR URL VIEWED All the details you need for each part should be found on the source itself. Instructions and examples of how to format each part are given over the page.
Below are instructions for formatting the parts of an Australian Harvard reference entry. When you are ready to create your entries, read the instructions and copy the punctuation used in the examples. Note that almost every part ends with a comma followed by a space. The exceptions are:
AUTHOR + YEAR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION OR DOI OR DATE VIEWED and URL Author ONE AUTHOR Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney.
TWO AUTHORS Hall, JL & Ashton, BT 2005, A spoonful of valour …
THREE OR MORE AUTHORS Donat, T, Jenkins, M, Baysch, V, Adamson, E & Farr, P 2010, Shared care…
GROUP AUTHOR (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION) Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2004, Australia’s health …
LEGISLATION/CRIMINAL CASES (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION) Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187 TITLE in CIVIL CASE LAW Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 124(1) TITLE in STATUTES
Year BASIC Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney. Greendale, N 2006,Road toll rising, The Age, 4 May, p. 13.
SAME AUTHOR, SAME YEAR Harris, DW 2001a, Hadrian’s wall … Harris, DW 2001b, Julius Caesar …
NO YEAR/DATE Gardiner, IT n.d., Life in rural Australia …
Title BASIC Harris, M 1983, The mighty Yarra: rivers of Victoria. … TITLE AND SUBTITLE Gerd, NB 2001, ‘Method in action’, Journal of Health, … PART OF WORK & WHOLE WORK
NO TITLE Jensen, PR 1945, [Wartime navy reminiscences], Liberty Press, Brisbane.
Publisher information Gourley, D 2002, Action man, Bellinger, Chicago. Temple, P 2009, Truth, Text, Melbourne. Gull Group 1992, Annual report, Gull Group, Sydney. Hampden-Turner, C & Trompenaars, A 2000, Building cross-cultural competence: how to create wealth from conflicting values, e-book, Yale University Press, New Haven, http://ebscohost.com
DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/529076 doi: 10.1037/0004-066X.60.6.561
Date Viewed and URL …, viewed 5 May 2010, https://www.yourhealth.com.au
How to set up the list
What to include
How to arrange the entries
Example of an Australian Harvard reference list References Anderson, TD 1985, Panel data: a primer, Paragon, New York. Baxter, BH 2005, Models of economic analysis, Wiley, Sydney. Breen, HP 1977, ‘An empirical test of the impact of managerial self-interest on corporate capital structure’, Journal of Finance, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 271-281. Chen, JJ 2004, ‘Determinants of capital structure of Swedish companies’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 41-52. Dorgan, D 1972, Future funds, Penguin, Melbourne. Friedman, BM 1985, Corporate capital structure in the United States, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Hillsdon, M 2002, Statistical analysis primer, Lansdowne, Melbourne. Hillsdon, M 2004a, Basic econometrics, 4th edn., Hill, Sydney. Hillsdon, M 2004b, Computational methods. Landsdowne, Melbourne. Johnson, A & Hanson, S 1995, ‘Determinants of capital structure: theory vs practice’, Scandinavian Journal of Management, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 91-102. Keen, RP 2004, Strategy, structure and economic performance, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Lee, BL 1982, Credit risk and high yield bonds, Wiley, New York. Linheiro, J & Bates, DM 2000, Mixed-effects models, Springer, New York. Nguyen, BV 1994, Swedish economic reform, Griffin Press, Los Angeles.
This table offers broad guidance to assist in creating citations and references with MISSING elements. The formatted examples reflect the referencing requirements for a ‘website post or page’. Refer to FedCite or the reference style’s official publication for instruction and templates when referencing other specific material types such as books, journals, web documents etc. Refer to the ‘Using Australian Harvard’ section in FedCite for instruction on formatting requirements for the References list.
Snooks & Co, 2002. Style manual for authors, editors and printers 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.
In-text citations Paraphrasing The main characters in Tim Winton's new book met for the first time after Geogie's car broke down … (Winton 2001, p. 64). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City. Winton, T 2001, Dirt music, Picador, Sydney.
In-text citations Paraphrasing African villages are often … (Goh 1984, p. 132). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City. Goh, L 1984, African voyages, 2nd edn, vol. 2, Greyguides, Montreal.
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Mills and Smith (2001, p. 13) taboo in literature is … Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City. Mills, A & Smith, J (eds) 2001, Utter silence: voicing the unspeakable, Peter Lang, New York.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Brown (2001, p. 84) states that infectious diseases are often not spoken about in some families … Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, Title: Subtitle, # edn, vol. #, Publisher, City. Brown, J 2001, ‘Silence, taboo and infectious disease’, in A Mills & J Smith (eds), Utter silence: Voicing the unspeakable, Peter Lang, New York, pp. 83-91.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Hampden-Turner & Trompenaars (2000, p. 15) believe that building cross-cultural competence ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, Title, digital format, publication details if supplied, DOI/URL LIBRARY E-BOOK Hampden-Turner, C & Trompenaars, A 2000, Building cross-cultural competence: how to create wealth from conflicting values, e-book, Yale University Press, New Haven, http://www.ebscohost.com ACCESSED ON E-READER Fitzgerald, F S 1925, The great Gatsby, Kindle Edition, available from http://www.amazon.com E-BOOK WITHOUT DOI Kirkwood, R & Goldsworthy, S 2013, Fur seals and sea lions, PDF, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, http://uball.csiro.patron.eb20.com/Collections/ViewBook/295eae4d-f807-481b-95cc-05fb9d9f5f48
In-text citations Paraphrasing Normoyle (2013, p. 30) states that nurses are ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL Normoyle, C 2013, ‘Nurses' wellbeing’, Australian Nursing Journal, vol. 20, no.10, pp. 30.
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Krueger and Gray (2013, p. 201) the influenza virus originated in pigs during ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL PRINT OR ONLINE WITH DOI Krueger, WS & Gray, GC 2013, ‘Swine influenza virus infections in man’, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 370, pp. 201-225, doi: 10.1007/82_2012_268
In-text citations Paraphrasing Moran (2014, p. 68) discusses a new model for teaching rounds in Australia that could benefit ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL Moran, W 2014, ‘Enhancing understanding of teaching and the profession through school innovation rounds’, Australian Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 39, no.3, pp. 68-85, available from http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/
In-text citations Paraphrasing Patients with Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease (COAD) are at risk of ... (Gray & Bolitho 2003, p. 58). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, ‘Article title’, [Abstract], Journal Name, vol. X, no. X, pp. xx–xx. DOI or URL Gray, E & Bolitho, AJ 2003, ‘Patients with COAD’, [Abstract], Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, vol. 1, no. 55, p. 58, viewed 26 September 2015, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
In-text citations Paraphrasing The assassination of President Kennedy has rocked … (Hunt 1963, p. 1). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL Hunt, J 1963, ‘Assassin kills Kennedy’, The Chicago Tribune, 22 November, pp. 1, 4–6.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Rousseau (2008, p. 4) can recommend many restaurants and cafes in Melbourne that serve wonderful African dishes full of exotic spices .. Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL Rousseau, N 2008, ‘Arrival of the spice setters’, The Age, Epicure section, 3 June, p. 4.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Craig (1968, p. 2) reports on the memorial service held for Prime Minister Harold Holt who was remembered as ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author (Year, Month, Day), ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL Craig, B (1968, January 10), ‘Australia and the world shares Mrs Holt’s sorrow’, The Australian Women’s Weekly, 10 January, pp. 2–3, viewed 22 March 2015, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Rosen (2014) the elderly find it difficult to get a seat at Starbucks because ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, #, Date, pp. DOI or URL Rosen, L 2014, ‘Occupy Starbucks’, letter to the editor, The New York Times, 22 January, viewed 14 May 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/23/opinion/occupy-starbucks.html
In-text citations Paraphrasing In a case that involves a long-running dispute over ... (Todd v Nicol [1957] SASR 72, para. 5). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the title of the case, year, page number, section heading (if applicable) and paragraph number.
TEMPLATE Plaintiff v Defendant (Year). Volume. Law report. Page number. Plaintiff v Defendant [Year]. Series (if present). Law report. Page number. CIVIL LAW CASES Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping Co Inc v Fay (1988) 165 CLR 197 Esso Petroleum Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1976] 1 AII ER 117 Burger King Corp v Hungry Jack’s Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 187 Todd v Nicol [1957] SASR 72 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 ** Check with your teacher or lecturer to confirm their particular requirements.
In-text citations Paraphrasing The Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s. 124(1) outlines the powers that a company has in regards to ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the title of the Act, year, jurisdiction and section number(s) (if applicable).
Reference list Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s. 124(1) Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) TEMPLATE
In-text citations Paraphrasing Trekking on the Kokoda track can be … (FitzSimons 2011). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, Title, Reader, Format, Label, City OR DOI/URL CD FitzSimons, P 2011, Kokoda, L FitzGerald, reader, CD, ABC Audio, Sydney. ONLINE Dickens, C 2013, Oliver Twist, P Batchelor, reader, audio file, available from http://www.audible.com
In-text citations Paraphrasing The supermarket war has led to many casualties … (Cohen 2013). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Primary Contributor (role) Year, ‘Episode title’, Program title, form, viewed date, DOI/URL Cohen, H (presenter) 2013, ‘Casualties in the supermarket war’, Background Briefing, audio podcast, viewed 29 December, available from https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/
In-text citations Paraphrasing Guy Sebastian's (2012) song touches on a father's love for his child and ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Songwriter or Performer Year, ‘Title of song’ recorded by Artist Name, on Title of album, form, Label, City OR DOI/URL (Recording year if different from copyright year) SINGLE TRACK (LP) Duke, V 1934, ‘Autumn in New York’, recorded by F. Sinatra, on Come fly with me, vinyl recording, Capitol, Los Angeles. (1958) SINGLE TRACK (ONLINE) Sebastian, G 2012, ‘Big bad world’, on Armageddon, MP3, available from http://store.apple.com/au ALBUM (CD) Perry, K 2013, Prism, CD, Capitol, Los Angeles.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Seinfeld and Callner (1998) have been involved in recent Broadway play … Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Performer (role) Year Title, by Author, format, date, label/company, City, viewed date OR DOI/URL PERFORMANCE (CD) Seinfeld, J (performer) & Callner, M (director) 1998, I’m telling you for the last time: Live on Broadway, CD, performance recorded August 9, 1998, Universal, Los Angeles.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Martin Luther King's often quoted catch phrase 'I have a dream' … (King 1963, August 28). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Performer (role) Year Title, by Author, format, date, label/company, City, viewed date OR DOI/URL SPEECH RECORDING (VINYL) Churchill, W (speech) 1964, ‘In a solemn hour’, on Winston Churchill: A selection from his famous wartime speeches, vinyl recording, recorded 19 May, 1940, Decca, London. SPEECH RECORDING (ONLINE VIDEO) Kennedy, J. F (speech) 1963, Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner), video file, 26 June, viewed 12 April 2015, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html SPEECH RECORDING (ONLINE AUDIO) King, M. L. Jr (speech) 1963, I have a dream, audio file, 28 August, viewed 25 March 2014, http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/
In-text citations Paraphrasing WIN News (2013) reported that recent council elections ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Title Year, description, Broadcast Station, City, broadcast date OR viewed date, URL (if from an online source). TELEVISION BROADCAST WIN news 2013, television broadcast, WIN Television, Ballarat, viewed 12 November. RADIO BROADCAST Sunday profile 2009, radio broadcast, ABC Local Radio, Melbourne, viewed 18 August.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Sherman-Palladino and Mancuso (2002) wrote an episode of the Gilmore girls that dealt with anxiety issues… Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Primary Contributor (role) Year, ‘Episode number OR title’, Title of series, Form, Production/Distribution Company, broadcast date OR DOI/URL. TELEVISION BROADCAST Sherman-Palladino, A (writer) & Mancuso, G (director) 2002, ‘Application anxiety’, Gilmore girls, television series episode, Nine Network, 12 June 2012. ONLINE VIDEO Horowitz, A (writer) & Orme, S. (director) 2014, ‘The eternity ring’, Foyle’s war, television series video file, ABC TV, viewed 9 February 2013, http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/79688397 DVD (SINGLE EPISODE) Gilligan, V (writer) & MacLaren, M (director) 2012, ‘Madrigal’, Breaking bad, television series episode, DVD, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, California. DVD (WHOLE SERIES) Gilligan, V (producer) 2008-2013, Breaking bad, television series, DVD, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, California.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Marty McFly walked towards the car when suddenly … (Zemeckis, Gale & Spielberg 1985). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Title Year, form, Distributor/Studio, Country, credits and other information. FILM Back to the future 1985, motion picture, Universal Pictures, United States, R Zemeckis (writer/director), R Gale (writer) & S Spielberg. DVD/BLU-RAY RELEASE Man of steel 2013, Blu-ray, Warner Bros., United States, Z Snyder (director) & DS Goyer (writer). DVD/BLU-RAY RE-ISSUE Vertigo 2003, DVD, Universal Home Entertainment; Paramount, 1958, United States, A Hitchcock (producer/director). ONLINE Argo 2012, video file, B Affleck (director), C Terrio (writer) & G Clooney (producer), available from http://store.apple.com/au
In-text citations Paraphrasing Fallout: New Vegas (2010) is a great new video game that features ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Title Year, form, video game, Publisher, Place. Fallout: New Vegas 2010, CD-ROM, video game, Rockville, Maryland, Bethesda Softworks.
In-text citations Paraphrasing A video on BuzzFeedVideo (2016) shows some hilarious video people are trying to walk their cats on a lead. Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Reference list TEMPLATE Poster (screen name) year, Title, form, date of posting, site authority, viewed date, URL BuzzFeedVideo 2016, People try to walk their cats, video file, 12 April, YouTube, viewed 28 June 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C1leq--_wM National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2014, Robonaut supports telemedicine advances, video file, viewed 17 January, YouTube, viewed 30 February 2015, http://youtube/9gbfL590Fgg ** Also, see examples in: Lecture or class material - Online lecture; Speech - Speech recording (online video)
In-text citations Paraphrasing In Federation University Australia's (2016, p. 3) annual report for 2015 the Vice Chancellor summarises ... Direct quote
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, Title, date viewed, DOI or URL Federation University Australia 2016, Annual report 2015, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, viewed 30 February 2016, https://federation.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/297610/FedUni_AnnualReport_2015.pdf Phillips, A, Bohning, G, Allan, C & Edwards, G 2006, Agnote: the European rabbit - pastoral pest, leaflet, Northern Territory Government, viewed 30 February 2015, http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Man/437.pdf
In-text citations Paraphrasing Wilcken (2011) claims that jogging can trigger osteoarthritis due to the ... Direct quote
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year/Date, Title, (form, if needed) Date viewed, URL Department of Health and Ageing 2009, Aged care, Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, viewed 27 December 2009, http://www.yourhealth.gov.au/ Wilcken, H 2011, Does jogging up the risk of knee osteoarthritis?, 27 June, Medical Observer, viewed 31 June 2016, http://www.medicalobserver.com.au/medical-news/does-jogging-up-the-risk-of-knee-osteoarthritis
In-text citations The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is … IN-TEXT ONLY Reference list NO REFERENCE ENTRY REQUIRED
In-text citations Details of Victorian towns are clearly marked on the attached map (McCarron, Bird and co. 1916, Figure 1). Figure layout Fig. 1. Victoria (McCarron, Bird and co. 1916). Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, Title, Form, DOI OR publisher, place OR viewed date, URL ONLINE Victorian Electoral Commission 2012, City of Casey: Local council boundaries, map, viewed 22 July 2015, https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/images/profile/CaseySummary.gif Timms, PE 2006, Colonial settlement in Tasmania, Tiger Press, Hobart.
If you view artwork in person, cite and reference it in the following way. In-text citations Brack's (1955) painting 'The Fish Shop' is painted with oils ... Reference list TEMPLATE Artist Year, Title of artwork, medium, Gallery, City, date viewed. OR DOI/URL ORIGINAL ARTWORK Brack, J 1955, The fish shop, oil on composition board, Museum of Modern Art Melbourne, Australia. If you view an artwork online, reference it in the following way. If you also reproduce the artwork in your work, follow the example below to caption it as well. Figure layout Fig. 1. The thundershower (Sayen 1916). ONLINE REPRODUCTION Brack, J 1955, The fish shop, digital image of painting, National Gallery of Victoria, viewed 26 March 2015, http://www.ngv/collections/johnbrack PRINT REPRODUCTION Bryant, H (ed.) 1993, Australian artists, Larwitt, Melbourne, Australia.
NO REFERENCE ENTRY REQUIRED Personal photograph taken by yourself In-text While touring the Netherlands recently I visited the De Adriaan Windmill (Figure 1) which ... Fig. 1 De Adriaan Windmill, Haarlem, Netherlands, 26 July 2019 (pers. photo.).
NO REFERENCE ENTRY REQUIRED Personal photograph taken by someone else In-Text The Netherlands is a country full of canals, for example, in Amsterdam (Figure 2) there seems to be one on every corner. Fig. 2 One of the many canals in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 28 July 2019 (copyright permission of P Johnson, pers. photo.).
In an assignment, you may need to create a table that combines information from multiple sources. How you cite the sources will depend on how you present your table. There are several different ways, so choose the option that best suits your needs. Remember that each source you cite in the table will need to be in the reference list as well. The authors appear in the standard format. The table needs:
A column or row of standard author-date citations Table 1 Summary of studies included in literature review
Cite each piece of data using brackets Table 2 Considerations of medication rights relating to the case study
An explanatory note below the table Table 3 Comparison of medications
Note. Atenolol is from MIMS Australia 2021a; Furosemide oral is from MIMS Australia 2021b.
In-text citations Paraphrasing GeekBoy (2008) reports that … Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the paragraph number.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author [screen name], Year, ‘Title’ form, viewed date, URL GeekBoy 2008, ‘Re: Who’s messing with Twitter search?’, online forum comment, 9 October, viewed 24 September 2011, http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/10/09 This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). (Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Example in Other sources - Report, government or corporate - Online).
In-text citations Paraphrasing West (2013) pays tribute to Mandela's life work … Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the paragraph number.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author [screen name] Year, ‘Title’, form, viewed date, URL West, K [kanyewest] 2013, ‘Thank you, Mandela, for your life's work and may it serve as a guiding light to illuminate our future’, tweet, 9 December, viewed 19 February 2014, https://twitter.com/kanyewest/status/410097143261589504 This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). (Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Example in Other sources - Report, government or corporate - Online).
In-text citations Paraphrasing Coles Supermarket (2014) are pleased to announce ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the paragraph number.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author [screen name] Year, ‘Title’ form, viewed date, URL Coles Supermarkets 2014, ‘Good news: in another national supermarket first, we’re pleased to announce 100% of our Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA Approved’, Facebook post, 2 January, viewed 23 February 2014, https://www.facebook.com/coles/posts/639616386102380?stream_ref=10 This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). (Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Example in Other sources - Report, government or corporate - Online).
In-text citations Paraphrasing Daly (2014) asserts that a Pennsylvanian student buys WMD ingredients … Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the paragraph number. 'A Pennsylvanian student has been buying ingredients on Amazon for a WMD … ' (Daly 2014, para. 5). Reference list TEMPLATE Author [screen name] Year, ‘Title’ form, viewed date, URL Daly, M 2014, ‘Pennsylvania student proves you could buy ingredients for a WMD on Amazon’, blog post, 29 January, viewed 13 March 2014, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/01/28/ This category covers posts and comments that are recoverable (i.e., open access). (Posts that are protected by privacy settings should be treated as personal communications; see Example in Other sources - Report, government or corporate - Online).
In-text citations Paraphrasing Taylor's (2013, p. 1) exhibition catalogue presents Australian impressionists who have recently exhibited in France … Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Author, Year, Title, brochure type, DOI OR Publisher, City OR viewed date, URL EXHIBITION CATALOGUE (PRINT) Taylor, E 2013, Australian impressionists in France, exhibition catalogue, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne. BROCHURE (ONLINE) Parks Victoria 2004, Fire ecology in the Grampians, brochure, viewed 9 May 2015, http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf
In-text citations Paraphrasing Wenzel (1998, June, p. 8) claims that Fellini's films were ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Presenter Year, Title, paper presented at Meeting Name, place, date(s) and month of conference. Wenzel, BQ 1998, Films of Fellini, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, 7-8 December.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Carbone, A, Mitchell, I, Gunstone, D & Hurst, J (2002, p. 26) claim that self-management metacognitive behaviour can be … Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, ‘Title of paper’, Title of proceedings of Conference Name, Date of conference (if available), City, Publisher, pp. xx–xx OR DOI/URL PAPER IN PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS (ONLINE) Carbone, A, Mitchell, I, Gunstone, D & Hurst, J 2002, ‘Designing programming tasks to elicit self-management metacognitive behaviour’, Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education, pp. 533-534, doi: 10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998 PAPER IN PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS (PRINT) Murphy, C 2004, ‘Job design and leadership’, Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the International Employment Relations Association, CQU, Rockhampton, pp. 1-13.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Black holes are still being discovered … (Reed 2003, p. 502). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, ‘Title of entry’, Editor (ed.), Title of reference work, Publisher, City. OR DOI/URL. Reed, DL 2003, ‘Black holes’, Science Encyclopedia, 5th edn, Academic Resources, New York. E-BOOK McColl, G 2014, ‘Abba’, L Stacy & L Henderson (eds), Encyclopedia of music in the 20th century, Kindle version, available from http://www.amazon.com/ ONLINE ‘Watergate scandal’, 2009, Encyclopaedia Britannica online, viewed 7 March 2015, http://www.britannica.com/ ** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using Wikipedia as a reference source.
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to the Department of Health (2014, p. 6) breastfed babies are thought to ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Dependent on source PDF DOCUMENT Department of Defence 2016, 2016 Defence white paper, Department of Defence, Canberra, viewed 28 June 2016, http://www.defence.gov.au/whitepaper/Docs/2016-Defence-White-Paper.pdf PRINTED FACT SHEET Department of Education & Training 2015, Resources for inclusion, fact sheet, The State of Victoria, Melbourne. WEB PAGE Department of Health 2014, Breastfeeding, May 27, Department of Health, Canberra, http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-brfeed-index.htm PRINT DOCUMENT Department of Primary Industries 2014, Windmills in the outback, report prepared by A Smith & B Jones, DPI, Sydney. ** Check with your teacher or lecturer before using a fact sheet as a reference source. These are usually not acceptable as academic sources unless as objects of research.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Neil Armstrong fondly remembers … (Armstrong 2001, September 19, p. 5). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Interviewee Date, Title (Interviewer Name, Interviewer), transcript, Publisher. OR DOI/URL ONLINE (TRANSCRIPT) Armstrong, NA 2001, September 19, An interview with Neil Armstrong (SE Ambrose, Interviewer), transcript, Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, viewed 16 July 2014, http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Hull and Drennon (2011, February 17) Plants lose 95% of their moisture through the stomata spore ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' '.
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year/Date, Title, format, other identifying detail OR DOI/URL ONLINE DOCUMENT/FILE Hull, B & Drennon, D 2011, February 17, Stomata density, PowerPoint slides, online course materials, February 17, 2011, SlideShare, available from https://www.slideshare.net/BreanaHull/stomata-density-denzelbreana-6963546 ONLINE LECTURE Lucas, J 2012, September 4, Drought tolerant plants: Introductory lecture, video file, online course materials, viewed 30 February 2016, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v6GNvGWIL5 PRINT HANDOUT Huang, L 2012, March 5, The cost of retribution, lecture handout, Ethics 123, Central University, Townsville. ** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including lecture/class material in the reference list.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Recent industrial action … (Qantas 2011, October 29 ). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the paragraph number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Date, Title, description, Publisher, City OR DOI/URL Qantas 2011, October 29, Response to industrial action, media release, viewed 30 July 2012, http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/
NO REFERENCE ENTRY REQUIRED (E Jensen 2008, pers. comm., 7 June) IN-TEXT CITATION Ford’s Adelaide performance (2008, Festival Theatre, 6 May) IN-TEXT CITATION Personal communications (pers. comm.) are not recoverable, so they are not included in the reference list but may be referred to in the text. Identify communicator (seek approval for private communications) and date in round brackets (omit any detail already in surrounding sentence). The following sources are considered personal communications:
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2004) the nation's health is slowly ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, Title, Series number, Publisher, City. OR DOI/URL Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2004, Australia’s health 2004, AIHW cat. no. AUS 44, AIHW, Canberra. ONLINE City of Ballarat 2011, Annual report, viewed 26 August 2012, http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/499612/annual%20report_complete.pdf
In-text citations Paraphrasing Schembri (2008, p. 8) states that the motion picture Australia has ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Reviewer Year, ‘Title of review’, review of Work reviewed by name (and role) of principal contributor, Date of production/release. Format remaining entry according to the category of material. FILM REVIEW (PRINT NEWSPAPER) Schembri, J 2008, review of the motion picture Australia by B. Luhrmann (director), 2008, The Age, 10 November, p. 8. THEATRE REVIEW (ONLINE) Croggon, A 2014, review of the play Private lives by N. Coward, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, 2014, The Guardian Australia, 31 January, viewed 4 April 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/
In-text citations Paraphrasing Residential timber framed construction techniques are … (Standards Australia 2010, p. 6). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Author Year, Standard title, standard number, Publisher, Location. Standards Australia 2010, Residential timber framed construction – simplified - non-cyclonic areas: formal specifications (AS 1684.4:2010), Standards Australia, Sydney.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Reid (1998, p. 56) found that dysfunctional drivers ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' ' and provide the page number(s).
Reference list TEMPLATE Author year, Title of thesis, description, Institution, Location. OR DOI/URL PRINT (UNPUBLISHED) Reid, JM 1998, ‘A cognitive study of dysfunctional driving behaviours’, PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, Australia. ONLINE Ryan, DA 2013, ‘Crowd monitoring using computer vision’, PhD thesis, Queensland University of Technology, Australia, viewed 31 January 2014, http://eprints.qut.edu.au/65652/1/
In-text citations Paraphrasing It is also possible to push this information via bluetooth technology to a compatible device (Weatherflow Version 1.5.0). Direct quote Place direct quotes between single quotation marks ' '.
Reference list TEMPLATE Title Year, Version number, form, Company, City, State, DOI/URL MOBILE PHONE APP Weather Flow 2014, Version 1.5.0, mobile phone application, http://www.windowsphone.com/en-au/store/ COMPUTER SOFTWARE Dolphin 2013, Version 4.0.2, computer software, https://dolphin-emu.org/
Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks: Confirm the referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer, and use the following resources to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples: The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed., 2010) A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (8th ed., 2013) by Kate L. Turabian Overview of Chicago/Turabian full note citation style This guide describes the basic features and gives examples of Turabian and Chicago full note citation styles. (Each style also has an author-date version not covered here.) Chicago and Turabian styles follow the notes-bibliography system, which involves citing sources in footnotes (or endnotes) and then presenting a list of the cited sources in a bibliography at the end of your work. Turabian style is based on and largely mirrors Chicago style, with some minor differences. To avoid repetition, separate explanations and examples have been given in this guide only when there is a difference in treatment. Footnotes Footnotes are created by inserting a superscript reference number (i.e., smaller and above the line) in your writing directly after the punctuation mark that ends the sentence (or part of the sentence) containing the words or information you are citing. The reference number directs the reader to the corresponding footnote, which should contain the bibliographic details of the source. Numbering and formatting of footnotes is an automatic function in most word-processing programs via the insert footnote command. Notes are normally set one or two points smaller than the general text, and the footnote number is followed by a full stop and a space before the bibliographic details, as in the examples below. Refer to the general rules and punctuation section for more detailed information. Bibliography The bibliography is an alphabetical list of all the sources cited. It should begin on a separate page at the end of your paper and provide enough identifying details to allow the source to be located by someone else. Refer to the general rules and punctuation sections following for more detail. Additional resources Referencing information Study skills website Monash University - Chicago
Creating the footnote Insert the footnote number immediately after the punctuation mark that ends the sentence (or part of the sentence) where you have used the source. The first time you cite a source, the corresponding footnote should contain the full source information.
Basic full footnote in Chicago/Turabian note style
Repeating citations by using ibid. or shortening Once you have provided a full citation, subsequent citations for the same source can be repeated by either using ‘ibid.’ if the notes are consecutive, or shortening the note if there are notes intervening. How to use ‘ibid.’ to repeat notes
How to shorten repeated notes If there are intervening notes between a repeated citation, shorten the note as follows.
In each section of this guide, you will see examples of shortened notes for each category of source type. Author variations Full note ONE AUTHOR 1. F. Scott Fitzgerald, … TWO AUTHORS 2. Hazel Smith and R. T. Dean, … THREE AUTHORS 3. Parsad Davinder, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Jit Kanwar, … FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS 4. Jane Medwell et al., … GROUP AUTHOR (ORGANISATION OR GOVERNMENT) 5. World Health Organization [WHO], … BASIC
MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR
GROUP AUTHOR
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Two interesting novels spring to mind ...1 Direct quote
Full note 1. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms (New York: Scribner, 2012); F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003). Subsequent note 2. Hemingway, Farewell to Arms, 58. 3. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 82. Bibliography Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner, 2012.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Cultural insights can be found in ...1 Celebrations in certain cultures ...3 Full note 1. Jeremy Smith. “Civilisational Analysis and Intercultural Models of American Societies.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 30, no. 3 (2009): 236, accessed June 28, 2018, doi: 10.1080/07256860903003559. Jeremy Smith. “Outside and Against the Quincentenary: Modern Indigenous Representations at the Time of the Colombian Celebrations.” Atlantic Studies 6, no. 1 (2009): 74-75, accessed June 28, 2018, doi: 10.1080/14788810902731984. Subsequent notes 3. Smith, “Civilisational Analysis", 240. Smith, "Outside and Against", 69. Bibliography
Smith, Jeremy “Civilisational Analysis and Intercultural Models of American Societies.” Journal of Intercultural Studies, 30, no. 3 (2009): 233-248. Accessed June 28, 2018. doi: 10.1080/07256860903003559. --- “Outside and Against the Quincentenary: Modern Indigenous Representations at the Time of the Colombian Celebrations.” Atlantic Studies, 6, no. 1 (2009): 63-80. Accessed June 28, 2018. doi: 10.1080/14788810902731984.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing The vicar had been based in Wakefield for many years when ...2 Direct quote
Full note DATE AND/OR PLACE UNKNOWN 1. Edith M. Harrison, Pacific Travels (n.p.: Collins, n.d.), 56. PUBLISHER UNKNOWN 2. Oliver Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield (Salisbury, 1766). Subsequent notes 3. Harrison, Pacific Travels, 82. 4. Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield, 16–22. Bibliography Goldsmith, Oliver. The Vicar of Wakefield. Salisbury, 1766. Harrison, Edith M. Pacific Travels. N.p.: Collins, n.d.
If you are using words or ideas from a source that you found quoted or cited in another (secondary) source, you must identify both of the sources.
Full note 1. Fiona Hilferty, “Teacher Professionalism and Cultural Diversity: Skills, Knowledge and Values for a Changing Australia,” Australian Educational Researcher 35, no. 3 (2008): 58, quoted in Kathryn Meldrum and Jacqui Peters, Learning to Teach Health and Physical Education: The Student, the Teacher and the Curriculum (Sydney: Pearson Australia, 2012), 109. Subsequent notes 3. Hilferty, “Teacher Professionalism.” Bibliography Hilferty, Fiona. “Teacher Professionalism and Cultural Diversity: Skills, Knowledge and Values for a Changing Australia.” Australian Educational Researcher 35, no. 3 (2008): 58. Quoted in Kathryn Meldrum and Jacqui Peters, Learning to Teach Health and Physical Education: The Student, the Teacher and the Curriculum, Sydney: Pearson Australia, 2012.
Looking at the elements Each source cited in a footnote needs a corresponding entry in the bibliography. This entry should contain enough identifying information about the source to allow it to be located by someone else. In Chicago/Turabian style, the bibliography entry and the full footnote contain the same information, with minor formatting differences. A basic Chicago/Turabian bibliography entry is made up of the following elements: AUTHOR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION + YEAR+ ACCESS DATE + URL or DOI
ACCESS DATE If I accessed this source online, when did I do this?
URL or DOI If I accessed this source online, what is its Digital Object Identifier (DOI)? If there is no DOI, what is the address of the source one?
Creating the bibliography entry Below are instructions for formatting the parts of a Chicago/Turabian bibliography entry. Note that every part ends with a full stop, and there is a space after each punctuation mark. AUTHOR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION + YEAR + ACCESS DATE + URL OR DOI Author Hall, Jane. L., and Brian. T. Ashton. A Spoonful of Valour … Smith, Gina, Terry L. Ferris, and Erin Henderson. Rainfall … Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. …
Title Harris, Miles. The Mighty Yarra: Rivers of Victoria. … Irwell, Maria. “Reimagining Dadaism.” Journal of Abstract Art … Jensen, Paul. R. Wartime Navy Reminiscences …
Publisher information Gourley, Dianne. Action Man. Chicago: Bellinger, 2002.
Year Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001. Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no. 10 (2013): 30–33 Gardiner, Ian T. Life in Rural Australia. Adelaide: Phoenix, n.d. Greendale, Nilma. “Road Toll Rising.” Age (Melbourne), May 4, 2006.
Access date
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. Accessed February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247. Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://press-ubs.uchicago.edu/founders. URL/DOI Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. Accessed February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247. Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed June 12, 2014. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders.
How to set up the bibliography
What to include Unless advised otherwise by your teacher or lecturer:
How to arrange the entries
Example of a Chicago/Turabian bibliography
C CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Travelling through Italy, India and Indonesia provided Elizabeth Gilbert with ... 1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Elizabeth Gilbert, Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything across Italy, India, and Indonesia (New York: Viking, 2006), 22. Subsequent notes 5. Gilbert, Eat, Pray, Love, 59. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Gilbert, Elizabeth. Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything across Italy, India, and Indonesia. New York: Viking, 2006.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Albrecht Dϋmling paints a powerful picture of the Jewish refugee experience in Australia by ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 2. Albrecht Dϋmling, The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia, trans. Diana K. Weekes (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016), 98. Subsequent notes 6. Dϋmling, Vanished Musician, 105. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. Translated by name of translator. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Dϋmling, Albrecht. The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia. Translated by Diana K. Weekes. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Those new to writing will benefit from the many topics covered in this book including ...3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note."Correct grammar is essential because ..."7
Full note 3. William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed. (New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000), 41–50. Subsequent notes 7. Strunk and White, Elements of Style, 58. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. # ed. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Strunk, William, Jr., and E. B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th ed. New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Dramatic performance is an art dating from ...4 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 4. Jennifer Roberts, ed., Dramatic Arts (Sydney: Milton Press, 1987), 1:234. Subsequent notes 8. Roberts, Dramatic Arts, 1:68-73. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. Vol. #. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Roberts, Jennifer, ed. Dramatic Arts. Vol. 1. Sydney: Milton Press, 1958.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith discuss the complex topic of taboo ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note EDITED COLLECTION 1. Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith, eds., Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable (New York: Peter Lang, 2001). CHAPTER FROM EDITED COLLECTION 2. Janet Brown, “Silence, Taboo and Infectious Disease,” in Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable, ed. Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith (New York: Peter Lang, 2001), 86. Subsequent notes 3. Mills and Smith, Utter Silence. NB: OMIT ‘ed.’ OR ‘eds.’ IN SUBSEQUENT NOTES Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Chapter title." In Title of book, edited by authors, Page range. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Brown, Janet. “Silence, Taboo and Infectious Disease.” In Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable, edited by Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith, 83–91. New York: Peter Lang, 2001. Mills, Alice, and Jeremy Smith, eds. Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable. New York: Peter Lang, 2001.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing The Great Gatsby is set in the roaring twenties ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note ACCESSED ONLINE 1. Scott Dorkins, Good Times (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), accessed February 28, 2010, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/goodtimes/. DOWNLOADED AS E-BOOK 2. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), Kindle edition. NB: Turabian uses single word ‘Kindle’ (without edition). Subsequent notes 3. Dorkins, Good Times, chap. 10 4. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Accessed date. DOI/URL. Dorkins, Scott. Good Times. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/goodtimes/. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003. Kindle edition. NB: Turabian uses single word ‘Kindle’ (without edition).
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Patient wellbeing is important because ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Chris Narvin, “Patient Wellbeing,” Nursing Journal 20, no.10 (2013): 31. Subsequent notes 6. Narvin, “Patient Wellbeing,” 32. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range. Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no.10 (2013): 30–33.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing The term homophily refers to ...4 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 4. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411, accessed February 28, 2010, doi:10.1086/599247. Subsequent notes 9. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 406. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range. Accessed date. DOI. Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010. doi:10.1086/599247.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing The quality of teaching rounds is often inconsistent due to a range of factors such as ...3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
3. Wendy Moran, “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession through School Innovation Rounds,” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 3 (2014): 212, accessed June 22, 2016, http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/. Subsequent notes 8. Moran, “Enhancing Understanding,” 72. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range. URL. Moran, Wendy. “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession through School Innovation Rounds.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 3 (2014): 68–85. Accessed June 22, 2016. http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing According to recent research ...5 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 5. David H. Howard, “Hospital Quality and Selective Contracting: Evidence from Kidney Transplantation,” Forum for Health Economics and Policy 11, no. 2 (2008): 214, accessed April 15, 2015, PubMed Central (PMC2600561). Subsequent notes 10. Howard, “Hospital Quality,” 218. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year). Accessed date. Database name. Howard, David H. “Hospital Quality and Selective Contracting: Evidence from Kidney Transplantation.” Forum for Health Economics and Policy 11, no. 2 (2008). Accessed April 15, 2015. PubMed Central (PMC2600561).
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Vitiligo is a condition that ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 2. Parsad Davinder, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Kanwar, “Quality of Life in Patients with Vitiligo,” abstract, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1 (2003): 58. Subsequent notes 7. Davinder, Dogra, and Kanwar, “Quality of Life,” 22. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Abstract. Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range. Davinder, Parsad, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Kanwar. “Quality of Life in Patients with Vitiligo.” Abstract. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1 (2003): 58. NB: Turabian includes ‘abstract’ in the note but omits it from bibliography entry.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Kennedy's assassin has been identified as ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Jim Hunt, “Assassin Kills Kennedy,” Chicago Tribune, November 22, 1963. Subsequent notes 7. Hunt, “Assassin Kills Kennedy,” 1. Bibliography Author Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper/Magazine Name, Date. Hunt, Jim. “Assassin Kills Kennedy.” Chicago Tribune, November 22, 1963.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing There are many restaurants and cafes in Melbourne that serve wonderful African dishes full of exotic spices ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 2. Nina Rousseau, “Arrival of the Spice Setters,” Age (Melbourne), June 3, 2008, Epicure sec. Subsequent notes 8. Rousseau, “Arrival of the Spice Setters," 5. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Newspaper name, Date. Section. Rousseau, Nina. “Arrival of the Spice Setters.” Age (Melbourne), June 3, 2008, Epicure sec.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing A recent advertisement supporting the Republican candidate ...3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 3. “Ad Heats Up Race for Governor,” New York Times, July 30, 2002, 2. Subsequent notes 9. “Ad Heats Up Race.” Bibliography TEMPLATE Newspaper name. "Article title." Date. New York Times. “Ad Heats Up Race for Governor.” July 30, 2002.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing In a recent letter to the editor ...4 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 4. Jamila Khan, letter to the editor, Australian, September 7, 2012. Subsequent notes 10. Khan, letter to editor, 43. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Letter to the editor. Newspaper name, Date. Khan, Jamila. Letter to the editor. Australian, September 7, 2012.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Mrs Holt's Sorrow is an excellent example of ...5 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 5. Brian Craig, “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow,” Australian Women’s Weekly, January 10, 1968. Accessed July 14, 2016, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45649185?searchTerm=%22Mrs%20Holt%27s%20Sorrow%22&searchLimits=. Subsequent notes 11. Craig, “Mrs Holt's Sorrow,” 2. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Newspaper name, Date. Accessed date. URL. Craig, Brian. “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow.” Australian Women’s Weekly, January 10, 1968. Accessed July 14, 2016. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45649185?searchTerm=%22Mrs%20Holt%27s%20Sorrow%22&searchLimits=.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Russia's journey with Scientology has been ...6 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
6. Wendy Cole and Janice Castro, “Scientology’s Largesse in Russia,” Time, April 13, 1992. Accessed May 1, 2011, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/. Subsequent notes 12. Cole and Castro, “Scientology’s Largesse,” 7. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Newspaper name, Date. Accessed date. URL. Cole, Wendy, and Janice Castro. “Scientology’s Largesse in Russia.” Time, April 13, 1992. Accessed May 1, 2011. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/.
CHICAGO In-text citations Paraphrasing Oliver finds himself in trouble when ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
CD 1. Peter FitzSimons, Kokoda, read by Lewis FitzGerald (Sydney: ABC Audio, 2013), audiobook, compact disc. ONLINE 2. Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, read by Peter Batchelor (New York: Random House Audible, 2013), audiobook, MP3 audio, accessed June 22, 2016, http://www.audible.com. Subsequent notes 3. FitzSimons, Kokoda. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. Read by name. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Medium, Format. Accessed date. URL. Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Read by Peter Batchelor. New York: Random House Audible, 2013. Audiobook, MP3 audio. Accessed June 22, 2016. http://www.audible.com. FitzSimons, Peter. Kokoda. Read by Lewis FitzGerald. Sydney: ABC Audio, 2013. Audiobook, compact disc. TURABIAN Full note In-text citations Paraphrasing Peter FitzSimon's trip to Kokoda provided him with experiences that ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
CD 1. Peter FitzSimons, Kokoda, read by Lewis FitzGerald (Sydney: ABC Audio, 2013), CD. ONLINE 2. Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, read by Peter Batchelor (New York: Random House Audible, 2013), MP3, accessed June 22, 2016, http://www.audible.com. Subsequent notes 3. FitzSimons, Kokoda, 00:05:32. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. Read by name. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Format. Accessed date. URL. Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Read by Peter Batchelor. New York: Random House Audible, 2013. MP3. Accessed June 22, 2016. http://www.audible.com.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN
CHICAGO In-text citations Paraphrasing A special episode of American Life featured a discussion regarding troubled friendships among teens in ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note 1. “Frenemies,” This American Life, podcast audio, Chicago Public Media, September 11, 2009, accessed July 17, 2016, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/389/frenemies. Subsequent notes 3. “Frenemies, 00:01:00” Bibliography TEMPLATE "Title of podcast." Program. Medium. Publisher, Date. Accessed date. URL. “Frenemies.” This American Life. Podcast audio. Chicago Public Media, September 11, 2009. Accessed July 17, 2016. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/389/frenemies. TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing A special episode of American Life featured a discussion regarding troubled friendships among teens in ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note 1. “Frenemies,” This American Life (MP3 podcast), Chicago Public Media, September 11, 2009, accessed July 17, 2016, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/389/frenemies, 00:02:05. Subsequent notes 3. “Frenemies.” Bibliography TEMPLATE "Title of podcast." Program (Format Medium). Publisher, Date. Accessed date. URL. “Frenemies.” This American Life (MP3 podcast). Chicago Public Media, September 11, 2009. Accessed July 17, 2016. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/389/frenemies. CHICAGO & TURABIAN
CHICAGO In-text citations Paraphrasing Back to the Future is a wonderful adventure story ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note MOVIE SCREEN 1. Back to the Future, directed by Robert Zemeckis (Los Angeles, CA: Universal Pictures, 1985). DVD 2. Man of Steel, directed by Zach Snyder (Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2013), DVD. DVD RE-ISSUE OF EARLIER FILM 3. Vertigo, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1958; Los Angeles, CA: Universal Home Entertainment, 2003), DVD. ONLINE 4. Argo, directed by Ben Affleck (Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2012), accessed June 13, 2016, https://www.apple.com/au/. Subsequent notes 5. Back to the Future, 01:13:55. 6. Man of Steel. 7. Vertigo. 8. Argo. Bibliography TEMPLATE DVD Title. Directed by name. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Accessed date. Medium. Back to the Future. Directed by Robert Zemeckis. Los Angeles, CA: Universal Pictures, 1985.DVD. Man of Steel. Directed by Zach Snyder. Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2013. DVD. Vertigo. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 1958. Los Angeles, CA: Universal Home Entertainment, 2003. DVD. Online Title. Directed by name. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Accessed date. URL. Argo. Directed by Ben Affleck. Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2012. Accessed June 13, 2016. https://www.apple.com/au/. TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Alfred Hitchcock films are always very ...3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note MOVIE SCREEN 1. Back to the Future, directed by Robert Zemeckis (Universal Pictures, 1985). DVD 2. Man of Steel, directed by Zach Snyder, DVD (Warner Bros, 2013). DVD RE-ISSUE OF EARLIER FILM 3. Vertigo, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (Paramount, 1958), DVD (Universal Home Entertainment, 2003). ONLINE 4. Argo, directed by Ben Affleck (Warner Bros, 2012), accessed June 13, 2016, https://www.apple.com/au/. Subsequent notes 5. Back to the Future. 6. Man of Steel. 7. Vertigo, 00:27:00. 8. Argo. Bibliography TEMPLATE DVD Title. Directed by name. Publisher, Year. Accessed date. Medium. Back to the Future. Directed by Robert Zemeckis. Universal Pictures, 1985. Man of Steel. Directed by Zach Snyder. DVD. Warner Bros, 2013. Vertigo. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Paramount, 1958. DVD. Universal Home Entertainment, 2003. Online Title. Directed by name. Publisher, Year. Accessed date. URL. Argo. Directed by Ben Affleck. Warner Bros, 2012. Accessed June 13, 2016. http://store.apple.com/au. CHICAGO & TURABIAN
CHICAGO In-text-citations Paraphrasing A classic song about autumn in New York warms the heart after a long winter.2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note ALBUM (CD) 1. Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24, 1940, Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc. ALBUM TRACK 2. Frank Sinatra, vocal performance of “Autumn in New York,” by Vernon Duke, recorded October 8, 1957, on Come Fly with Me, Capitol, 1958, LP.
3. Sheppard, “Geronimo,” YouTube music video, posted August 1, 2014, accessed July 19, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw Subsequent notes 4. Strauss, Don Quixote. 5. Sinatra, “Autumn in New York,” 00:01:14. 6. Sheppard, “Geronimo.” Bibliography TEMPLATE Songwriter or Performer. "Title of song." Form. Posted date. Accessed date. URL. Sheppard. “Geronimo.” YouTube music video. Posted August 1, 2014. Accessed July 19, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw. Sinatra, Frank. Vocal performance of “Autumn in New York.” By Vernon Duke. Recorded October 8, 1957. On Come Fly with Me. Capitol, 1958, LP. Strauss, Richard. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24, 1940. Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc. TURABIAN In-text-citations Paraphrasing Popular band Sheppherd have a great hit with Geronimo which is topping the charts this week.3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note 1. Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24, 1940, Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, CD. 2. Frank Sinatra, “Autumn in New York,” by Vernon Duke, recorded October 8, 1957, on Come Fly with Me, Capitol, 1958, LP. 3. Sheppard, “Geronimo” (music video), posted Aug 1, 2014, accessed July 19, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw, 00:01:03. Subsequent notes 4. Strauss, Don Quixote. 5. Sinatra, “Autumn in New York.” 6. Sheppard, “Geronimo.” Bibliography TEMPLATE Songwriter or Performer. "Title of song" (Form). Posted date. Accessed date. URL. Sheppard. “Geronimo” (music video). Posted August 1, 2014. Accessed July 19, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw. Performer. "Title of song." By writer of song. Recorded date. On Album title. Label, Year, Format). Sinatra, Frank. “Autumn in New York.” By Vernon Duke. Recorded October 8, 1957. On Come Fly with Me. Capitol, 1958, LP. Performer. "Title of song." With name of accompanying performer/s. Conducted by name. Recorded date. Label, Year, Format. Strauss, Richard. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24, 1940. Biddulph LAB 042, 1991. CD. CHICAGO & TURABIAN A music recording can be cited in the notes and bibliography if you are using it as a source. For a general mention, just identify the work in your writing unless extra detail needs to be added in a note.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text-citations Paraphrasing Private lives is a great comedy set in the 1930s ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note PLAY 1. Private Lives, by Noel Coward, directed by Sam Strong, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, January 30, 2014. MUSICAL THEATRE 2. Nice Work If You Can Get It, by Joe DiPietro, music by George and Ira Gershwin, directed by Annette Zol, Broadford Amateur Theatrical Society, Broadford Shire Hall, June 10, 2016. CONCERT 3. Glenda Harris (violin) and Kurt Hegelmann (piano), Helen MacPherson Theatre, Ballarat, April 21, 2014. RECORDED PERFORMANCE 4. Jerry Seinfeld, I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Recorded Broadhurst Theatre, New York City, August 9, 1998 (Los Angeles: Universal, 1998), CD. Subsequent notes 5. Private Lives, 00:30:12. 6. Nice Work. 7. Harris and Hegelmann. 8. Seinfeld, I’m Telling You. Bibliography Harris, Glenda (violin), and Kurt Hegelmann (piano). Helen MacPherson Theatre, Ballarat, April 21, 2014. Nice Work If You Can Get It. By Joe DiPietro. Music by George and Ira Gershwin. Directed by Annette Zol. Broadford Amateur Theatrical Society. Shire Hall, Broadford, June 10, 2016. Private Lives. By Noel Coward. Directed by Sam Strong. Melbourne Theatre Company. Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, January 30, 2014. Seinfeld, Jerry. I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Recorded, Broadhurst Theatre, New York City, August 9, 1998. Los Angeles: Universal, 1998. CD. Live performances are not normally included in the bibliography, and you can also do without a note by weaving the identifying details into your writing. However, different units will have different requirements, so seek your teacher’s or lecturer’s advice on their preference for citing such sources.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing During his speech Dr Martin Luther King stated with great passion ...4 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note PRINT TRANSCRIPT 1. Patrick Henry, “Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death” (speech, Richmond, Virginia, March 23, 1775), in The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches, ed. Brian MacArthur (London: Penguin, 1995), 88–90. ONLINE TRANSCRIPT 2. Paul Keating, “The Redfern Address” (speech, Redfern, December 10, 1992), transcript, accessed 14 July 2016, http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keating-speech-redfern-address/. ONLINE VIDEO 3. John F. Kennedy, “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner)” (speech, Berlin, June 26, 1963), video file, accessed May 11, 2016, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html. ONLINE AUDIO 4. Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream” (speech, Washington, DC, August 28, 1963), MP3, accessed April 2, 2016, http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/, 00:01:03. Subsequent notes 5. Henry, “Give Me Liberty.” 6. Keating, “Redfern Address.” 7. Kennedy, “Ich bin ein Berliner.” 8. King, “I Have a Dream.” Bibliography TEMPLATE Speaker's name. "Title of speech." Speech, City, State/Country, Date. Format. Accessed date. URL. Henry, Patrick. “Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death.” Speech, Richmond, Virginia, March 23, 1775. In The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches, edited by Brian MacArthur, 88–90. London: Penguin, 1995. Keating, Paul. “The Redfern Address.” Speech, Redfern, December 10, 1992. Transcript. Accessed 14 July 2016. http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keating-speech-redfern-address/extras/. Kennedy, John F. “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner).” Speech, Berlin, June 26, 1963. Video file. Accessed May 11, 2016. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html. King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” Speech, Washington, DC, August 28, 1963. MP3. Accessed April 2, 2016. http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing The central character in Ang Lee's film, Master Chef Chu is struggling to ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note 1. Eat Drink Man Woman, directed by Ang Lee (Kew, Victoria: Umbrella Entertainment, 1994), accessed December 19, 2018, https://www.kanopy.com/product/eat-drink-man-woman. Subsequent notes 2. Eat Drink Man Woman, 00:52: 15. Bibliography TEMPLATE Name, director. Title. Year. Database name. Publisher, Yea, URL. Lee, Ang, director. Eat Drink Man Woman. 1994. Kanopy, Umbrella Entertainment, 2016, www.kanopystreaming.com/product/eat-drink-man-woman.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing The Gilmore girls were feeling anxious when ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note BROADCAST 1. Gilmore Girls, season 3, episode 3, “Application Anxiety,” directed by Gail Mancuso, aired September 13, 2005, on WINTV. ONLINE 2. Foyle’s War, season 7, episode 1, “The Eternity Ring,” directed by Stuart Orme, accessed October 12, 2013, http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/7968839. DVD 3. Breaking Bad, season 5, episode 2, “Madrigal,” directed by Michelle MacLaren (Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2012), DVD, disc 1. Subsequent notes 4. Gilmore Girls, 00:13:12. 5. Foyle’s War. 6. Breaking Bad. Bibliography TEMPLATE Series title. Season #, episode #, "Episode title". Directed by name. Production/Distribution Company, Year. Format, disc#. Breaking Bad. Season 5, episode 2, “Madrigal.” Directed by Michelle MacLaren. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2012. DVD, disc 1. Series title. Season #, episode #, "Episode title". Directed by name. Accessed date. URL. Foyle’s War. Season 7, episode 1, “The Eternity Ring.” Directed by Stuart Orme. Accessed October 12, 2013. http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/7968839. Series title. Season #, episode #, "Episode title". Directed by name. Aired date, on name of television network. Gilmore Girls. Season 3, episode 3, “Application Anxiety.” Directed by Gail Mancuso. Aired September 13, 2005, on WINTV.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing When Tony Jones comments on the situation in ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note TELEVISION BROADCAST 1. Lateline, Tony Jones, aired June 2, 2016, on ABC TV News 24, 00:21:04. RADIO PROGRAM 2. Late Night Live, Phillip Adams, aired July 14, 2016, on ABC Radio National. Subsequent notes 3. Lateline, June 2, 2016. 4. Late Night Live, July 14, 2016. Bibliography TEMPLATE Program title. Presenter. Aired date, on name of television network. Lateline. Tony Jones. Aired June 2, 2016, on ABC TV News 24. Late Night Live. Phillip Adams. Aired July 14, 2016, on ABC Radio National.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing For those of us into video games with adventure Minecraft will ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Full note 1. Minecraft (version 1.10.2), video game (Mojang, 2016), accessed July 21, 2016, https://minecraft.net/en/. Subsequent notes 3. Minecraft. Bibliography TEMPLATE Title (version #). Video game. Publisher, Year. Accessed date. URL. Minecraft (version 1.10.2). Video game. Mojang, 2016. Accessed July 21, 2016. https://minecraft.net/en/.
CHICAGO In-text citations Paraphrasing This video shows a poor dog sleepwalking during the night and ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note 1. MarinaHD2001, “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog,” YouTube video, 0.23, posted May 1, 2009, accessed May 9, 2015, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BH_CA. Subsequent notes 2. Marina HD2001, “Bizkit,” 00:10:05. Bibliography MarinaHD2001. “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog.” YouTube video, 0.23. Posted May 1, 2009. Accessed May 9, 2015. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA. TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing This video shows a poor dog sleep walking during the night and ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note 1. MarinaHD2001, “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog” (video), posted May 1, 2009, accessed May 9, 2015, http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA. Subsequent notes 2. Marina HD2001, “Bizkit,” 00:10:05. Bibliography MarinaHD2001. “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog” (video). Posted May 1, 2009. Accessed May 9, 2015. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA. CHICAGO & TURABIAN Video posts are normally cited in the notes only; however, if the video is important to your argument, a bibliography entry can be included (as above).
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Parks Victoria, the Grampians ...1 Direct quote
Full note 1. Parks Victoria, “Fire Ecology in the Grampians,” accessed July 14, 2004, http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf. Subsequent notes 3. Parks Victoria, “Fire Ecology,” 2. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Title." Accessed date. URL. Parks Victoria. “Fire Ecology in the Grampians.” Accessed July 14, 2004. http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing The ABC has recently introduced a new policy dealing with privacy issues that ...1 Direct quote
Full note 1. “ABC Privacy Policy,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, last modified March 12, 2014, accessed July 19, 2016, http://about.abc.net.au/abc-privacy-policy/. 2. “Employment Conditions,” Country Fire Authority, last modified December 8, 2015, accessed May 3, 2016, http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/volunteer-careers/employment-conditions/. Subsequent notes 3. “ABC Privacy Policy.” 4. “Employment Conditions.” Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Title." Last modified date. Accessed date. URL. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. “ABC Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 12, 2014. Accessed July 19, 2016. http://about.abc.net.au/abc-privacy-policy/. Country Fire Authority. “Employment Conditions.” Last modified December 8, 2015. Accessed May 3, 2016. http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/volunteer-careers/employment-conditions/.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Donald Trump’s campaign website is illustrative of …1 Direct quote
Full note NOTE CONTAINING EXTRA DETAIL 1. Make America Great Again! (official 2016 campaign website of Donald Trump), accessed July 23, 2016, https://www.donaldjtrump.com/. Subsequent notes 3. Make America Great Again! Bibliography No bibliography entry required.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Figure 1 shows an illustration by Felix Darley which depicts....1 Full note 1. Irving, W., Rip van Winkle, (New York: American Art Union, 1848), 31. Subsequent notes 3. Irving, Rip van Winkle. Figure layout Fig. 1. Rip returns to his house 1848. (Washington Irving, Rip van Winkle, New York: American Art Union, 1848, 31) No bibliography entry required.
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CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Wright's painting entitled 'The Synnot Children' in figure 1 is painted with oils that are ...1 Full note 1. Joseph Wright, The Synnot Children, 1781, oil on canvas, 152.4 x 125.8 cm, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, accessed September 10, 2020, https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4491/ Subsequent notes 3. Wright, The Synnot Children. Figure layout Fig. 1. The Synnot Children. (Joseph Wright, The Synnot Children, 1781, oil on canvas, 152.4 x 125.8 cm. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4491/ No bibliography entry required.
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CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations See figure 1 for an example of a nebula ...1 Full note 1. NASA, ESA and Kastner, J. "NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula." Accessed September 18, 2020, Hubblesite, https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image/display_image/4680/STScI-H-p2031b-d-1280x720.png Subsequent notes 3. NASA, ESA and Kastner, "NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula". Figure Layout Fig. 1 NASA, ESA and J. Kastner, "NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula." Accessed September 18, 2020, Hubblesite, https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image/display_image/4680/STScI-H-p2031b-d-1280x720.png No bibliography entry required.
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CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Oscar Schindler's grave seen in figure 3 is inscribed with ...1 Full note 1. Adam Jones, “Details of Grave of Oskar Schindler – Old City – Jerusalem – Israel – 02,” 2011. Photograph. Source: Flickr, posted 1 May, 2011, accessed 19 June, 2014, https://www.flickr.com/photos/adam_jones/5676126945. Subsequent notes 2. Jones, “Details of Grave of Oskar Schindler”. Figure layout Fig.3 Adam Jones, Details of Grave of Oskar Schindler – Old City – Jerusalem – Israel – 02, 2011, photograph. Artwork in the public domain; Source: Flickr, posted 1 May, 2011, accessed 19 June, 2014, http://www.flickr.com/photos/adam_jones/5676126945 No bibliography entry required.
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CHICAGO In-text citations In figure 2 the local council boundaries for Casey can be seen ...2 1. Richard Sobel, ed., Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid (Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993), 87, table 5.3. ONLINE 2. McCarron, Bird and Co., "Victoria", map, accessed September 10, 2020, https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg Subsequent notes 3. Sobel, Public Opinion, 92, table 6.4. DIFFERENT MAP, SAME SOURCE 4. McCarron, Bird and Co., “Victoria.” Figure layout Fig. 2. McCarron, Bird and Co., Victoria, map, accessed September 10, 2020, https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg Bibliography Sobel, Richard, ed. Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid. Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993. McCarron, Bird and Co. "Victoria.", Map. Accessed September 10, 2020. https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg TURABIAN In-text citations Local council boundaries for Casey (see figure 2) show that ...2 Full note 1. Richard Sobel, ed., Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid (Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993), 87, table 5.3. ONLINE 2. McCarron, Bird and Co, "Victoria", (map), accessed September 10, 2020, https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg Subsequent notes 3. Sobel, Public Opinion, 92, table 6.4. DIFFERENT MAP, SAME SOURCE 4. McCarron, Bird and Co. “Victoria.” Figure layout Fig. 4. McCarron, Bird and Co., "Victoria" (map), accessed September 10, 2020, https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg Bibliography Sobel, Richard, ed. Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid. Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993. McCarron, Bird and Co. "Victoria" (map). Accessed September 10, 2020. https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg CHICAGO & TURABIAN
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CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations John Brack's painting of 'The Fish Shop' shows ...1 Full note 1. John Brack, The Fish Shop, 1955, oil on composition board, 60.0 x 71.6 cm, Melbourne, Heide Museum of Modern Art. Subsequent notes 3. Brack, The Fish Shop. No bibliography entry required.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Melinda Chang's blog has many interesting insights about ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number(s).
Full note WHOLE BLOG 1. Melinda Chang, Heart of Me (blog), accessed July 15, 2016, http://heartofme.blogspot.com/2016/07/. BLOG POST 2. Kevin Ferris, “Close Borders Now,” Half-Baked Times (blog), May 5, 2016, accessed May 7, 2016, http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com/2016/05/. Subsequent notes 3. Chang, Heart of Me, para. 2. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title (Form). Accessed date. URL. Chang, Melinda. Heart of Me (blog). Accessed July 15, 2016. http://heartofme.blogspot.com/2016/07/. Ferris, Kevin. “Close Borders Now.” Half-Baked Times (blog). Accessed May 7, 2016. http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com//2016/05/. Blogs and blog posts are normally cited in the notes only; however, if the source is cited frequently in your paper or if it is important to your argument, a bibliography entry can be included (as shown above).
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing A recent post on Telstra's Facebook page was ...3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number.
Full note 3. All Men Must Dial, post to Telstra’s Facebook page, June 27, 2016 (8.53 p.m.), accessed July 20, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/Telstra/. Subsequent notes 6. All Men Must Dial, Facebook post, para. 1. Bibliography No bibliography entries are required for online discussion or social media posts.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Recent discussions have centred on Kevin Ferris' opinions regarding ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number. Subsequent notes
Full note 1. Bazza34, May 6, 2016 (11.23 p.m.), comment on Kevin Ferris, “Close Borders Now,” The Half-Baked Times (blog), May 5, 2016, accessed May 7, 2016, http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com.au/2016/05/05/, para. 2. Subsequent notes 4. Bazza34, comment on Ferris, “Close Borders Now.” Bibliography No bibliography entries are required for online discussion or social media posts.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing During the recent campaign trail Hillary Clinton repeatedly promoted ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Full note 2. Hillary Clinton, Twitter post, July 19, 2016 (8:09 p.m.), accessed July 20, 2016, https://twitter.com/HillaryClinton. Subsequent notes 5. Clinton, Twitter post. Bibliography No bibliography entries are required for online discussion or social media posts.
CHICAGO In-text citations Paraphrasing This video shows a poor dog sleepwalking during the night and ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note 1. MarinaHD2001, “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog,” YouTube video, 0.23, posted May 1, 2009, accessed May 9, 2015, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BH_CA. Subsequent notes 2. Marina HD2001, “Bizkit,” 00:10:05. Bibliography MarinaHD2001. “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog.” YouTube video, 0.23. Posted May 1, 2009. Accessed May 9, 2015. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA. TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing This video shows a poor dog sleep walking during the night and ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note 1. MarinaHD2001, “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog” (video), posted May 1, 2009, accessed May 9, 2015, http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA. Subsequent notes 2. Marina HD2001, “Bizkit,” 00:10:05. Bibliography MarinaHD2001. “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog” (video). Posted May 1, 2009. Accessed May 9, 2015. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA. CHICAGO & TURABIAN Video posts are normally cited in the notes only; however, if the video is important to your argument, a bibliography entry can be included (as above).
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing According to the catalogue, the National Gallery of Victoria will hold this exhibition in honour of ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note EXHIBITION CATALOGUE (PRINT) 1. Elena Taylor, Australian Impressionists in France (Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2013), 24, exhibition catalogue. BROCHURE (ONLINE) 2. Parks Victoria, Fire Ecology in the Grampians (Melbourne: Parks Victoria, 2004), accessed March 5, 2016, http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/. Subsequent notes 3. Taylor, Australian Impressionists, 12. 4. Parks Victoria, Fire Ecology. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. City, State/Country, Year. Form. Accessed date. URL. Parks Victoria. Fire Ecology in the Grampians. Melbourne: Parks Victoria, 2004. Accessed March 5, 2016. http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/. Taylor, Elena. Australian Impressionists in France. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2013. Exhibition catalogue.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing The importance of Fellini's films are ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Barry Q. Wenzel, “Films of Fellini” (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, June 4, 1998). Subsequent notes 3. Wenzel, “Films of Fellini,” 3. Bibliography TEMPLATE Presenter. “Title." Paper presented at Meeting name, City, State/Country, date. Wenzel, Barry Q. “Films of Fellini.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, June 4, 1998.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Self-management of metacognitive behaviour is now possible with the help of technology.2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 2. Angela Carbone et al., “Designing Programming Tasks to Elicit Self-Management Metacognitive Behaviour,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education, 2002, ed. B. Werner (Washington, DC: IEEE, 2002), 533-34, accessed May 12, 2016, doi:10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998. Subsequent notes 4. Carbone et al., “Designing Programming Tasks,” 533. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Title of paper." In Proceeding of the title, edited by name, page range, City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Accessed date. DOI/URL. Carbone, Angela, Ian Mitchell, Dick Gunstone, and John Hurst. “Designing Programming Tasks to Elicit Self-Management Metacognitive Behaviour.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education, edited by B. Werner, 533-34. Washington, DC: IEEE, 2002. Accessed 8 June 2016. doi:10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Keith Barrett's lecture on cell structure ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Full note ONLINE DOCUMENT/FILE 1. Keith Barrett, “Cell Structure” (topic notes, Biology 112 tutorials, Barrett Education, June 19, 2010), accessed June 20, 2010, http://www.barrett.edu/openaccess/courses/lectureNotes. ONLINE LECTURE 2. Rebecca Claskich, “BOT234: Week 1 Video Lecture,” posted June 2, 2015, accessed June 3, 2015, http://www.hewsoncollege.com/watch?v=-v6LKvGQIL7. PRINT HANDOUT 3. Lee Huang, “The Cost of Retribution” (class handout, Ethics 123, Central University, Townsville, March 5, 2012). Subsequent notes 4. Barrett, “Cell Structure.” 5. Claskich, “BOT234 Lecture.” 6. Huang, “Cost of Retribution.” Bibliography See the notes below. Barrett, Keith. “Cell Structure.” Topic notes prepared for Biology 112 tutorials, Barrett Education, June 19, 2010. Accessed June 20, 2010. http://www.barrett.edu/openaccess/courses/lectureNotes. Claskich, Rebecca. “BOT234: Week 1 Video Lecture.” Posted June 2, 2015. Accessed June 3, 2015. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-v6GNvGWIL5. **Seek advice from your teacher or lecturer before citing lecture/class material as sources.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing The Smashing Pumpkins recent tour of the United States ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. “constructivism,” 12. ONLINE 2. Grove Music Online, s.v. “Smashing Pumpkins,” accessed July 31, 2016, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/. AUTHORED ENTRY (ESSAY OR CHAPTER) 3. Chris McConville, “Melbourne Crime: From War to Depression, 1919-1929,” in The Australian Dictionary of Biography (Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2013), accessed 22 July 2016, http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/6/text28416. Subsequent notes 4. Encyclopaedia Britannica, “constructivism.” 5. Grove Music Online, “Smashing Pumpkins." 6. McConville, “Melbourne Crime.” Bibliography TEMPLATE See notes below. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. Grove Music Online. Accessed July 31, 2016. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/. McConville, Chris. “Melbourne Crime: From War to Depression, 1919-1929.” In The Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2013. Accessed 22 July 2016. http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/6/text28416. **Ask your teacher or lecturer for guidelines on using Wikipedia as a reference source. Well-known reference works are normally cited in the notes only; ask your teacher or lecturer for advice before including in your bibliography. (Bibliography entries have been given above as examples if needed).
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Neil Armstrong fondly remembers ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note TRANSCRIPT 1. Neil A. Armstrong, interview by S. E. Ambrose, September 19, 2001, transcript, Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, NASA, accessed June 22, 2016, http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf/. RECORDING 2. David Astle, interview by Jane Hutcheon, One Plus One, ABCTV News 24, November 28, 2018, accessed December 5, 2018, https://iview.abc.net.au/show/one-plus-one# Subsequent notes 3. Armstrong, interview by Ambrose, 3. 4. Astle, interview by Hutcheon. Bibliography Name. Interviewed by name. Date. Transcript. Place interviewed. Accessed date. URL. Armstrong, Neil A. Interview by S. E. Ambrose. September 19, 2001. Transcript. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, NASA. Accessed June 22, 2016. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf/. Brett, Lily. Interview by Jane Hutcheon. One Plus One. ABC TV News 24, July 28, 2016. Accessed August 6, 2016. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-28/one-plus-one:-lily-brett/7670520. The treatment above applies to transcripts of recorded interviews. Private or informal interviews should be treated as personal communication.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Recent industrial action has disrupted ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Qantas, “Response to Industrial Action,” media release, October 29, 2011, accessed June 1, 2012, http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/. Subsequent notes 3. Qantas, “Response to Industrial Action,” para. 1. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Title." Media release. Date. Accessed date. URL. Qantas. “Response to Industrial Action.” Media release. October 29, 2011. Accessed June 1, 2012. http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN Treat the music score or sheet music as an image from a book. In-text citations Figure 1 shows the first three bars of “Pretude No. 12” by Fournier…1 Label the image as a Figure: Fig. 1 Guillaume Fournier, “Pretude No. 12,” in 24 Pre-etudes d'apres/after Chopin: Partition Pour Piano/Piano Score, United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013, 40, score. CHICAGO Full note 1. Guillaume Fournier, “Pretude No. 12,” In 24 Pre-etudes d'apres/after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score (United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013), 40, score. Subsequent notes 3. Fournier, “Pretude No. 12,” 45. (DIFFERENT EXCERPT, SAME SOURCE) Bibliography TEMPLATE: Composer. Title. City: State/Country, Year. Fournier, Guillaume. “Pretude No. 12.” In 24 Pre-etudes d'apres/after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score, 40-45. Score. United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013. TURABIAN Full note 1. Guillaume Fournier, “Pretude No. 12,” In 24 Pre-etudes d'apres/after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score (United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013), 40, score. Subsequent notes 3. Fournier, “Pretude No. 12,” 45. (DIFFERENT EXCERPT, SAME SOURCE) Bibliography Fournier, Guillaume. “Pretude No. 12,” In 24 Pre-etudes d'apres/after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score, 40-45 (score). United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013.
Fig. 1 Guillaume Fournier,“Pretude No. 12,”in 24 Pre-etudes d'apres/after Chopin: Partition Pour Piano/Piano Score, United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013, 40, score. CHICAGO Full note 1. Guillaume Fournier, “Pretude No. 12,” In 24 Pre-etudes d'apres/after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score (United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013), 40, score. Subsequent notes 3. Fournier, “Pre-etude No. 12,” 45. (DIFFERENT EXCERPT, SAME SOURCE) Bibliography TEMPLATE: Composer. Title. City: State/Country, Year. Fournier, Guillaume. “Pre-etude No. 12,” In 24 Pre-etudes d'apres/after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score, 40-45. Score. United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013. TURABIAN Full note 1. Guillaume Fournier, “Pre-etude No. 12,” In 24 Pre-etudes d'apres/after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score (United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013), 40, score. Subsequent notes 3. Fournier, “Pre-etude No. 12,” 45. (DIFFERENT EXCERPT, SAME SOURCE) Bibliography Fournier, Guillaume. “Pre-etude No. 12,” In 24 Pre-etudes d'apres/after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score, 40-45 (score). United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Regional art has been great for the community because ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Elizabeth Jensen, email message to author, June 7, 2008. 2. Interview with a regional arts administrator, July 1, 2016 (interviewee’s name withheld by mutual agreement). Subsequent notes 3. Jensen, email to author. 4. Interview with regional arts administrator, para 2. Bibliography No bibliography entry is required for personal communications. Personal communications such as letters, emails, conversations, personal interviews, or posts and comments on sites protected by privacy settings may be cited in the notes but are not included in the bibliography.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing In the first act the tension steadily builds as the characters ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and include the number of the act or scene in the note.
Full note PUBLISHED (PLAY) 1. Joanna Murray-Smith, Honour (Sydney: Currency Press, 1997), act 1. UNPUBLISHED 2. Gleeson, Miranda, “Daylight Shines Darkly” (film script, final draft, March 8, 2015), scene 15, accessed July 19, 2016, http://www.scriptheaven.com.au/. Subsequent notes 3. Murray-Smith, Honour, act 1. 4. Gleeson, “Daylight,” scenes 53–55. Bibliography TEMPLATE See notes below. Gleeson, Miranda. “Daylight Shines Darkly.” Film script, final draft, March 8, 2015. Accessed July 19, 2016. http://www.scriptheaven.com.au/. Murray-Smith, Joanna. Honour. Sydney: Currency Press, 1997.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing The mental health of the homeless people in our community ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW cat. no. AUS 44 (Canberra: AIHW, 2004), 25. ONLINE 2. Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], Mental Health and Experiences of Homelessness, Australia, 2014, cat. no. 4329.0.00.005 (Canberra: ABS, 2014), 5, accessed July 11, 2016, http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/. Subsequent notes 3. AIHW, Australia’s Health 2004, 22. 4. ABS, Mental Health, 8. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. Series Name/Number. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Accessed date. DOI/URL. Mental Health and Experiences of Homelessness, Australia, 2014. Cat. no. 4329.0.00.005. Canberra: ABS, 2014. Accessed July 2, 2016. http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW]. Australia’s Health 2004. AIHW Cat. No. AUS 44. Canberra: AIHW, 2004.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing For those interested in classical music a must-see performance is scheduled for ...3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) if print item in the note.
Full note FILM REVIEW 1. Jim Schembri, review of Australia, directed by Baz Luhrmann, Age (Melbourne), November 10, 2008. THEATRE REVIEW 2. Alison Croggon, review of Private Lives, by Noel Coward, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, Guardian Australia, January 31, 2014, accessed July 11, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/. CONCERT REVIEW 3. Allan Kozinn, review of concert performance by Timothy Fain (violin) and Steven Beck (piano), 92nd Street Y, New York, April 20, 2000, New York Times, April 21, 2000. EXHIBITION REVIEW 4. Denise Taylor, review of Degas: A New Vision, National Gallery of Victoria, June 2016, accessed July 17, 2016, http://www.denisemtaylor.com.au/2016/07/review-degas-a-new-vision/. Subsequent notes 5. Schembri, review of Australia. 6. Croggon, review of Private Lives. 7. Kozinn, review of Fain and Beck, p. 5. 8. Taylor, review of Degas. Bibliography See the notes below. Croggon, Alison. Review of Private Lives, by Noel Coward, Melbourne Theatre Company, January 30, 2014. Guardian Australia, January 31, 2014. Accessed July 11, 2016. http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/. Kozinn, Allan. Review of concert performance by Timothy Fain (violin) and Steven Beck (piano), 92nd Street Y, New York, April 20, 2000. New York Times, April 21, 2000. Schembri, Jim. Review of Australia, directed by Baz Luhrmann. Age (Melbourne), November 10, 2008. Taylor, Denise. Review of Degas: A New Vision, National Gallery of Victoria,
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing It is also possible to push this information via Bluetooth technology to a compatible device.2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Full note 1. Dolphin (version 4.0.2), computer software (Dolphin Emulator Project, 2013), accessed January 14, 2014, https://dolphin-emu.org/. 2. Weather Flow (version 1.5.0), mobile phone application (Microsoft, 2013), accessed December 12, 2013, http://www.windowsphone.com/en-au/store/. 3. Minecraft (version 1.10.2), video game (Mojang, 2016), accessed July 21, 2016, https://minecraft.net/en/. Subsequent notes 4. Dolphin. 5. Weather Flow. 6. Minecraft. Bibliography It is not necessary to give a note or bibliography entry for software unless your paper is focused on this area. Otherwise, simply identify such works in the body of your writing. TEMPLATE Title (Version #). Computer software. Company, Year. Accessed date. URL. Dolphin (version 4.0.2). Computer software. Dolphin Emulator Project, 2013. Accessed January 14, 2014. https://dolphin-emu.org/. Minecraft (version 1.10.2) Video game. Mojang, 2016. Accessed July 21, 2016. https://minecraft.net/en/. Weather Flow (version 1.5.0). Mobile phone application. Microsoft, 2013. Accessed December 12, 2013. http://www.windowsphone.com/en-au/store/.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Standards Australia heat packs can now be filled with ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Standards Australia, Microwaveable Heat Packs – Wheat and Other Organic Filling Materials, AS/NZS 5116:2016 (Sydney: Standards Australia, 2016). Subsequent notes 3. Standards Australia, Microwaveable Heat Packs, 6. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. Standard numbers. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Standards Australia. Microwaveable Heat Packs – Wheat and Other Organic Filling Materials. AS/NZS 5116:2016. Sydney: Standards Australia, 2016.
CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Paraphrasing Research has shown that dysfunctional drivers are often ..."1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. John Maxwell Reid, “A Cognitive Study of Dysfunctional Driving Behaviours.” (PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, 1998), 34. ONLINE 2. Carol Tocknell, “Student Acquisition of Social Skills through Teacher Modelling.” (PhD thesis, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015), 13, accessed August 2, 2016, http://researchonline.federation.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/75649. Subsequent notes 3. Reid, “Cognitive Study,” 43. 4. Tocknell, “Student Acquisition,” 25–27. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Title." Form, University name, Location, Year. Accessed date. DOI/URL. Reid, John Maxwell. “A Cognitive Study of Dysfunctional Driving Behaviours.” PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, 1998. Tocknell, Carol. “Student Acquisition of Social Skills through Teacher Modelling.” PhD thesis, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015. Accessed August 2, 2016. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/75649.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks: Confirm the referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer, and use the following resources to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples: The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed. 2017) Overview of Chicago full note citation style This guide describes the basic features and gives examples of Chicago's full note citation style. Chicago style follows the notes-bibliography system, which involves citing sources in footnotes and then presenting a list of the cited sources in a bibliography at the end of your work. Footnotes Footnotes are created by inserting a superscript reference number (i.e., smaller and above the line) in your writing directly after the punctuation mark that ends the sentence (or part of the sentence) containing the words or information you are citing. The reference number directs the reader to the corresponding footnote, which should contain the bibliographic details of the source. A number inserted into the writing directs the reader to a corresponding footnote. The corresponding footnote contains bibliographic details of the source. Numbering and formatting of footnotes is an automatic function in most word-processing programs via the insert footnote command. Notes are normally set one or two points smaller than the general text, and the footnote number is followed by a full stop and a space before the bibliographic details, as in the examples below. Refer to the general rules and punctuation section for more detailed information. Bibliography The bibliography is an alphabetical list of all the sources cited. It should begin on a separate page at the end of your paper and provide enough identifying details to allow the source to be located by someone else. Refer to the general rules and punctuation sections following for more detail. Bibliography Craig, Brian. “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow.” Australian Women’s Weekly, January 10, 1968. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/. Dϋmling, Albrecht. The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia. Translated by Diana K. Weekes. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016. Greendale, Nilma. “Road Toll Rising.” Age (Melbourne), May 4, 2006. Harrison, Edith M. Pacific Travels. N.p.: Collins, n.d. Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559. Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders. McConville, Chris. “Melbourne Crime: From War to Depression, 1919-1929.” In The Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2013. http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/6/text28416. Moran, Wendy. “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession through School Innovation Rounds.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 3 (2014): 68–85. http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/. Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no. 10 (2013): 30–33 Smith, Jeremy “Civilisational Analysis and Intercultural Models of American Societies.” Journal of Intercultural Studies, 30, no. 3 (2009): 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559. Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. Creating full note and shortened citations Creating the footnote Insert the footnote number immediately after the punctuation mark that ends the sentence (or part of the sentence) where you have used the source. The first time you cite a source, the corresponding footnote should contain the full source information. First name Surname, Title (City: Publisher, Year), page reference.
The basic full footnote in Chicago note style
How to shorten repeated notes If a citation is repeated, shorten the note as follows.
N.B. In each section of this guide, you will see examples of shortened notes for each category of source type.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition.
BASIC
MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR
GROUP AUTHOR
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Two interesting novels spring to mind ...1 Direct quote "Now Mr Gatsby do you think I could ..."2 Full note 1. Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms (New York: Scribner, 2012), 92; F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), 43. Subsequent note 3. Hemingway, Farewell to Arms, 58; Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby, 82 . Bibliography Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner, 2012.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Cultural insights can be found in ...1 Celebrations in certain cultures ...3 Full note 1. Jeremy Smith, “Civilisational Analysis and Intercultural Models of American Societies,” Journal of Intercultural Studies 30, no. 3 (2009 ): 236, https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559; Jeremy Smith, “Outside and Against the Quincentenary: Modern Indigenous Representations at the Time of the Colombian Celebrations,” Atlantic Studies 6, no. 1 (2009): 74-75, https://doi.org/10.1080/14788810902731984. Subsequent notes 3. Smith, “Civilisational Analysis", 240; Smith, "Outside and Against", 69.
Bibliography
Smith, Jeremy. “Civilisational Analysis and Intercultural Models of American Societies.” Journal of Intercultural Studies, 30, no. 3 (2009): 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559. Smith, Jeremy. “Outside and Against the Quincentenary: Modern Indigenous Representations at the Time of the Colombian Celebrations.” Atlantic Studies, 6, no. 1 (2009): 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/14788810902731984.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing The vicar had been based in Wakefield for many years when ...2 Direct quote "I have been in the parish of Wakefield for many years now and recently ..."4 Full note DATE AND/OR PLACE UNKNOWN 1. Edith M. Harrison, Pacific Travels (n.p.: Collins, n.d.), 56. PUBLISHER UNKNOWN 2. Oliver Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield (Salisbury, 1766), 29. Subsequent notes 3. Harrison, Pacific Travels, 82. 4. Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield, 16–22. Bibliography Goldsmith, Oliver. The Vicar of Wakefield. Salisbury, 1766. Harrison, Edith M. Pacific Travels. N.p.: Collins, n.d.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. A secondary citation is when you refer to a source cited in another source. You should always try to find and cite the original source. Use the reference list from the source you read, and try and find the original source referred to. You can ask a librarian if you need assistance. If you are using words or ideas from a source that you found quoted or cited in another (secondary) source, you must identify both of the sources.
Full note 1. Fiona Hilferty, “Teacher Professionalism and Cultural Diversity: Skills, Knowledge and Values for a Changing Australia,” Australian Educational Researcher 35, no. 3 (2008): 58, quoted in Kathryn Meldrum and Jacqui Peters, Learning to Teach Health and Physical Education: The Student, the Teacher and the Curriculum (Sydney: Pearson Australia, 2012), 109. Subsequent notes 3. Hilferty, “Teacher Professionalism.” Bibliography Hilferty, Fiona. “Teacher Professionalism and Cultural Diversity: Skills, Knowledge and Values for a Changing Australia.” Australian Educational Researcher 35, no. 3 (2008): 58. Quoted in Kathryn Meldrum and Jacqui Peters, Learning to Teach Health and Physical Education: The Student, the Teacher and the Curriculum, Sydney: Pearson Australia, 2012.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. Looking at the elements Each source cited in a footnote needs a corresponding entry in the bibliography. This entry should contain enough identifying information about the source to allow it to be located by someone else. In Chicago Note style, the bibliography entry and the full footnote contain the same information, with minor formatting differences. A basic Chicago Note bibliography entry is made up of the following elements: AUTHOR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION + YEAR+ URL or DOI
Creating the bibliography entry Below are instructions for formatting the parts of a Chicago Note bibliography entry. Note that every part ends with a full stop, and there is a space after each punctuation mark. AUTHOR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFORMATION + YEAR + URL OR DOI Author Hall, Jane. L., and Brian. T. Ashton. A Spoonful of Valour … Smith, Gina, Terry L. Ferris, and Erin Henderson. Rainfall … Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. …
Title Harris, Miles. The Mighty Yarra: Rivers of Victoria. … Irwell, Maria. “Reimagining Dadaism.” Journal of Abstract Art … Jensen, Paul. R. Wartime Navy Reminiscences …
Publisher information Gourley, Dianne. Action Man. Chicago: Bellinger, 2002.
Year Gardiner, Ian T. Life in Rural Australia. Adelaide: Phoenix, n.d. Greendale, Nilma. “Road Toll Rising.” Age (Melbourne), May 4, 2006. Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no. 10 (2013): 30–33 Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001.
URL/DOI Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. doi:10.1086/599247. Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders.
ACCESS DATES
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. How to set up the bibliography
What to include Unless advised otherwise by your teacher or lecturer:
How to arrange the entries
Example of a Chicago Note bibliography Bibliography Craig, Brian. “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow.” Australian Women’s Weekly, January 10, 1968. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/. Dϋmling, Albrecht. The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia. Translated by Diana K. Weekes. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016. Greendale, Nilma. “Road Toll Rising.” Age (Melbourne), May 4, 2006. Harrison, Edith M. Pacific Travels. N.p.: Collins, n.d. Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559. Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders. McConville, Chris. “Melbourne Crime: From War to Depression, 1919-1929.” In The Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2013. http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/6/text28416. Moran, Wendy. “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession through School Innovation Rounds.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 3 (2014): 68–85. http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/. Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no. 10 (2013): 30–33 Smith, Jeremy “Civilisational Analysis and Intercultural Models of American Societies.” Journal of Intercultural Studies, 30, no. 3 (2009): 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903003559. Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Sydney: Picador, 2001.
This table offers broad guidance to assist in creating citations and references with MISSING elements. The formatted examples reflect the referencing requirements for a ‘website post or page’. Refer to FedCite or the reference style’s official publication for instruction and templates when referencing other specific material types such as books, journals, web documents, etc. Refer to the Using Chicago Note section in FedCite for instruction on formatting requirements for the Bibliography.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. The following is a summary of the main changes. The relevant section of the Chicago Manual of Style is given in brackets. Please check the relevant FedCite page for each source you are citing to ensure accuracy. Use of ibid.
The use of permalinks and shortened URLs (14.9; 14.10)
Locations in electronic formats without fixed pages (14.160)
NEW GUIDELINES ON CITING:
You can find examples relating to each of the above sources in the relevant FedCite sections. CHANGES AND EXPANDED CONTENT ON: Legal and public documents (14.269-305)
Websites and blogs, including social media (14.205–10)
Personal communications, including texts and social media posts (14.214)
Audiovisual recordings and multimedia (14.261)
You can find examples relating to each of the above sources in the relevant FedCite sections. Clarification on avoiding 3-em dashes for authors’ names in bibliographies (14.67)
See also: What’s New in the 17th Edition: a partial list of more significant changes, clarifications, updates and additions. (See Part III, Chapter 14 for updates relating to Notes & Bibliography).
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Travelling through Italy, India and Indonesia provided Elizabeth Gilbert with ... 1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Elizabeth Gilbert, Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything across Italy, India, and Indonesia (New York: Viking, 2006), 22. Subsequent notes 5. Gilbert, Eat, Pray, Love, 59. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Gilbert, Elizabeth. Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything across Italy, India, and Indonesia. New York: Viking, 2006.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Albrecht Dϋmling paints a powerful picture of the Jewish refugee experience in Australia by ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 2. Albrecht Dϋmling, The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia, trans. Diana K. Weekes (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016), 98. Subsequent notes 6. Dϋmling, Vanished Musician, 105. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. Translated by name of translator. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Dϋmling, Albrecht. The Vanished Musician: Jewish Refugees in Australia. Translated by Diana K. Weekes. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Those new to writing will benefit from the many topics covered in this book including ...3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 3. William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed. (New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000), 41–50. Subsequent notes 7. Strunk and White, Elements of Style, 58. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. # ed. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Strunk, William, Jr., and E. B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th ed. New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Dramatic performance is an art dating from ...4 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note - untitled volume 4. Jennifer Roberts, ed., Dramatic Arts (Sydney: Milton Press, 1987), 1:234. Full note – volume has a separate title 5. John Smith, ed., The History of Theatre, vol.1, Classical Greece (London: South London Press, 1992), 2-3. Subsequent notes 8. Roberts, Dramatic Arts, 1:68-73. 9. Smith, History of Theatre, 1:12. Bibliography TEMPLATE - untitled volume Author. Title. Vol. #. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. TEMPLATE - volume has a separate title Roberts, Jennifer, ed. Dramatic Arts. Vol. 1. Sydney: Milton Press, 1958. Author. Title of Whole Work. Vol. #, Title of Volume. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Smith, John, ed. The History of Theatre. Vol.1, Classical Greece. London: South London Press, 1992.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith discuss the complex topic of taboo ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note EDITED COLLECTION 1. Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith, eds., Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable (New York: Peter Lang, 2001). CHAPTER FROM EDITED COLLECTION 2. Janet Brown, “Silence, Taboo and Infectious Disease,” in Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable, ed. Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith (New York: Peter Lang, 2001), 86.
Subsequent notes 3. Mills and Smith, Utter Silence, 24. NB: OMIT ‘ed.’ OR ‘eds.’ IN SUBSEQUENT NOTES Bibliography TEMPLATE Edited collection Author/ eds. Title of book. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Mills, Alice, and Jeremy Smith, eds. Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable. New York: Peter Lang, 2001. Book chapter Author. "Chapter title." In Title of book, edited by authors, Page range. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Brown, Janet. “Silence, Taboo and Infectious Disease.” In Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable, edited by Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith, 83–91. New York: Peter Lang, 2001.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing The Great Gatsby is set in the roaring twenties ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note ACCESSED ONLINE 1. Scott Dorkins, Good Times (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/goodtimes/. DOWNLOADED AS E-BOOK 2. F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), Kindle. Subsequent notes 3. Dorkins, Good Times, chap. 10 4. Fitzgerald, Great Gatsby. Bibliography TEMPLATE Online Author. Title. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL. Dorkins, Scott. Good Times. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/goodtimes/. Downloaded as an e-book Author. Title. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. e-reader format. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003. Kindle.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Patient wellbeing is important because ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Chris Narvin, “Patient Wellbeing,” Nursing Journal 20, no.10 (2013): 31. Subsequent notes 6. Narvin, “Patient Wellbeing,” 32. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range. Narvin, Chris. “Patient Wellbeing.” Nursing Journal 20, no.10 (2013): 30–33.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing The term homophily refers to ...4 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 4. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network,” American Journal of Sociology, 115 (2009): 411, https://doi.org/10.1086/599247. Subsequent notes 9. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 406. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range. DOI. Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115, (2009): 405–50. https://doi.org/10.1086/599247.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing The quality of teaching rounds is often inconsistent due to a range of factors such as ...3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 3. Wendy Moran, “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession through School Innovation Rounds,” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 3 (2014): 212, http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/. Subsequent notes 8. Moran, “Enhancing Understanding,” 72. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range. URL. Moran, Wendy. “Enhancing Understanding of Teaching and the Profession through School Innovation Rounds.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 3 (2014): 68–85. http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing According to recent research ...5 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 5. David H. Howard, “Hospital Quality and Selective Contracting: Evidence from Kidney Transplantation,” Forum for Health Economics and Policy 11, no. 2 (2008): 214, PubMed Central (PMC2600561). Subsequent notes 10. Howard, “Hospital Quality,” 218. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Database name. Howard, David H. “Hospital Quality and Selective Contracting: Evidence from Kidney Transplantation.” Forum for Health Economics and Policy 11, no. 2 (2008). PubMed Central (PMC2600561).
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Vitiligo is a condition that ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 2. Parsad Davinder, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Kanwar, “Quality of Life in Patients with Vitiligo,” abstract, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1 (2003): 58. Subsequent notes 7. Davinder, Dogra, and Kanwar, “Quality of Life,” 22. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Journal name volume, no. # (year): Page range. Davinder, Parsad, Sunil Dogra, and Amrinder Kanwar. “Quality of Life in Patients with Vitiligo.” Abstract. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1 (2003): 58.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Kennedy's assassin has been identified as ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Jim Hunt, “Assassin Kills Kennedy,” Chicago Tribune, November 22, 1963. Subsequent notes 7. Hunt, “Assassin Kills Kennedy.” Bibliography Author. “Article title.” Newspaper/Magazine Name, Date. Hunt, Jim. “Assassin Kills Kennedy.” Chicago Tribune, November 22, 1963.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing There are many restaurants and cafes in Melbourne that serve wonderful African dishes full of exotic spices ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 2. Nina Rousseau, “Arrival of the Spice Setters,” Age Epicure (Melbourne), June 3, 2008. Subsequent notes 8. Rousseau, “Arrival of the Spice Setters," 5. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Article title." Newspaper name Section Date. Rousseau, Nina. “Arrival of the Spice Setters.” Age Epicure (Melbourne), June 3, 2008.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing A recent advertisement supporting the Republican candidate ...3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 3. “Ad Heats Up Race for Governor,” New York Times, July 30, 2002, 2. Subsequent notes 9. “Ad Heats Up Race.” Bibliography TEMPLATE Newspaper name. "Article title." Date. New York Times. “Ad Heats Up Race for Governor.” July 30, 2002.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing In a recent letter to the editor ...4 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 4. Jamila Khan, letter to the editor, Australian, September 7, 2012. Subsequent notes 10. Khan, letter to editor, 43. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Letter to the editor. Newspaper name, Date. Khan, Jamila. Letter to the editor. Australian, September 7, 2012.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Mrs Holt's Sorrow is an excellent example of ...5 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 5. Brian Craig, “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow,” Australian Women’s Weekly, January 10, 1968, 2–3, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/. Subsequent notes 11. Craig, “Mrs Holt's Sorrow,” 2. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author, "Article title," Newspaper name, Date. URL. Craig, Brian. “Mrs Holt’s Sorrow.” Australian Women’s Weekly, January 10, 1968. http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Russia's journey with Scientology has been ...6 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 6. Wendy Cole and Janice Castro, “Scientology’s Largesse in Russia,” Time, April 13, 1992, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/. Subsequent notes 12. Cole and Castro, “Scientology’s Largesse,” 7. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author, "Article title," Newspaper name, Date, URL. Cole, Wendy, and Janice Castro. “Scientology’s Largesse in Russia.” Time, April 13, 1992. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Oliver finds himself in trouble when ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "
Full note: CD 1. Peter FitzSimons, Kokoda, read by Lewis FitzGerald (Sydney: ABC Audio, 2013), audiobook, compact disc. Full note: ONLINE 2. Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, read by Peter Batchelor (New York: Random House Audible, 2013), audiobook, MP3 audio, http://www.audible.com. Subsequent notes 3. FitzSimons, Kokoda. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. Read by name. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Medium, Format. URL. Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Read by Peter Batchelor. New York: Random House Audible, 2013. Audiobook, MP3 audio. http://www.audible.com. FitzSimons, Peter. Kokoda. Read by Lewis FitzGerald. Sydney: ABC Audio, 2013. Audiobook, compact disc.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing A special episode of American Life featured a discussion regarding troubled friendships among teens in ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "
Full note 1. “Frenemies,” September 11, 2009, in This American Life, podcast, 22:00, https://www.thisamericanlife.org/389/frenemies. Subsequent notes 3. “Frenemies” Bibliography TEMPLATE Author/performer. "Title of podcast." Date of post/ broadcast. In Program Title. Podcast, medium, duration. URL/ source. “Frenemies.” September 11, 2009. In This American Life. Podcast, MP3 audio, 22:00. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/389/frenemies.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Back to the Future is a wonderful adventure story ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "
Full note MOVIE SCREEN 1. Back to the Future, directed by Robert Zemeckis (Los Angeles, CA: Universal Pictures, 1985). DVD 2. Man of Steel, directed by Zach Snyder (Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2013), DVD. DVD RE-ISSUE OF EARLIER FILM 3. Vertigo, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1958; Los Angeles, CA: Universal Home Entertainment, 2003), DVD. ONLINE 4. Argo, directed by Ben Affleck (Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2012), https://www.apple.com/au/. Subsequent notes 5. Back to the Future. 6. Man of Steel. 7. Vertigo. 8. Argo. Bibliography TEMPLATE DVD Title. Directed by name. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Medium. Back to the Future. Directed by Robert Zemeckis. Los Angeles, CA: Universal Pictures, 1985. DVD. Man of Steel. Directed by Zach Snyder. Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2013. DVD. Vertigo. Directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 1958. Los Angeles, CA: Universal Home Entertainment, 2003. DVD. Online Title. Directed by name. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. URL. Argo. Directed by Ben Affleck. Los Angeles, CA: Warner Bros, 2012. https://www.apple.com/au/.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text-citations Paraphrasing A classic song about autumn in New York warms the heart after a long winter.2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "
Full note ALBUM (CD) 1. Richard Strauss, Don Quixote, with Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy, recorded February 24, 1940, Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc. ALBUM TRACK 2. Frank Sinatra, vocal performance of “Autumn in New York,” by Vernon Duke, recorded October 8, 1957, on Come Fly with Me, Capitol, 1958, LP. ONLINE MUSIC VIDEO 3. Sheppard, “Geronimo,” YouTube music video, posted August 1, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw Subsequent notes 4. Strauss, Don Quixote. 5. Sinatra, “Autumn in New York.” 6. Sheppard, “Geronimo.” Bibliography TEMPLATE Songwriter, Composer or Performer. "Title of song." Posted date. Form, running time, URL. Sheppard. “Geronimo.” Posted August 1, 2014. Video, 4:29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL_EXAyGCkw. Sinatra, Frank. Vocal performance of “Autumn in New York.” By Vernon Duke. Recorded October 8, 1957. On Come Fly with Me. Capitol, 1958, LP. Strauss, Richard. Don Quixote. With Emanuel Feuermann (violoncello) and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Conducted by Eugene Ormandy. Recorded February 24, 1940. Biddulph LAB 042, 1991, compact disc.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text-citations Paraphrasing Private Lives is a great comedy set in the 1930s ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "
Full note CHICAGO PLAY 1. Private Lives, by Noel Coward, directed by Sam Strong, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, January 30, 2014, DVD. MUSICAL THEATRE 2. Nice Work If You Can Get It, by Joe DiPietro, music by George and Ira Gershwin, directed by Annette Zol, Broadford Amateur Theatrical Society, Broadford Shire Hall, June 10, 2016, compact disc. CONCERT 3. Glenda Harris (violin) and Kurt Hegelmann (piano), Helen MacPherson Theatre, Ballarat, April 21, 2014, compact disc. RECORDED PERFORMANCE 4. Jerry Seinfeld, I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Recorded Broadhurst Theatre, New York City, August 9, 1998 (Los Angeles: Universal, 1998), compact disc. Subsequent notes 5. Private Lives. 6. Nice Work. 7. Harris and Hegelmann. 8. Seinfeld, I’m Telling You. Bibliography Harris, Glenda (violin), and Kurt Hegelmann (piano). Helen MacPherson Theatre, Ballarat, April 21, 2014, compact disc. Nice Work If You Can Get It. By Joe DiPietro. Music by George and Ira Gershwin. Directed by Annette Zol. Broadford Amateur Theatrical Society. Shire Hall, Broadford, June 10, 2016, compact disc. Private Lives. By Noel Coward. Directed by Sam Strong. Melbourne Theatre Company. Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, January 30, 2014, DVD. Seinfeld, Jerry. I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Recorded, Broadhurst Theatre, New York City, August 9, 1998. Los Angeles: Universal, 1998, compact disc.
Live performances Live performances are not normally included in the bibliography, as the reader cannot access them. You can either use a note or weave the identifying details into the text of your work. However, different units will have different requirements, so seek your teacher’s or lecturer’s advice on their preference for citing such sources. Specify the name and location of the venue, and the date of the performance; include also as much additional information required to identify the performance.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing During his speech, Dr Martin Luther King stated with great passion ...4 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "
Full note PRINT TRANSCRIPT 1. Patrick Henry, “Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death” (speech, Richmond, Virginia, March 23, 1775), in The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches, ed. Brian MacArthur (London: Penguin, 1995), 88–90. ONLINE TRANSCRIPT 2. Paul Keating, “The Redfern Address” (speech, Redfern, December 10, 1992), transcript, http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keating-speech-redfern-address/. ONLINE VIDEO 3. John F. Kennedy, “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner),” speech, Berlin, June 26, 1963, video, https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html ONLINE AUDIO 4. Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream,” speech, Washington, DC, August 28, 1963, MP3, http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/, 00:01:03. Subsequent notes 5. Henry, “Give Me Liberty.” 6. Keating, “Redfern Address.” 7. Kennedy, “Ich bin ein Berliner.” 8. King, “I Have a Dream.” Bibliography TEMPLATE Speaker's name. "Title of speech." Speech, City, State/Country, Date. Format, duration, URL (if accessed online). Henry, Patrick. “Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death.” Speech, Richmond, Virginia, March 23, 1775. In The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches, edited by Brian MacArthur, 88–90. London: Penguin, 1995. Keating, Paul. “The Redfern Address.” Speech, Redfern, December 10, 1992. Transcript. http://aso.gov.au/titles/spoken-word/keating-speech-redfern-address/extras/. Kennedy, John F. “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner).” Speech, Berlin, June 26, 1963. Video, 8:28. https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkberliner.html King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” Speech, Washington, DC, August 28, 1963. MP3 audio. http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing The central character in Ang Lee's film, Master Chef Chu is struggling to ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "
Full note 1. Eat Drink Man Woman, directed by Ang Lee (Kew, Victoria: Umbrella Entertainment, 1994), https://www.kanopy.com/product/eat-drink-man-woman. Subsequent notes 2. Eat Drink Man Woman. Bibliography TEMPLATE Name, director. Title. Year. Database name. Publisher, Year. URL. Lee, Ang, director. Eat Drink Man Woman. 1994. Kanopy. Umbrella Entertainment, 2016. www.kanopystreaming.com/product/eat-drink-man-woman.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing The Gilmore girls were feeling anxious when ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "
Full note BROADCAST 1. Gilmore Girls, season 3, episode 3, “Application Anxiety,” directed by Gail Mancuso, aired September 13, 2005, on WINTV. ONLINE 2. Foyle’s War, season 7, episode 1, “The Eternity Ring,” directed by Stuart Orme, on ABC, http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/7968839. DVD 3. Breaking Bad, season 5, episode 2, “Madrigal,” directed by Michelle MacLaren (Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2012), DVD, disc 1. Subsequent notes 4. Gilmore Girls. 5. Foyle’s War. 6. Breaking Bad. Bibliography TEMPLATE Series title. Season #, episode #, "Episode title". Directed by name. Production/Distribution Company, Year. Format, disc#. Breaking Bad. Season 5, episode 2, “Madrigal.” Directed by Michelle MacLaren. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2012. DVD, disc 1. Series title. Season #, episode #, "Episode title". Directed by name. URL. Foyle’s War. Season 7, episode 1, “The Eternity Ring.” Directed by Stuart Orme. http://www.abc.net.au/iview/#/view/7968839. Series title. Season #, episode #, "Episode title". Directed by name. Aired date, on name of television network. Gilmore Girls. Season 3, episode 3, “Application Anxiety.” Directed by Gail Mancuso. Aired September 13, 2005, on WINTV.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing When Tony Jones comments on the situation in ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "
Full note TELEVISION BROADCAST 1. Lateline, Tony Jones, aired June 2, 2016, on ABC TV News 24. RADIO PROGRAM 2. Late Night Live, Phillip Adams, aired July 14, 2016, on ABC Radio National. Subsequent notes 3. Lateline, June 2, 2016. 4. Late Night Live, July 14, 2016. Bibliography TEMPLATE Program title. Presenter. Aired date, on name of television network. Lateline. Tony Jones. Aired June 2, 2016, on ABC TV News 24. Late Night Live. Phillip Adams. Aired July 14, 2016, on ABC Radio National.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing For those of us into video games with adventure Minecraft will ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " "
Full note 1. Minecraft, v. 1.10.2, (Mojang, 2016), online, https://minecraft.net/en/. Subsequent notes 3. Minecraft. Bibliography TEMPLATE Developer. Title. Operating system. Version #. Publisher, Year. URL. Persson, Marcus. Minecraft. Download, v. 1.10.2. Mojang, 2016. https://minecraft.net/en/.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing This video shows a poor dog sleep walking during the night and ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note 1. MarinaHD2001, “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog,” YouTube video, 0:23, May 1, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BH_CA. Subsequent notes 2. Marina HD2001, “Bizkit.” Bibliography Template Author. "Title." YouTube video. Posted date. URL. MarinaHD2001. “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog.” YouTube video. Posted May 1, 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Regional Arts Victoria, the arts in regional Victoria ...1 Direct quote
Full note 1. Regional Arts Victoria, “Annual Report 2018,” http://www.rav.net.au/assets/regional-arts-victoria-annual-report-2018-final-small22.pdf Subsequent notes 3. Regional Arts Victoria, “Annual Report 2018,” 4. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Title." Date. URL. Regional Arts Victoria. “Annual Report 2018.” http://www.rav.net.au/assets/regional-arts-victoria-annual-report-2018-final-small22.pdf
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing The ABC has recently introduced a new policy dealing with privacy issues that ...1 Direct quote
Full note 1. “ABC Privacy Policy,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, last modified March 12, 2014, http://about.abc.net.au/abc-privacy-policy/. 2. “Employment Conditions,” Country Fire Authority, last modified December 8, 2015, http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/volunteer-careers/employment-conditions/. Subsequent notes 3. “ABC Privacy Policy.” 4. “Employment Conditions.” Bibliography TEMPLATE Author [if known]. "Title of the page." Date. URL. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. “ABC Privacy Policy.” Last modified March 12, 2014. http://about.abc.net.au/abc-privacy-policy/. Country Fire Authority. “Employment Conditions.” Last modified December 8, 2015. http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/volunteer-careers/employment-conditions/.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Donald Trump’s campaign website is illustrative of …1 Direct quote
Full note NOTE CONTAINING EXTRA DETAIL 1. Make America Great Again! (official 2016 campaign website of Donald Trump), https://www.donaldjtrump.com/. Subsequent notes 3. Make America Great Again! Bibliography No bibliography entry required.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Figure 1 shows an illustration by Felix Darley which depicts....1 Full note 1. Washington Irvine, "Rip van Winkle," (New York: American Art Union, 1848): 31 Subsequent notes 3. Irvine, Rip van Winkle. Figure layout Fig. 1 Rip returns to his house 1848. (Washington Irvine, "Rip van Winkle," New York: American Art Union, (1848): 31 Caption notes:
No bibliography entry required.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. CHICAGO & TURABIAN In-text citations Wright's painting entitled 'The Synnot Children' in figure 1 is painted with oils that are ...1 Full note 1. Joseph Wright, The Synnot Children, 1781, oil on canvas, 152.4 x 125.8 cm, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4491/ Subsequent notes 3. Wright, The Synnot Children. Figure layout Fig. 1 The Synnot Children. (Joseph Wright, The Synnot Children, 1781, oil on canvas, 152.4 x 125.8 cm. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/4491/ Caption notes:
No bibliography entry required.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations See figure 1 for an example of a nebula ...1 Full note 1. NASA, ESA and J. Kastner, "NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula." (2020): Hubblesite, https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image/display_image/4680/STScI-H-p2031b-d-1280x720.png Subsequent notes 3. NASA, ESA and Kastner, "NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula". Figure Layout Fig. 1 NASA, ESA and J. Kastner, "NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula." (2020): Hubblesite, https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image/display_image/4680/STScI-H-p2031b-d-1280x720.png Caption notes:
No bibliography entry required.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Oscar Schindler's grave seen in figure 3 is inscribed with ...1 Full note 1. Adam Jones, “Details of Grave of Oskar Schindler – Old City – Jerusalem – Israel – 02,” 2011. Photograph. Source: Flickr, posted 1 May, 2011, 2014, https://www.flickr.com/photos/adam_jones/5676126945. Subsequent notes 2. Jones, “Details of Grave of Oskar Schindler”. Figure layout Fig.3 Adam Jones, Details of Grave of Oskar Schindler – Old City – Jerusalem – Israel – 02, 2011, photograph. Artwork in the public domain; Source: Flickr, posted 1 May, 2011, http://www.flickr.com/photos/adam_jones/5676126945 Caption notes:
No bibliography entry required.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations In figure 2 the local council boundaries for Casey can be seen ...2 1. Richard Sobel, ed., Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid (Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993), 87, table 5.3. 3. Samuel de Champlain, cartographer, Carte geographique de la Nouvelle Franse, 1612, 43 x 76 cm, in The History of Cartography, vol. 3, Cartography in the European Renaissance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007) fig. 51.3. ONLINE 2. Victorian Electoral Commission, City of Casey: Local Council Boundaries, 2012, map, https://www.vec.vic.gov.au.images/profile/CaseySummary.gif 3. Victoria, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, accessed September 10, 2020, https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg Subsequent notes 3. Sobel, Public Opinion, 92, table 6.4. DIFFERENT MAP, SAME SOURCE 4. Victorian Electoral Commission, City of Casey. Figure layout Fig. 2 McCarron, Bird and Co., Victoria, 1916, map, https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg Caption notes:
Bibliography Sobel, Richard, ed. Public Opinion in US Foreign Policy: The Controversy over Contra Aid. Boston: Rowman and Littlefield, 1993. MAPS McCarron, Bird and Co. Victoria, 1916. Map. https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations John Brack's painting of 'The Fish Shop' shows ...1 Full note 1. John Brack, The Fish Shop, 1955, oil on composition board, 60.0 x 71.6 cm, Heide Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne. Subsequent notes 3. Brack, The Fish Shop. No bibliography entry required.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Melinda Chang's blog has many interesting insights about ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number(s).
Full note WHOLE BLOG 1. Melinda Chang, Heart of Me (blog), http://heartofme.blogspot.com/2016/07/. BLOG POST 2. Kevin Ferris, “Close Borders Now,” Half-Baked Times (blog), May 5, 2016, http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com/2016/05/. Subsequent notes 3. Chang, Heart of Me, para. 2. Bibliography TEMPLATE Whole blog Author/ editor. Title (Form). URL. Chang, Melinda. Heart of Me (blog). http://heartofme.blogspot.com/2016/07/. Blog post Author. “Title of Post.” Title of Blog (Form). URL. Ferris, Kevin. “Close Borders Now.” Half-Baked Times (blog). http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com//2016/05/. BLOG
BLOG POST
Blogs and blog posts are normally cited in the notes only; however, if the source is cited frequently in your paper or if it is important to your argument, a bibliography entry can be included (as shown above). Only include an access date when:
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing A recent post on Telstra's Facebook page was ...3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number.
Full note 3. All Men Must Dial, June 27, 2016, post to Telstra’s Facebook page, https://www.facebook.com/Telstra/. Subsequent notes 6. All Men Must Dial, Facebook post, para. 1. Bibliography No bibliography entries are required for online discussion or social media posts.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. I In-text citations Paraphrasing Recent discussions have centred on Kevin Ferris' opinions regarding ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number. Subsequent notes
Full note 1. Bazza34, May 6, 2016, comment on Kevin Ferris, “Close Borders Now,” The Half-Baked Times (forum), May 5, 2016, http://thehalfbakedtimes.blogs.com.au/2016/05/05/, para. 2. Subsequent notes 4. Bazza34, comment on Ferris, “Close Borders Now.” Bibliography No bibliography entries are required for online discussion or social media posts.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Conan O”Brien’s tweet was characteristically deadpan: “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets” (@ConanOBrien, April 22, 2015). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Full note 2. Conan O’Brien (@ConanOBrien), “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets,” Twitter, April 22, 2015, 11:10 a.m., https://twitter.com/ConanOBriend/status/590940792967016448. Subsequent notes 5. O’Brien, Twitter post. Bibliography No bibliography entries are required for online discussion or social media posts.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing This video shows a poor dog sleep walking during the night and ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Full note 1. MarinaHD2001, “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog,” YouTube video, 0:23, May 1, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2BH_CA. Subsequent notes 2. Marina HD2001, “Bizkit.” Bibliography Template Author. "Title." YouTube video. Posted date. URL. MarinaHD2001. “Bizkit the Sleep Walking Dog.” YouTube video. Posted May 1, 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=z2BH_CA.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing According to the catalogue, the National Gallery of Victoria will hold this exhibition in honour of ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note EXHIBITION CATALOGUE (PRINT) 1. Elena Taylor, Australian Impressionists in France (Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2013), 24, exhibition catalogue. BROCHURE (ONLINE) 2. Parks Victoria, Fire Ecology in the Grampians (Melbourne: Parks Victoria, 2004), http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/. Subsequent notes 3. Taylor, Australian Impressionists, 12. 4. Parks Victoria, Fire Ecology. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. City, State/Country, Year. Form. URL. Parks Victoria. Fire Ecology in the Grampians. Melbourne: Parks Victoria, 2004. http://www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/. Taylor, Elena. Australian Impressionists in France. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria, 2013. Exhibition catalogue.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing The importance of Fellini's films are ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Barry Q. Wenzel, “Films of Fellini” (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, VIC, Australia, June 4, 1998). Subsequent notes 3. Wenzel, “Films of Fellini,” 3. Bibliography TEMPLATE Presenter. “Title." Paper presented at Meeting/Conference name, City, State/Country, date. Wenzel, Barry Q. “Films of Fellini.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, Ballarat, VIC, Australia, June 4, 1998.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Self-management of metacognitive behaviour is now possible with the help of technology.2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 2. Angela Carbone et al., “Designing Programming Tasks to Elicit Self-Management Metacognitive Behaviour,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education, 2002, ed. B. Werner (Washington, DC: IEEE, 2002), 533, doi:10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998. Subsequent notes 4. Carbone et al., “Designing Programming Tasks,” 534. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Title of paper." In Proceeding of the title, edited by name, page range, City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL. Carbone, Angela, Ian Mitchell, Dick Gunstone, and John Hurst. “Designing Programming Tasks to Elicit Self-Management Metacognitive Behaviour.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education, edited by B. Werner, 533-34. Washington, DC: IEEE, 2002. doi:10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Keith Barrett's lecture on cell structure ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Full note ONLINE DOCUMENT/FILE 1. Keith Barrett, “Cell Structure” (topic notes, Biology 112 tutorials, Barrett Education, June 19, 2010), http://www.barrett.edu/openaccess/courses/lectureNotes. ONLINE LECTURE 2. Rebecca Claskich, “BOT234: Week 1 Video Lecture,” posted June 2, 2015, http://www.hewsoncollege.com/watch?v=-v6LKvGQIL7. PRINT HANDOUT 3. Lee Huang, “The Cost of Retribution” (class handout, Ethics 123, Central University, Townsville, March 5, 2012). Subsequent notes 4. Barrett, “Cell Structure.” 5. Claskich, “BOT234 Lecture.” 6. Huang, “Cost of Retribution.” Bibliography See notes below. Barrett, Keith. “Cell Structure.” Topic notes prepared for Biology 112 tutorials, Barrett Education, June 19, 2010. http://www.barrett.edu/openaccess/courses/lectureNotes. Claskich, Rebecca. “BOT234: Week 1 Video Lecture.” Posted June 2, 2015. http://www.hewsoncollege.com/watch?v=-v6LKvGQIL7. **Seek advice from your teacher or lecturer before citing lecture/class material as sources.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing The Smashing Pumpkins recent tour of the United States ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. “constructivism,” 12. ONLINE 2. Grove Music Online, s.v. “Smashing Pumpkins,” by Rob Jovanovic, accessed March 29, 2020, https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/search?q=smashing+pumpkins&searchBtn=Search&isQuickSearch=true . AUTHORED ENTRY (ESSAY OR CHAPTER) 3. Chris McConville, “Melbourne Crime: From War to Depression, 1919-1929,” in Australian Dictionary of Biography (Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2013), accessed April 2, 2019, http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/6/text28416. Subsequent notes 4. Encyclopaedia Britannica, “constructivism.” 5. Grove Music Online, “Smashing Pumpkins." 6. McConville, “Melbourne Crime.” Bibliography TEMPLATE See notes below. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. (1980) McConville, Chris. “Melbourne Crime: From War to Depression, 1919-1929.” In Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 2013. Accessed April 2, 2019. http://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/6/text28416. **Ask your teacher or lecturer for guidelines on using Wikipedia as a reference source.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Neil Armstrong fondly remembers ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note TRANSCRIPT 1. Neil A. Armstrong, interview by S. E. Ambrose, September 19, 2001, transcript, Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, NASA, http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf/. RECORDING 2. David Astle, interview by Jane Hutcheon, One Plus One, November 28, 2018, on ABCTV News 24, https://iview.abc.net.au/show/one-plus-one#. Subsequent notes 3. Armstrong, interview by Ambrose, 3. 4. Astle, interview by Hutcheon. Bibliography TEMPLATE Audio interview Name. Interviewed by name. Date. Transcript. Place interviewed. URL. Armstrong, Neil A. Interview by S. E. Ambrose. September 19, 2001. Transcript. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project, NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf/. Television interview Name. Interviewed by name. “Name of Television Program.” Date. Transcript. Place interviewed. URL. Brett, Lily. Interview by Jane Hutcheon. One Plus One. July 28, 2016. ABC TV News 24. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-28/one-plus-one:-lily-brett/7670520. The treatment above applies to transcripts of recorded interviews. Private or informal interviews should be treated as personal communication.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Recent industrial action has disrupted ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Qantas, “Response to Industrial Action,” media release, October 29, 2011, http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/. Subsequent notes 3. Qantas, “Response to Industrial Action,” para. 1. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Title." Media release. Date. URL. Qantas. “Response to Industrial Action.” Media release. October 29, 2011. http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. Treat the music score or sheet music as an image from a book. In-text citations Figure 1 shows the first three bars of “Pretude No. 12” by Fournier…1 Label the image as a Figure: Fig. 1 Guillaume Fournier, “Prétude No. 12,” in 24 Pre-etudes d'après/after Chopin: Partition Pour Piano/Piano Score, United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013, 40. Full note 1. Guillaume Fournier, “Prétude No. 12,” in 24 Pré-études d'apres/after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score (United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013), 40. Subsequent notes 3. Fournier, “PrétudeNo. 12,” 45. (DIFFERENT EXCERPT, SAME SOURCE) Bibliography TEMPLATE: Composer. Title of Score. Place of Publication: Publisher’s Name, Year of Publication. Fournier, Guillaume. Pré-études d'apres /after Chopin: Partition pour Piano/Piano Score, United Kingdom: Lulu.com, 2013.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Regional art has been great for the community because ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a paragraph number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Elizabeth Jensen, email message to author, June 7, 2008. 2. Interview with a regional arts administrator, July 1, 2016 (interviewee’s name withheld by mutual agreement). Subsequent notes 3. Jensen, email to author. 4. Interview with regional arts administrator, para 2. In-text: Personal communications such as letters, emails, conversations, personal interviews, or posts and comments on sites protected by privacy settings may be cited in the notes but are not included in the bibliography.
Bibliography No bibliography entry is required for personal communications.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing In the first act the tension steadily builds as the characters ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and include the number of the act or scene in the note.
Full note PUBLISHED (PLAY) 1. Joanna Murray-Smith, Honour (Sydney: Currency Press, 1997), act 1. UNPUBLISHED 2. Gleeson, Miranda, “Daylight Shines Darkly” (film script, final draft, March 8, 2015), scene 15, http://www.scriptheaven.com.au/. Subsequent notes 3. Murray-Smith, Honour, act 1. 4. Gleeson, “Daylight,” scenes 53–55. Bibliography TEMPLATE See notes below. Gleeson, Miranda. “Daylight Shines Darkly.” Film script, final draft, March 8, 2015. http://www.scriptheaven.com.au/. Murray-Smith, Joanna. Honour. Sydney: Currency Press, 1997.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing The mental health of the homeless people in our community ...2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW cat. no. AUS 44 (Canberra: AIHW, 2004), 25. ONLINE 2. Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], Mental Health and Experiences of Homelessness, Australia, 2014, cat. no. 4329.0.00.005 (Canberra: ABS, 2014), 5, http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/. Subsequent notes 3. AIHW, Australia’s Health 2004, 22. 4. ABS, Mental Health, 8. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. Series Name/Number. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. DOI/URL. Mental Health and Experiences of Homelessness, Australia, 2014. Cat. no. 4329.0.00.005. Canberra: ABS, 2014. http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia’s Health 2004. AIHW Cat. No. AUS 44. Canberra: AIHW, 2004.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing For those interested in classical music a must see performance is scheduled for ...3 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) if print item in the note.
Full note FILM REVIEW 1. Jim Schembri, review of Australia, directed by Baz Luhrmann, Age (Melbourne), November 10, 2008. THEATRE REVIEW 2. Alison Croggon, review of Private Lives, by Noel Coward, Melbourne Theatre Company, Southbank Theatre, Melbourne, Guardian Australia, January 31, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/. CONCERT REVIEW 3. Allan Kozinn, review of concert performance by Timothy Fain (violin) and Steven Beck (piano), 92nd Street Y, New York, April 20, 2000, New York Times, April 21, 2000, Weekend section. EXHIBITION REVIEW 4. Denise Taylor, review of Degas: A New Vision, National Gallery of Victoria, June 2016, http://www.denisemtaylor.com.au/2016/07/review-degas-a-new-vision/. Subsequent notes 5. Schembri, review of Australia. 6. Croggon, review of Private Lives. 7. Kozinn, review of Fain and Beck, p. 5. 8. Taylor, review of Degas. Bibliography See notes below. Croggon, Alison. Review of Private Lives, by Noel Coward, Melbourne Theatre Company, January 30, 2014. Guardian Australia, January 31, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/. Kozinn, Allan. Review of concert performance by Timothy Fain (violin) and Steven Beck (piano), 92nd Street Y, New York. New York Times, April 21, 2000, Weekend section. Schembri, Jim. Review of Australia, directed by Baz Luhrmann. Age (Melbourne), November 10, 2008. Taylor, Denise. Review of Degas: A New Vision, National Gallery of Victoria,
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing It is also possible to push this information via bluetooth technology to a compatible device.2 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Full note 1. Dolphin v 4.0.2, (Dolphin Emulator Project, 2013), computer software. 2. Weather Flow (version 1.5.0), (Microsoft, 2013), mobile phone application. 3. Minecraft by Marcus Persson, v 1.10.2, (Mojang, 2016), video game. Subsequent notes 4. Dolphin. 5. Weather Flow. 6. Minecraft. Bibliography It is not necessary to give a note or bibliography entry for software unless your paper is focused on this area. Otherwise, simply identify such works in the body of your writing. TEMPLATE Developer. Title. Operating system. Version #. Publisher/Company, Year. URL. Dolphin,v 4.0.2. Computer software. Dolphin Emulator Project, 2013. https://dolphin-emu.org/. Persson, Marcus. Minecraft. Download, v. 1.10.2. Mojang, 2016. https://minecraft.net/en/. Weather Flow, v 1.5.0. Mobile phone application. Microsoft, 2013. http://www.windowsphone.com/en-au/store/.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Standards Australia heat packs can now be filled with ...1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. Microwaveable Heat Packs – Wheat and Other Organic Filling Materials, AS/NZS 5116:2016 (Sydney: Standards Australia, 2016). Subsequent notes 3. Microwaveable Heat Packs, Standards Australia, 6. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. Title. Standard numbers. City, State/Country: Publisher, Year. Standards Australia. Microwaveable Heat Packs – Wheat and Other Organic Filling Materials. AS/NZS 5116:2016. Sydney: Standards Australia, 2016.
Important: Confirm with your lecturer whether you are using Chicago Note 16th or Chicago Note 17th as there a number of changes in the 17th edition. In-text citations Paraphrasing Research has shown that dysfunctional drivers are often ..."1 Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) in the note.
Full note 1. John Maxwell Reid, “A Cognitive Study of Dysfunctional Driving Behaviours” (PhD diss, University of Melbourne, 1998), 34. ONLINE 2. Carol Tocknell, “Student Acquisition of Social Skills through Teacher Modelling” (PhD diss, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015), 13, http://researchonline.federation.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/75649. 7. Derek Bendall, “Integrated project-based curriculum: A case study in a Victorian School” (master’s thesis, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015), 12, http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/99190. Subsequent notes 3. Reid, “Cognitive Study,” 43. 4. Tocknell, “Student Acquisition,” 25–27. Bibliography TEMPLATE Author. "Title." Form, Qualification, University name, Location, Year. DOI/URL. Derek Bendall, “Integrated project-based curriculum: A case study in a Victorian School.” Master’s thesis, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/99190. Reid, John Maxwell. “A Cognitive Study of Dysfunctional Driving Behaviours.” PhD diss, University of Melbourne, 1998. Tocknell, Carol. “Student Acquisition of Social Skills through Teacher Modelling.” PhD diss, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, 2015. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/75649. Hobson, C. M. “Tracheal tissue engineering.” PhD diss, University of Pittsburgh, 2014. ProQuest (AAT 10298780).
Important: This is a guide only. To avoid losing marks: Confirm the referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer, and use the MLA Handbook. 8th ed. to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. This guide is based on this publication. MLA is an in text citation style. This means you insert a brief reference (‘citation’) into your writing whenever you use a source. The in text citation is made up of the author of the source and any page reference enclosed in round brackets. For each source identified in the text, you also need to create a corresponding entry in the Works Cited list. The Works Cited list is an alphabetical presentation of all the sources used in a piece of writing. Each entry in the Works Cited list should contain enough identifying detail to allow your reader to locate the source if they wished. Additional resources Referencing information Study skills website MLA Style Center MLA Purdue Monash University - MLA 8th
For more detail see (page numbers in parentheses): Gibaldi, Joseph, and Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook. Eighth ed., The Modern Language Association of America, 2016. Abbreviations
Authors
Journals
Online Works
Page numbers
Place of publication
Publisher names
Miscellaneous
In-Text Citations The principles behind in-text citations in MLA style are unchanged. A few details have been added or clarified, though:
Other Aspects of Writing Following are new points that concern the writing in a research project:
Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is when you are expressing the ideas of the author(s) in your own words. When paraphrasing, use parentheses to add the author(s) family name and page number(s), or use the author(s) first and family name as part of your sentence, followed by the page number(s). Note: when paraphrasing, the citation details can be used at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence. Citation at the beginning Maria Hillsdon states that … (105). Citation in the middle Econometrics analysis according to Maria Hillsdon provides a basis for … (1). Citation at the end Econometrics can be used to analyse … (Hillsdon 150).
You need to insert a brief reference (the author’s surname) into your writing whenever you use a source. A page reference is added when you are referring to a specific part of the source. Author Page … which is confirmed by the most recent study (Jenkins 22). AUTHOR AND PAGE … the study by Jenkins (22) confirmed these results. AUTHOR IN SENTENCE … seemingly different from Twain’s later work (M. Grech 45–54). AUTHOR NEEDING INITIAL if two or more authors have the same last name.
More than one author TWO AUTHORS (Hendricks and Angwin 34) OR … Hendricks and Angwin (34) …
THREE OR MORE AUTHORS (Donat et al. 68) OR … Donat et al. (68) …
Group author (government or organisation) (World Health Org. 57) OR … World Health Organization (57) …
Same author, different sources (Winton, Riders 34) DISTINGUISHES FROM (Winton, Breath 56)
No author (Reading Rates 16) OR … Reading Rates (16) … WHOLE WORK (“Last Gasp” 89) OR … “Last Gasp” (89) … PART OF WORK
Multiple sources, same citation … along with other studies (Keen 14; Lee 109; Wojk, 123–45).
Multiple works by same author in same year In-text citations (Smith, "Fantasy" 65) (Smith, "Science Fiction" 1)
Page numbers BASIC TREATMENT (Johnson 6) … Kennett (55–63) …
QUOTATIONS It was described as “a stunning victory” (Harrison 15). Harrison described it as “a stunning victory” (15).
NO PAGE NUMBERS (Duer par. 12) … Jansz (sec. 12) …
Each source that is referred to in the text needs a corresponding entry in the Works Cited list. The entry should contain enough identifying information about the source to allow it to be located by someone else. The information is presented as parts in a set order to help the reader identify at a glance which piece of information relates to which part. A basic MLA Works Cited entry is made up of the following parts: AUTHOR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFO + YEAR All the details you need for each part will be found on the source itself. Instructions and examples of how to format each part are given over the page. AUTHOR Who created the source?
TITLE What is the source called?
PUBLISHER INFORMATION Who made the source available in the form I used? For sources published only online, give the publisher/sponsor of the website. Place of publication is not needed.
Place of publication
Publisher names
PUBLICATION YEAR/DATE When was the source published? This identifies the year or specific date the source was made available in the version you accessed. Use the copyright year/date if this is shown.
Digital files If the work is in digital format you need to state the format at the end of the entry, for example, PDF, JPEG , MP3 or Microsoft Word file. Smith, George. "Pax Americana: Strife in a Time of Peace". 2005. Microsoft Word file. RETRIEVAL DATE When did I access the source online? This is the date you accessed the source online.
AUTHOR + TITLE+ PUBLISHER INFO + YEAR + PUBLICATION MEDIUM Author ONE AUTHOR Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Picador, 2001.
TWO TO THREE AUTHORS Hall, Jane. L., and Brian. T. Ashton. A Spoonful of Valour … Guong, Gina, Terry L. Ferris, and Erin Henderson. Rainfall …
FOUR OR MORE AUTHORS Donat, Tao, et al. “Cardiovascular Health of European…
GROUP AUTHOR (GOVERNMENT OR ORGANISATION) Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Rural Health … Victoria. Dept. of Treasury and Finance. Output Specification …
Title BASIC Harris, Miles. The Mighty Yarra: Rivers of Victoria. … Taber, Nancy. “Detectives and Bail Bonds ‘Persons’ as Fairy Tale Heroines: A Feminist Antimilitarist Analysis of Grimm and Once Upon a Time.” Gender Forum, no. 44, 2013, www.genderforum.org/index.php?id=731.
NO TITLE Jensen, Paul. R. Wartime Navy Reminiscences. Liberty Press ….
Publisher information Gourley, Dianne. Action Man. Bellinger, 2002.
Taber, Nancy. “Detectives and Bail Bonds ‘Persons’ as Fairy Tale Hero/ines: A Feminist Antimilitarist Analysis of Grimm and Once Upon a Time.” Gender Forum, no. 44, 2013, www.genderforum.org/index.php?id=731.
Year BASIC Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Picador, 2001. Normoyle, C. “Nurses’ Wellbeing.” Australian Nursing Journal, vol. 20, no. 10, 2013, pp. 30–33. Greendale, Nilma. “Road Toll Rising.” Age [Melbourne] 4 May 2006. p. 13.
NO YEAR/DATE Gardiner, Ian T. Life in Rural Australia. Phoenix, n.d.
How to set up the list Begin the list on a new page at the end of your work.
What to include Give an entry for every recoverable source you have cited in the text.
Example of an MLA works cited list Works cited Anderson, Tania D. Panel Data: A Primer. Paragon, 1985. Barnes, Robert J. Economic Analysis: An Introduction. Butterworths, 1971. Friend, Erwin, and Larry H. P. Lang. “An Empirical Test of the Impact of Managerial Self-Interest on Corporate Capital Structure.” Journal of Finance, vol. 43, no. 2, 1988, pp. 271-281. Chen, Jean.J. “Determinants of Capital Structure of Swedish Companies.” Journal of Business Research, vol. 57, no. 12, 2004, pp. 1341-1351. doi: 10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00070-5 Computational Methods. Lansdowne, 2004. Dorgan, Delia. Future Funds. Penguin, 1972. Friedman, B. M. Corporate Capital Structure in the United States. U of Chicago P, 1985. Hamilton, Margaret. “Postdramatic Theatre and Australia: A 'New' Theatre Discourse.” Australasian Drama Studies, no. 52, 2008, pp. 3–23. Informit, search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=791708669318288;res=IELAPA Hillsdon, Maria. Basic Econometrics. 4th ed. Hill, 2004. Kjellman, Anders, and Staffan Hansen. “Determinants of Capital Structure: Theory vs Practice.” Scandinavian Journal of Management, vol. 11, no. 2, 1995, pp. 91-102, doi: 10.1016/0956-5221(95)00004-F. Keen, Rex P. Strategy, Structure and Economic Performance. Harvard University Press, 2004. Lee, Bung L. Credit Risk and High Yield Bonds. Wiley, 1982. Oakes, Jeffrey D., Wing. T. Woo, Samual. Fisher, and Garry. Hughes. “Structural Factors in Economic Reforms in Sweden.” Economic Policy, vol. 9, no. 18, 1994. pp. 101-145. Statistical Analysis Primer. Lansdowne, 2002.
In-text citations Hilferty1 describes the nature of teacher professionalism as "an evolving idea that responds to political, social & historical contexts" (qtd. in Meldrum and Peters 109). Footnote (original source) 1. Fiona Hilferty. “Teacher Professionalism and Cultural Diversity: Skills, Knowledge and Values for a Changing Australia.” Australian Educational Researcher, vol. 35, no. 3, 2008, pp. 53–70. Works Cited Meldrum, Kathryn, and Jacqui Peters. Learning to Teach Health and Physical Education: The Student, the Teacher and the Curriculum. Pearson Australia, 2012. Notes
This table offers broad guidance to assist in creating citations and references with MISSING elements. The formatted examples reflect the referencing requirements for a ‘website post or page’. Refer to FedCite or the reference style’s official publication for instruction and templates when referencing other specific material types such as books, journals, web documents, etc. Refer to the ‘Using MLA’ section in FedCite for instruction on formatting requirements for the works cited list.
American Psychological Association. “Missing reference information.” APA Style, Sep. 2019, https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-information Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook. 9th ed., The Modern Language Association of America, 2021.
In-text citations Paraphrasing The main characters in Tim Winton's new book met for the first time after Geogie's car broke down … (103). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. Title. Publisher, Year. Winton, Tim. Dirt Music. Picador, 2001.
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Paul Allain and Jen Hevei theatre is a medium through which … (8). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author/s. Title. Publisher, Year. Allain, Paul, and Jen Harvie. The Routledge Companion to Theatre and Performance. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2015.
In-text citations Paraphrasing The literature review is … ( Booth et al. 15). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. Title. Publisher, Year. Booth, Wayne C., et al. The Craft of Research. 3rd ed., U of Chicago P, 2008.
In-text citations Paraphrasing African villages are often … (Goh 132). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. Title. Edition, Volume, Publisher, Year. Goh, Lee. African Voyages. 2nd ed., Vol. 2, Greyguides, 1984.
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith taboo in literature is … (23). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Works Cited TEMPLATE EDITED COLLECTION Editor/s. Book title. Publisher, Year. Mills, Alice, and Jeremy Smith, editors. Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable. Peter Lang, 2001. CHAPTER FROM EDITED COLLECTION Chapter author. Chapter title. Book title, edited by editor/s name(s) (given name then surname), Publisher, Year, Chapter page range. Brown, Janet. “Silence, Taboo and Infectious Disease.” Utter Silence: Voicing the Unspeakable, edited by Alice Mills and Jeremy Smith, Peter Lang, 2001, pp. 83–91.
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Zipes fairy tales have long been associated with oral storytelling and ... (16). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the book.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. Title of Book. Publisher, Year. Title of the database or website, URL. LIBRARY E-BOOK Zipes, Jack. The Irresistible Fairy Tale: The Cultural and Social History of a Genre. Princeton UP, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.federation.edu.au/lib/ballarat/detail.action?docID=864785. Kindle book Author. Title of book. Version. Publisher, Year. Levy, Emanuel. Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film. Kindle ed., New York UP, 1999.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Feminist theory can be used to examine fairy tales because … (Taber 13). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, volume, issue, year, page range. Database, doi/URL. Markoff, Gabriel H. H. “The Invisible Barrier: Issue Exhaustion as a Threat to Pluralism in Administrative Rulemaking.” Texas Law Review, vol. 90, no. 4, 2012, pp. 1065–1092. Online Taber, Nancy. “Detectives and Bail Bonds ‘Persons’ as Fairy Tale Hero/ines: A Feminist Antimilitarist Analysis of Grimm and Once Upon a Time.” Gender Forum, no. 44, 2013, pp. 13-27, www.genderforum.org/index.php?id=731. Database Hamilton, Margaret. “Postdramatic Theatre and Australia: A 'New' Theatre Discourse.” Australasian Drama Studies, no. 52, 2008, pp. 3–23. Informit, search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=791708669318288;res=IELAPA
In-text citations Paraphrasing The fairy tale princess in Children's literature can be seen as (Hsieh and Matoush 214). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Authors. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, volume, number, year, page range. Database, doi/URL. Hsieh, Ivy, and Haoyin Matoush. “Filial Daughter, Woman Warrior, or Identity-Seeking Fairytale Princess: Fostering Critical Awareness Through Mulan.” Children's Literature in Education, vol. 43, no. 3, 2012, pp. 213–222. Online Kuykendal, Leslee Farish, and Brian W. Sturm. “We Said Feminist Fairy Tales, Not Fractured Fairy Tales! The Construction of the Feminist Fairy Tale: Female Agency over Role Reversal.” Children and Libraries, vol. 5, no. 3, 2007, pp. 38-41, www.michelepolak.com/3003spring2014/Weekly_Schedule_files/Kuykendal%20.pdf. DOI "Smith, Margaret E., and Drew Bird. “Fairy Tales, Landscapes and Metaphor in Supervision: An Exploratory Study.” Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, vol. 14, no. 1, 2014, pp. 2–9. CINAHL, doi: 10.1080/14733145.2013.779732
In-text citations Paraphrasing Characters in Caldecotts' works are … (Koss 26) Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, volume, number, year, page range. Database, doi/URL. Koss, Melanie D., et al. “Meeting Characters In Caldecotts: What Does This Mean For Today's Readers?” Reading Teacher, vol. 70, no. 1, 2016, pp. 19–28. Online Moreno-Ríos, Sergio, et al. “Bias in Perspective-Taking during Reading: Adjusting the Knowledge of Characters.” Journal of Pragmatics: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language Studies, vol. 43, no. 7, 2011, pp. 1977–1986, doi: org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.12.013. Accessed 19 Dec 2017. Database Tesar, Marek, et al. “Forever Young: Childhoods, Fairy Tales and Philosophy.” Global Studies of Childhood, vol. 6, no. 2, 2016, pp. 222–233. Sage Premier 2017, doi: 10.1177/2043610616647642. Abstract Tesar, Marek, et al. Abstract. “Forever Young: Childhoods, Fairy Tales and Philosophy.” Global Studies of Childhood, vol. 6, no. 2, 2016, pp. 222–233. Sage Premier 2017, doi: 10.1177/2043610616647642.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Smith and Bird's view on collaborative supervision … (2). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the journal.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, volume, number, year, page range, URL. Moran, W., "Enhancing understanding of teaching and the profession through school innovation rounds." Australian Journal of Teacher Education, vol. 39, no.3, 2014, pp. 68-85, ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Kerry Greenwood writes in her front room … (Stephens 11). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. “Article Title.” Newspaper/Magazine Name [City (if not in name)] Day Month Year, page range. Database, URL. Library database Stephens, Andrew. "My space - Kerry Greenwood." The Age [Melbourne] 7 Dec. 2008, p. 11. Newspaper Source Plus. web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=6&sid=43a16fdf-226d-4081-adf4-7163b006abc8%40sessionmgr4009&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=SYD-5KT5FPNBIM0LS42K5FK&db=n5h.
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Brian Craig Mrs Holt … (2). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.
Works Cited TEMPLATE “Article Title.” Newspaper/Magazine Name [City (if not in name)] Day Month Year, page range, doi/URL. Online replica of print edition Craig, Brian. “Australia and the World Shares Mrs Holt’s Sorrow.” Australian Women’s Weekly, 10 Jan. 1968, pp. 2–3. Trove, trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/45649185?searchTerm=%22Australia%20and%20the%20World%20Shares%20Mrs%20Holt%27s%20Sorrow.&searchLimits=. Litson, Jo. “Pulse of the Times.” The Australian, 7 May 2004, p. 17. Online edition Rosen, Len. Letter. “Occupy Starbucks.” New York Times, 22 Jan. 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/01/23/opinion/occupy-starbucks.html. Wilson-Clark, Charlie. "Computers ranked as key literacy." The West Australian, 29 Mar. 2004, p. 3, thewest.com.au/.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Jim Hunt has reported that the assassin of President Kennedy … (1). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. “Article Title.” Newspaper/Magazine Name [City (if not in name)] Day Month Year, page range. Basic Hunt, Jim. “Assassin Kills Kennedy.” Chicago Tribune, 22 Nov. 1963, p. 1+. Litson, Jo. “Pulse of the Times.” The Australian, 7 May 2004, p. 17. Smith, John.”Steelers win Super Bowl XLIII.” Star-Ledger [Newark]. 2 Feb. 2009, pp. 4-6. Separate section Rousseau, Nina. “Arrival of the Spice Setters.” The Age [Melbourne] 3 June 2008, Epicure sec.: p. 4.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Clancy Yeates and Dan Harrison state that a Swan surplus is unlikely due to … (3). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s) from the newspaper. If no page numbers are provided, then include the paragraph number.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, day month year, first page of article. Yeates, Clancy and Dan Harrison. "Swan Admits Surplus Unlikely." The Age, 20 Dec. 2012, pp. 3+.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Peter FitzSimons presents an excellent program about the Kokoda trail including fitness preparation tips … (03:01-05:03). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. Title. Narrated by name, Recording label, Year. Website Name (if online). URL. CD FitzSimons, Peter. Kokoda. Narrated by Lewis FitzGerald. ABC Audio, 2013. ONLINE Sullivan, Anne O. The Bees. Read by Anne-Marie Cusac. Poem of the Day, Poetry Foundation, 27 Aug. 2017, www.poetryfoundation.org/%20podcasts/76357/the-bees.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Scientists are baffled about the appeal of eclipses to the general public … (Chang 0:01-01:12). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Narrator/host name. “Episode Title.” Podcast Title, Season Number, Episode Number, Website (if different from Podcast title), Publisher, Day Month Year, URL. Gladwell, Malcolm, narrator. “The Lady Vanishes.” Revisionist History, season 1, episode 1, Slate Group, 6 April 2016, revisionisthistory.com/seasons?selected=season-1. Contained in a website Chang, Ailsa, host. “Why Scientists Can’t Explain All the Appeal of an Eclipse.” Morning Edition, NPR, 11 Aug. 2017, www.npr.org/2017/08/11/542753070/scientists-can-t-explain-all-the-appeal-of-an-eclipse. Podcast on an app Gladwell, Malcolm, narrator. “The Lady Vanishes.” Revisionist History, iTunes app, 16 June 2016.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Guy Sebastian's song touches a father's love for his child and ... Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Performer. “Title of Song.” By Writer (if different from performer). Title of Album. Label, Year. Form/Website Name (if online). SINGLE TRACK (LP) Sinatra, Frank. “Autumn in New York.” By Vernon Duke. Come Fly With Me. Capitol, 1958. LP. SINGLE TRACK (ONLINE) Sebastian, Guy. “Big Bad World.” Armageddon. Sony Music Australia, 2012. Apple iTunes. Web. ALBUM (CD) Perry, Katy. Prism. Capitol, 2013. CD. SINGLE TRACK/SONG: Give name of performer and title of song (in quotation marks). Give name of songwriter if different from performer. Give album title (italics), and name of recording label and year. Add form (e.g., LP, CD, Web, etc.). WHOLE ALBUM: Give name of performer, album title (italics), label and year, and form. ONLINE: Give website name before publication medium (‘Web’) and give retrieval date. If available originally in another form, add original publisher (label) and year.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Martin Andrews presents a reading of Philip Larkin's poems which span … Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Works Cited TEMPLATE Performer/Speaker. “Title of Performance.” Title of Whole Work. Venue, City. Day Month Year of performance. Form. Andrews, Martin. “The Poems of Philip Larkin.” Poetry Live. Federation Square, Melbourne. 15 June 2012. Reading. Perfect, Eddie. Misanthropology. The Famous Spiegeltent, Sydney. 13 Jan. 2011. Performance.
In-text citations Paraphrasing According to Winston Churchill during World War II … Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Performer. “Title.” Title of whole work (where applicable). Date recorded. Label, Year (or Website Name and date, if online). Performance (CD) Seinfeld, Jerry. I’m Telling You for the Last Time: Live on Broadway. Performance. 9 Aug. 1998. Universal, 1998. Speech recording (vinyl) Churchill, Winston. “In a Solemn Hour.” Winston Churchill: A Selection from his Famous Wartime Speeches. Recorded 19 May 1940. Decca, 1964. Speech recording (online video) Kennedy, John F. “Ich bin ein Berliner (I am a Berliner).” Speech. 26 June 1963. Online video clip. American Rhetoric. American Rhetoric, 17 June 2009. Accessed 14 Nov. 2013. Speech recording (online audio) King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” Speech. 28 August 1963. Online audio clip. King Institute. The King Center, 2013. 6 Jan. 2014.
In-text citations Paraphrasing In this film a retired chef struggles with ... (Lee). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote. "Well, what shall we cook for next Sunday's dinner?" (Lee 16:06). Works Cited TEMPLATE Director's Surname, Director's Name, director. Title of Film. Date of release. Lead performers' names, version information, name of service provider, film studio or distributor's name, date of streaming, URL. Gutiérrez Aragón, Manuel, director. Una rosa de Francia. Performance by Jorge Perugorría, Álex González and Ana de Armas, 3 Feb. 2006. CMAX TV, Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industrias Cinematográficos, 31 Oct. 2017, www.cmaxtv.com/una-rosa-de-francia. Lee, Ang, director. Eat Drink Man Woman. 1994. Kanopy, Umbrella Entertainment, 20 Feb. 2019, www.kanopystreaming.com/product/eat-drink-man-woman.
In-text citations Paraphrasing The extradition of Mr Assange has caused ... (Lateline). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Live television/radio broadcast "Title of Episode or segment." Title of Series or Program, director's name, contributor's name, season number, episode number, distributor's name, date of airing. Marock, directed by Laila Marrakchi, performance by Morjana Alaoui, Mathieu Boujenah and Assas Bouab,SBS, 18 Dec. 2012. "Summer Movies with Julia Rigg." Breakfast, ABC, 18 Jan. 2012.
Television news broadcast (Online video broadcast) "Title of source." Title of Program, contributor's name, distributor's name, date of release. Database, URL. “Ecuador to rule on Assange asylum bid.” Lateline, narrated by Emma Alberici, ABC 1 Melbourne, 21 Jun. 2012. TVNews, search-informit-com-au.ezproxy.federation.edu.au/documentSummary;dn=TEV20122506868;res=TVNEWS>. “This government has been dishonest, incompetent and should go but what exactly is the alternative offered by the Liberals?” The Bolt Report, Ten Network, 26 May 2013. TVNews, search-informit-com-au.ezproxy.federation.edu.au/documentSummary;dn=TSM201305260107;res=TVNEWS>.
Television Series "Title of Episode." Title of Series, director's name, season number, episode number, distributor's name, date of release, disc number. "The Trip." Seinfeld, directed by Tom Cherones, season 4, episode 10, NVC, 12 Aug. 1992. “Once More with Feeling.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, directed by Joss Whedon, season 6, episode 7, Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2006. "Episode One." Downton Abbey, directed by Brian Percival, series 1, episode 1, Carnival Films, 2010, disc 1.
DVD (whole episode) Title of Series, Creator's name, contributor's name, season number, distributor's name, date of release. Friends: The Complete Sixth Season, written by Andrew Reich and Ted Cohen, directed by Kevin Bright, NBC, 10 Feb. 2000. Warner Brothers, 2004. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999. Gellar, Sarah Michelle, performer, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Mutant Enemy, 1997-2003.
Online (Netflix, Kanopy, CMAX, etc.) "Title of Episode." Title of Series or Program, director's name, season number, episode number, distributor's name, date of release. Name of service provider, URL. "Under the Gun." Pretty Little Liars, season 4, episode 6, ABC Family, 16 Jul. 2013. Hulu, www.hulu.com/watch/511318. "The Last Frontier." Frozen Planet, narrated by Richard Attenborough, episode 6, BBC, 30 Nov. 2011. Kanopy, monash.kanopystreaming.com.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/video/frozen-planet. "Chapter two: A touch of evil." Riverdale, season 1, episode 2, The CW television network, 3 Feb. 2017. Netflix, www.netflix.com/au/title/80133311. "Gambling." You can't ask that, series 2, ABC, 6 Apr. 2017. iview, iview.abc.net.au/programs/you-cant-ask-that/LE1617H010S00. "Capitulo 1". UNO, directed by Roly Peña and Alberto Luberta Martínez, season 1, episode 1, RTV Comercial, 5 Jan 2015. CMAX TV, www.cmaxtv.com/player/uno1/stream/a19651479f07635c110f40cce1214d8f
In-text citations Paraphrasing Marty McFly is a wonderful film character … (Zemeckis). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Director's Name, director. Title of Film. Date of release. Version information, film studio or distributor's name, date of version. DVD. Film Zemeckis, Robert, director. Back to the Future. Universal Pictures, 1985. DVD/BLU-RAY release Snyder, Dr. Zach, director. Man of Steel. Warner Bros, 2013. DVD. DVD/BLU-RAY re-issue Hitchcock, Alfred, director. Vertigo. 1958. Universal Home Entertainment, 2003. DVD.
Online Affleck, Ben, director. Argo. Warner Bros, 2012. Apple iTunes.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Fallout: New Vegas is a new game that ... Direct quote
Works Cited TEMPLATE Title. Description. Publisher, Year. Fallout: New Vegas. Video game. Bethesda Softwork, 2010.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Research into gaming productivity suggests that ... (McGonigal). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the year and a timestamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Works Cited TEMPLATE “Video title.” Podcast Name. Uploaded by name, publication date, URL. “8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube. Uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs. McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube, uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.
In-text citations Paraphrasing In this clip Brian Behlendorf questions the accuracy of information on the internet in the context of fake news. Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and time stamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Last name, First name. "Video title." Title of website, uploaded by name, date uploaded, URL. “8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs. Behlendorf, Brian. "What If the Internet Could Not Tell a Lie? Blockchain, Fake News, Rumor Mills." YouTube, uploaded by Big Think, 29 Aug. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmWFrrOHECg.
In-text citations Paraphrasing The fire ecology in the Grampians area has been … (Parks Victoria) Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ". "The Grampians region has been reviewed …" (Parks Victoria). Works cited TEMPLATE Author. Title. City: Publisher, Year. Website Name. URL. Parks Victoria. Fire Ecology in the Grampians. Melbourne: Parks Victoria, 2004. Brambuk National Park and Cultural Centre, www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf.
In-text citations Paraphrasing There are arguments for and against various types of commas … (Niko2) Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Works cited TEMPLATE Author. “Title of Post or Page.” Website Name. Publisher/Sponsor of website, publication date, URL. Howard, Cerise. "2012 Fribourg International Film Festival." Australian Film Critics Association. Australian Film Critics Association, 11 Aug. 2012, www.afca.org.au/2012-fribourg-int-ff.html. Niko2. "serial comma / oxford comma." WordReference Language Forums, 10 Apr. 2007, forum.wordreference.com/threads/serial-comma-oxford-comma.458480/.
NO WORKS CITED ENTRY REQUIRED The video-sharing website YouTube (http://www.youtube.com) is … IN-TEXT ONLY NOTES
In-text citations When Oliver Twist meets Fagin for the first time he … (Dickens, fig. 1, 100). Figure layout Fig. 1. Oliver's reception by Fagin and the boys from Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Edited by Kathleen Tillotson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966, p. 100. Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. Title. Place: Publisher, Year. Medium. Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Edited by Kathleen Tillotson. Clarendon Press, 1966.
Labels, captions, and source information
Captions provide titles or explanatory notes.
In-text citations The illustration on the front cover of this edition of Little Women ... (Alcott, fig. 1). Figure layout Fig. 1. Front cover illustration of Little Women, by Louisa M. Alcott. Flickr, flickr.com/photos/119885416@N06/24935011561/. Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. Title. Website, URL. Alcott, Louisa M. Little Women. Flickr, flickr.com/photos/119885416@N06/24935011561/.
In-text citations The main character Philomac is played by twins Tremayne and Trevon Doolan (Johnson, fig. 1, p. 30). Figure layout Fig 1. NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula from NASA, ESA and Kastner, J. "Images." 2020. Hubblesite, https://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hvi/uploads/image/display_image/4680/STScI-H-p2031b-d-1280x720.png Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, volume, issue, year, page range. Database, doi/URL. Johnson, Trevor. "Red Earth." Sight & Sound vol. 28, no. 4, 2018, pp. 28-31. Art & Architecture Source, search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.federation.edu.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asu&AN=128257525&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
In-text citations Casey City's electoral structure is ... (Victorian Electoral Commission fig. 1). Figure layout Fig. 1 Map of Victoria from "Victoria." McCarron; Bird and Co., 1916, Map. https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/australia_1916_victoria.jpg Works Cited TEMPLATE “Title.” Description. Title of Work or Website Name (if online). Publisher, Year. Form. URL. Online "Casey City Council: Electoral structure of Casey City Council." Victorian Electoral Commission, 2016, Map. www.vec.vic.gov.au/images/maps/CaseyMapHR.pdf. TEMPLATE “Title”. Title of Work, Author, Publisher, Year. page, Form. “Old Hobart Town.” Colonial Settlement in Tasmania, by P. E. Timms, Tiger Press, 2006, p. 13. Chart.
In-text citations Romare Bearden's artwork The Train … (fig. 1). Figure layout Fig. 1. H. Lyman Sayen, The Thundershower, Smithsonian, www.si.edu/object/thundershower-study-painting:saam_1968.19.6. Works Cited TEMPLATE Artist. Title of artwork. Year. Website, doi/URL. Bearden, Romare. The Train. 1975. MOMA, www.moma.org/collection/works/65232?locale=en.
In-text citations John Brack's original artwork The Fish Shop shows ... Works Cited TEMPLATE Artist. Title of Artwork. Year. Gallery/Museum, City. Original artwork Brack, John. The Fish Shop. 1955, Heide Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Michael Daly claims that a Pennsylvania student believes that it is possible to buy ingredients for a WMD on Amazon. Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. (screen name). “Title.” Website Name. Day Month Year of post, URL. Daly, Michael. “Pennsylvania student proves you could buy ingredients for a WMD on Amazon.” The Daily Beast, 28 Jan. 2014, www.thedailybeast.com/pennsylvania-student-proves-you-could-buy-ingredients-for-a-wmd-on-amazon.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Coles has just announced that 100% of their Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA Approved. Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. (screen name). “Title.” Form. Day Month Year of post, URL. Coles. “Good News: In another national supermarket first, we’re pleased to announce 100% of our Coles Brand fresh chicken is now RSPCA Approved.” Facebook, 2 Jan. 2014, www.facebook.com/coles/posts/639616386102380.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Jeane argues that … Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. (screen name). “Title.” Website Name. Day Month Year of post, URL. Online comment Jeane. Comment on “The Reading Brain: Differences between Digital and Print.” So Many Books, 25 Apr. 2013, 10.30 p.m., somanybooksblog.com/ 2013/04/25/the-reading-brain-differences-between-digital-and-print/.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Kayne West explains that Nelson Mandela serves as a guiding light … Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. (screen name). “Title.” Form. Day Month Year of post, URL. West, Kanye (kanyewest). “Thank you, Mandela, for your life's work and may it serve as a guiding light to illuminate our future.” Twitter, 9 Dec. 2013, 8.22 a.m, twitter.com/Ghamu_/status/657206934559436801.
In-text citations Paraphrasing In this clip Brian Behlendorf questions the accuracy of information on the internet in the context of fake news. Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and time stamp to indicate the exact starting point of the quote.
Works Cited TEMPLATE Last name, First name. "Video title." Title of website, uploaded by name, date uploaded, URL. “8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs. Behlendorf, Brian. "What If the Internet Could Not Tell a Lie? Blockchain, Fake News, Rumor Mills." YouTube, uploaded by Big Think, 29 Aug. 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmWFrrOHECg.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Australian impressionists often exhibited their art work in France … (Taylor 1). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. Title. Publisher, Year. Website Name. Exhibition catalogue (print) Taylor, Elena. Australian Impressionists in France. National Gallery of Victoria, 2013. Exhibition catalogue. Brochure (online) Parks Victoria. Fire Ecology - an overview. 2004. Brambuk National Park and Cultural Centre, www.brambuk.com.au/assets/pdf/GrampiansNationalParkFireEcology.pdf.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Fellini's films often provoke feelings of … (Wenzel 2). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Works Cited TEMPLATE Presenter. “Title of Paper.” Conference name, Day Month Year, Location. Descriptor. Website, URL. Wenzel, Barry Q. “Films of Fellini.” Annual Meeting of the Society for Cinema Studies, 4 June 1998. Ballarat, Australia. Presentation. Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing in the Digital Era.” Discovering Digital Dimensions, Computers and Writing Conference, 23 May 2003, Union Club Hotel, West Lafayette, IN. Keynote Address.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Self-management of metacognitive behaviour is often considered in computer programmes in recent times (Carnone et al. 533). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. “Title of Paper.” Proceedings of Name of Conference. Editor. Publisher, Year. Page range of paper. Website, doi/URL. Paper in proceedings Carbone, Angela et al. “Designing Programming Tasks to Elicit Self-Management Metacognitive Behaviour.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education. Edited by B. Werner. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society, 2002. pp. 533-34. IEEE Xplore., doi:10.1109/CIE.2002.1185998. Hualde, José Ignacio. “Patterns of Correspondence in the Adaptation of Spanish Borrowings in Basque.” Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12-15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena, edited by Steven S. Chang et al., Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2000, pp. 348-58. Murphy, C. “Job Design and Leadership.” Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the International Employment Relations Association. Ed. Gordon Stewart and Paul Hyland. Rockhampton: CQU, 2004. 1–13. Whole proceedings Chang, Steve S., et al., editors. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12-15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena. Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2000.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Drought tolerant plants are particularly suitable for the Australian landscape … Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. “Title.” Description. Date. Website Name (if online). Publisher, Year/Date, URL. Online document/file Barrett, Keith. “Cell Structure.” Barrett College. Barrett Education, 19 June 2010. Microsoft PowerPoint slides. Online lecture Levine, Caroline. “Hierarchy.” Blackboard, uploaded by Mary Smith, 10 Oct. 2017, blackboard.stonybrook.edu/. Print handout Huang, Lee “The Cost of Retribution.” Ethics 123, Central University, Townsville. 5 March 2012. Lecture material. ** Check with your teacher or lecturer before including lecture/class material in the Works Cited list.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Black holes are a fascinating phenomenon because … (Reed 501). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. “Title of Entry.” Title of Work. Edition, Volume, Publisher, Year, Page range of entry, URL. Reed, D. L. “Black Holes.” The Encyclopedia of Science. 3rd ed., Vol. 4, Academic Resources, 2003, pp. 501-508. e-book McColl, Graham. “ABBA.” Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century, edited by Lee Stacy and Lol Henderson, Routledge, 2014. Kindle file. Online Perlstein, Rick. “Watergate Scandal.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 2012, www.britannica.com/event/Watergate-Scandal. Accessed 12 Apr. 2018.
In-text citations Paraphrasing When interviewing Neil Armstrong about his experiences on the moon …" (Armstrong) Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Works Cited TEMPLATE Interviewee. “Title.” By Interviewer. Day Month Year. Title of Whole Work. Website Name (if online) Publisher, Date. Online (transcript) Armstrong, Neil. "An interview with Neil Armstrong." 15 May 1980. Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. NASA, 2001, www.nasa.gov/pdf/62281main_armstrong_oralhistory.pdf. Transcript.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Recent Qantas industrial action … (Qantas). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the paragraph number(s).
Works Cited TEMPLATE Author. Title. Form. Day Month Year, URL. Online Qantas. Response to Industrial Action. Media release. Qantas, 29 Oct. 2011. www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/media-releases/oct-2011/5218/global/en.
In-text citation Paraphrasing Erin Gerlich stated that her writing inspiration is often found in … Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Works cited TEMPLATE Communicator. "Subject line." received by recipient name, Day Month Year (message sent). Gerlich, Erin. "Re. Inspirational cues." Received by Mary Scott, 7 June 2008.
In-text citations Paraphrasing This report reveals that Australia's health has … (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 5). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Works cited TEMPLATE Print report Name of Organisation, Name of Department. Title of Work. Publisher, Date of Publication. Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books. Annual Report. British Library Board, 1986. Online report Title of Report. Publisher, Date of Publication, URL. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework: 2017 Report. Australian Health Ministers' Advisory Council, 2017, pmc.gov.au/resource-centre/indigenous-affairs/health-performance-framework-2017-report.
Print government report Name of Government, Name of Government Agency. Title of Work. Name of Government, Date of Publication. Victorian Government, Department of Sustainability and Environment. Code of Practice for Bushfire Management on Public Land. Victorian Government, 2012.
Government announcement / media release Title of Work, Day Month Year, URL. State Government Victoria. Emergency Response Times, 30 Oct. 2017, www.vic.gov.au/news/emergency-response-times.html. Australian Bureau of Statistics media release Title of Work. Catalogue no., Australian Bureau of Statistics, Release Date, URL. Water Use on Australian Farms. No. 4618.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 7 July 2017, www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4618.0?OpenDocument.
Print fact-sheet Name of Government, Name of Government Agency (if applicable). Title of Work. Publisher, Year. Fact sheet. Victoria. Dept. of Education & Training. Resources for inclusion. Melbourne: Author, 2015. Fact sheet.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Alison Croggon comments that 'Private Lies' is a romantic comedy …. Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and print sources provide the page number(s).
Works cited TEMPLATE Reviewer. “Title of Review.” Review of Title of Work Reviewed, by Author/Director/Artist. Title of Work (containing review), Date , month, year, URL. Film review (print newspaper) Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It Living." Review of Radiant City, directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown. New York Times, 30 May 2007, p. E1. Theatre review (Online) Croggon, Alison. Review of Private Lives, Melbourne Theatre Company by Noel Coward. Guardian Australia, 31 Jan. 2014, www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/2014/jan/31/private-lives-melbourne-theatre-company-review. Accessed 7 Feb. 2014.
In-text citations Paraphrasing It is also possible to push this information via bluetooth technology to a compatible device (Weatherflow Version 1.5.0). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " ".
Works Cited TEMPLATE Title of Software (Version number). Form. Website Name (if online). Company, Year. Weather Flow (Version 1.5.0). Mobile phone application. Windows Phone. Microsoft, 2013. Dolphin (Version 4.0.2). Computer software. Official Dolphin Emulator. Dolphin Emulator Project, 2013.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Standards Australia recommend the following specifications for the construction of timber framed residential dwellings … (AS 1684.4:2010). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the standard number.
Works cited TEMPLATE Author. Standard title (Standard number). Publisher, Year. Residential Timber Framed Construction – Simplified - Non-cyclonic Areas: Formal Specifications (AS 1684.4:2010). Sydney: Standards Australia, 2010.
In-text citations Paraphrasing Dysfunctional driving behaviours can be an enormous issue … (Reid 15). Direct quote Place direct quotes between double quotation marks " " and provide the page number(s).
Works cited TEMPLATE Author. Title of Thesis. Description. Year. Granting university, description. Website/Database, URL. Reid, John Maxwell. A Cognitive Study Of Dysfunctional Driving Behaviours. 1998. U of Melbourne, Doctoral thesis.
Online Ryan, David Andrew. Crowd Monitoring Using Computer Vision. 2013. Queensland U of Technology, PhD thesis. QUT ePrints, eprints.qut.edu.au/65652/1/David_Ryan_Thesis.pdf. Database Lorentz, Jonathan. The Improvisational Process of Saxophonist George Garzone with Analysis of Selected Jazz Solos from 1995-1999. 2008. New York U, PhD thesis, ProQuest, search.proquest.com/docview/304533513/?pq-origsite=primo.
Important: This is a guide only. Confirm the referencing requirements of your school with your lecturer, and use the IEEE Referencing Guide 2020 (pdf, 1.3 MB) to clarify referencing rules or if you need more examples. The examples listed here are based on the IEEE Referencing Guide 2020 (pdf, 1.3 MB). IEEE is a sequentially numbered referencing system commonly used in engineering and information technology. A number in square brackets is allocated for each source used with a corresponding entry in a reference list at the end of the paper. The reference list is numbered in the order of your cited sources and should contain enough identifying detail to allow your reader to locate the source. Sample citations and reference list here. Additional resources IEEE Author Center
Creating in-text citations When you are paraphrasing or using a direct quote in your writing you must acknowledge each author or source of information (whether print or online). IEEE uses a sequential numbering system within the text to acknowledge a source. Each source is acknowledged in the order of use in a square bracket, for example: Smith [1] experimented with … Many tests on the robotic circuit have been documented [2–4]. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is when you are expressing an author’s ideas in your own words. Direct quotes Direct quotes are used when you are using the exact words of the author(s). Put direct quotes between double quotation marks “ ” and add a page number(s). Do not overuse direct quotes.
Examples of multiple sources used to support a point in your text are shown as follows: Several studies [1], [5] and [9] mention … Zhao et al [3] and [10]–[12] also support … … as previously noted [2], [8]–[10], [13] there have been many … Note: Use an ‘en’ dash for number ranges by holding the alt key and typing 0150.
You can reuse a source by using the original number allocated. Smith [1] mentioned many instances of … Several studies [5-8] have supported the work of [1]. Future research is recommended to … [5]. If the page number or other information changes from the original citation add this new information in the citation. [2, pp. 5-7]; [2, Appendix 3]; [2, Sec. 3]; [2, Ch. 4, p. 79]; [2, Fig. 4]; [2, Algorithm 3]; [2. eq. (4)].
IEEE does not allow citations of secondary sources (a citation within a source) to be used. You must consult the original source at all times.
When constructing a reference with a doi, end with a period but do not use a period after a URL.
Abbreviations for commonly used words, publishers, and journals with non-English titles can be found in the IEEE Referencing Guide 2020 (pdf, 415 KB), Journal Titles and Abbreviations (pdf, 634 KB), or Magazine Titles and Abbreviations (pdf, 510 KB). Months are followed by a period and abbreviated as follows: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec. If two months are required in a reference separate with a forward slash, for example, Jan./Feb.
A reference list should be presented at the end of the paper. Each resource should be numbered using square brackets in the order that they have been cited. Use a hanging indent to create a separate column for citation numbers (Ctrl T) Reference List
This table offers broad guidance to assist in creating citations and references with MISSING elements. The formatted examples reflect the referencing requirements for a ‘website post or page’. Refer to FedCite or the reference style’s official publication for instruction and templates when referencing other specific material types such as books, journals, web documents etc. Refer to the ‘Using IEEE’ section in FedCite for instruction on formatting requirements for the Reference List.
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. As detailed by Blockley [1], … This theory was first posited in 2004 [1]. Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. … as stated by Penn and Parker [1] in their recent study … This theory was first posited in 2004 [1]. Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors Reeve et al. [1] claim … The study [1] arose from ... Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors. According to Dowling et al. [1], … This theory has since been refuted [1] ... Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors. Wise [1] expresses the opinion that... This has been well-documented [5, 8]. Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors. According to Hurley [1], ... For example, see [1]. Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors. Myer [1] argues that... This has been well-documented [5, 8]. Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors. … as detailed by Kahraman [1]. This has been well- documented [5, 8]. Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
Online:
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Use et al. in italics for sources with three or more authors. … according to Ichiro [1], ... The expansion of the railway network had a direct impact on the country’s economic development [10]. Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Hydraulic borehole mining is a method used … [1]. Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Monitoring optical sensors … [1]. Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. Where there are three or more authors, cite the first author’s surname followed by et al. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Data collected by Yang et al. [1] clearly demonstrates ...
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. If you are referring to a specific equation from another source, give the citation number directly after its mention in your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. … as seen in [3, eq. (2)] If you are reproducing an equation from another source, you may cite it in the introductory sentence before the equation or in the concluding sentence after it, using sequential numbering in square brackets as usual. You must also include the equation number as given in the original source next to the actual equation. It must be in round brackets and right aligned. In this example, the original source will be in the reference list as [27]. The reproduced equation is numbered (9) in the original source. Reference the source as per format required, for example, book, journal article, etc.
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. If you are referring to a specific figure from another source, give the citation number directly after its mention in your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. … as shown in [1, Fig. 2] If you are reproducing a figure from another source, the caption goes underneath the figure and is centred. Give the citation number directly after the caption under the figure. The caption is centred below the figure and indicate at the end of the caption if you have altered the figure in any way. You may refer to multiple parts of the figure using singular grammar, for example, Fig. 1(a) and Fig. 1(b). Fig. #. Caption. (a) Caption part. (b) Caption part. [#] Fig. 2. Time versus distance. [3] Reference the source as per format required, for example, book, journal article, etc
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. If your are referring to a specific table from another source, give the citation number directly after its mention in your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Roman numerals are used to number tables. See [2, Tab. IV] for more information regarding … If you are reproducing a table from another source, the title goes above the table and is centred. Give the citation number directly after the title. The title is centred above the table and indicate at the end of the title if you have altered the table in any way. You may refer to multiple parts of the table use singular grammar, for example, Tab. VI(a) and Tab. VI(b). TABLE # (use Roman numerals) Caption. (a) Caption part. (b) Caption part. [#] TABLE IV Efficiencies of current ABS submersible sewage pumps [6] Reference the source as per format required, for example, book, journal article, etc.
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. According to Kaczorek [1], managing energy requires for … Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Online journal articles:
Journal articles with an article ID number:
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the authors’ names in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Engineers' information-seeking habits was recently explored … [1]. Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number. Include both authors’ family names.
Online journal articles: Place a full stop after the year, add [Online]. Available: URL
Journal articles with an article ID number: Place a comma after the year, then add the article ID number, followed by the doi or URL
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. Use et al. when three or more authors are cited in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the authors’ names in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. This suggests mobile networks [4] are more secure if … Yang et al. [3] state that... Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number. Include all authors’ family names.
Online journal articles:
Journal articles with an article ID number:
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. Use et al. when three or more authors are cited in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the authors’ names in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Techniques used to analyse scattered fields have … [4]. Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number. Include only the first author’s family name followed by et al.
Online journal articles: Place a full stop after the year, add [Online]. Available: URL
Journal articles with an article ID number:
In-text citations Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Paraphrasing Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. According to [1] information literacy can be defined as ... Direct quote Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Reference list TEMPLATE
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Council processes for designing infrastructure … [1]. Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. The visualisation of Quatemions has been … [1]. Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the video, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. Do we need a time stamp for quotes?
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. ….a way to improve the speed of data download [1]. Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Recent testing of lithium batteries in terms of … [2]. Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text.
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Soil testing requires some careful consideration, for example, apparatus must … [1]. Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Shanmugam’s [1] research has discovered that … Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. Most students have access to the technology they need [1]. Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The page number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. ....the people crowded around to see [2]. Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The paragraph number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Each citation is noted in the text through the use of sequential numbers. A number in square brackets is placed at the end of the paraphrase or quote. Citations are numbered in the order in which they appear in the text. Once a source has been cited, use the same number each time that source is referenced in the text. After the first time a source is cited, there is no need to include the author’s name in subsequent citations. See the FedCite section “Using IEEE” for further information on in-text citations. Give the citation number directly after the paraphrased part of your text, but within the punctuation. It is not necessary to mention the author’s name unless it is relevant to your text. ....can assist you to become an engineer in Australia [2]. Give the citation number directly after the quoted part of the text, but within the punctuation. Alternatively, give the citation directly after the author’s name if this is part of the text. The paragraph number must be included within the square brackets after the sequential number.
Use FedCite to find examples and useful tips to create in-text citations, footnotes and full references for APA, Australian Harvard, Chicago, MLA and IEEE referencing styles. FedCite updatesAre you missing information for your reference? You can now find support for referencing with missing elements for APA, Australian Harvard, Chicago , MLA and IEEE in FedCite. FeedbackWe are always working to improve FedCite with new referencing styles and more examples. Share any feedback or suggestions for improvement on the 'Ask the library' form at the bottom of each FedCite page.
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Which of the following best explains the authors decision to place a sentence a more qualitative way Armageddon at the end of the first paragraph?
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