Recommendations for the Selection and Use of Respirators and Protective Clothing for Protection Against Biological Agents (2009)
Considerations for Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) Post-Exposure PrioritizationCdc-pdf (2013)
Public Health Emergency Response Guide for State, Local, & Tribal Public Health Directors
All-hazards reference tool for health professionals who are responsible for initiating the public health response during the first 24 hours (i.e., the acute phase) of an emergency or disaster. Guide also available in SpanishCdc-pdf. (2011)
Guidance for Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks From the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health, CDC (2002)
Bioterrorism Readiness Plan: A Template for Healthcare FacilitiesCdc-pdf (1999)
Guidance on Initial Responses to a Suspicious Letter/Container With a Potential Biological ThreatCdc-pdf
Guidelines for local responders, based on existing procedures, on the initial response to letters, packages, or containers containing suspicious powders, liquids, or other materials. Developed by HHS/CDC, FBI, & DHS. (2004)
Cooperative Agreement Guidance for Public Health Emergency Preparedness
Guidance for CDC emergency preparedness funding for states. CDC has announced the availability of FY 2006 funding for continuation of the cooperative agreements to upgrade state & local public health jurisdictions’ preparedness for & response to bioterrorism, other outbreaks of infectious disease, & other public health threats & emergencies.
MMWR: Biological & Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness & Response
Recommendations of the CDC Strategic Planning Workgroup. (2000)
Strategic National Stockpile
National repository of pharmaceuticals & medical supplies.
Epi-X: The Epidemic Information Exchange
Secure, Web-based communications network connecting CDC with state & local health departments, poison control centers, & other public health professionals.
Regulations to control communicable diseasesExternal
42 U.S.C. 264 (From United States Code Annotated; Title 42; The Public Health & Welfare; Chapter 6a–Public Health Service; Subchapter Ii–General Powers & Duties.; Part G–Quarantine & Inspection).
Clinical Laboratory, Preparedness and response guide 8 /1/ 2016.
Google Scholar
Mondi C, Cardenas D, Avila M. The role of an advanced practice public health nurse in bioterrorism preparedness. Public Health Nurs. 2003;20(6):422–31. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1446.2003.20602.x.
Article Google Scholar
Lindell MK, Perry RW, Prater C, Nicholson WC. Fundamentals of emergency management. Washington, DC: FEMA; 2006.
Google Scholar
McCabe OL, Barnett DJ, Taylor HG, Links JM. Ready, willing, and able: a framework for improving the public health emergency preparedness system. Dis Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4(2):161–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/dmp-v4n2-hcn10003.
Article Google Scholar
Bravata DM, McDonald KM, Smith WM, Rydzak C, Szeto H, Buckeridge DL, et al. Systematic review: surveillance systems for early detection of bioterrorism-related diseases. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Jun 1;140(11):910–22. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-11-200406010-00013.
Shaw K. The 2003 SARS outbreak and its impact on infection control practices. Public Health. 2006 Jan 1;120(1):8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2005.10.002.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
World Health Organization, First data on stability and resistance of SARS Coronavirus compiled by members of WHO laboratory network. 2003. Available from: http://www.who.int/ csr/sars/survival.
Google Scholar
Bush LM, Abrams BH, Beall A, Johnson CC. Index case of fatal inhalation anthrax due to bioterrorism in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(22):1607–10. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012948.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mayer TA, Bersoff-Matcha S, Murphy C, Earls J, Harper S, Pauze D, et al. Clinical presentation of inhalation anthrax following bioterrorism exposure: report of 2 surviving patients. JAMA. 2001;286(20):2549–53. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.20.2549.
Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, Omenaca C, Topiel MS, Galbraith M, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalation anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7(6):933–44. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0706.010604.
Gerberding JL, Hughes JM, Koplan JP. Bioterrorism preparedness and response: clinicians and public health agencies as essential partners. JAMA. 2002;287(7):898–900. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.7.898.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Tegnell A, Bossi P, Baka A, Van Loock F, Hendriks J, Wallyn S, et al. The European Commission’s task force on bioterrorism. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Oct;9(10):1330–2. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0910.030368.
Pearson GS. Bioterrorism preparedness: the U nited K ingdom approach. Encyclopedia Bioterrorism Defense. 2005;15:1–7.
Google Scholar
Janoutová J, Filipčíková R, Bílek K, Janout V. Biological agents of bioterrorism-preparedness is vital. Epidemiologie Mikrobiologie Imunologie. 2020;69(1):42–7.
Google Scholar
Alyami A, Dulong CL, Younis MZ, Mansoor S. Disaster Preparedness in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Exploring and Evaluating the Policy, Legislative Organisational Arrangements Particularly During the Hajj Period. Eur J Environ Public Health. 2020;5(1):em0053.
Article Google Scholar
Association of American Medical Colleges: Training future physicians about weapons of mass destruction: Report of the expert panel on bioterrorism education for medical students. 2003. Available at: http://www.aamc.org/newsroom/ bioterrorism/bioterrorismrec.pdf.
Google Scholar
Bajow N, Djalali A, Ingrassia PL, Ageely H, Bani I, Della Corte F, et al. Trauma Acute Care. 2015;2015(1):8.
Article Google Scholar
International Nursing Coalition for Mass Casualty Education: Educational competencies for registered nurses responding to mass casualty incidents. 2003 August. Available at: http://www.aacn.nche.edu/Education/pdf/ INCMCECompetencies.pdf.
Google Scholar
Health Resources and Service Administration: Bioterrorism Training and Curriculum Development, CFDA no. 93.996; 2003.
Google Scholar
Chen FM, Hickner J, Fink KS, Galliher JM, Burstin H. On the front lines: family physicians’ preparedness for bioterrorism. J Fam Pract. 2002;51(9):745–50.
PubMed Google Scholar
Alexander GC, Wynia MW. Ready and willing? Physicians’ sense of preparedness for bioterrorism. Health Aff. 2003;22(5):189–97. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.22.5.189.
Article Google Scholar
Rose MA, Larrimore KL. Knowledge and awareness concerning chemical and biological terrorism: continuing education implications. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2002;33(6):253–8. https://doi.org/10.3928/0022-0124-20021101-05.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Katz AR, Nekorchuk DM, Holck PS, Hendrickson LA, Imrie AA, Effler PV. Hawaii physician and nurse bioterrorism preparedness survey. Prehospital Dis Med. 2006 Dec 1;21(6):404–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00004118.
Article Google Scholar
M. De Felice a, A.R. Giuliani a, G. Alfonsi a, G. Mosca b, L. Fabiani a. Survey of nursing knowledge on bioterrorism. Int Emerge Nurs. 2008;16:101–8.
Article Google Scholar
Terri R, Lisa BM. Bioterrorism knowledge and educational participation of nurses in Missouri. J Continuing Ed Nurs. 2010;41(2):67–76.
Article Google Scholar
Kerby DS, Brand MW, Elledge BL, Johnson DL, Magas OK. Are public health workers aware of what they don’t know? Biosecur Bioterror. 2005;3(1):31–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/bsp.2005.3.31.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mosca NW, Sweeney PM, Hazy JM, Brenner P. Assessing bioterrorism and disaster preparedness training needs for school nurses. J Public Health Manag Practice. 2005;11(Supplement):S38–44. https://doi.org/10.1097/00124784-200511001-00007.
Ruth MC, Terri R, Judith FE, JoEllen M, Sherill NC. Infection prevention and control competencies for hospital-based health care personnel. Am J Infect Control. 2008;36(10):691–701.
Article Google Scholar
Fatma AAI. Nurses knowledge, attitudes, practices and familiarity regarding disaster and emergency preparedness–Saudi Arabia. Am J Nurs Sci. 2014;3(2):18–25.
Article Google Scholar
Aghaei N, Nesami MB. Bioterrorism education effect on knowledge and attitudes of nurses. J Emergencies Trauma Shock. 2013;6(2):78.
Article Google Scholar
Nyamathi AM, Casillas A, King ML, Gresham L, Pierce E, Farb D, et al. Computerized bioterrorism education and training for nurses on bioterrorism attack agents. J Continuing Educ Nurs. 2010 Aug 1;41(8):375–84. https://doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20100503-01.
Thomas JJ. Self-study: an effective method for bioterrorism training in the OR. AORN J. 2008;87(5):915–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2008.01.003.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Page 2
Variables
n (%)
Sex
▪ Male
476 (46.4)
▪ Female
550 (53.6)
Hospital
▪ Hospital 1
410 (39.8)
▪ Hospital 2
293 (28.5)
▪ Hospital 3
327 (31.7)
Department/unit
▪ Adult Emergency
538 (52.2)
▪ Paediatric Emergency
322 (31.3)
▪ Paramedic/EMS
129 (12.5)
▪ Poison Control Centre/Clinical Laboratory Department
40 (3.8)
Profession
▪ Physician
351 (34.1)
▪ Nurse
516 (50.1)
▪ Paramedic/EMS
131 (12.7)
▪ Poison Control Centre/Clinical Laboratory Department
32 (3.1)
Age (years)
▪ ≤ 30
429 (43.2)
▪ 31 to 40
365 (36.8)
▪ 41 to 50
154 (15.5)
▪ 51 to 60
40 (4.0)
▪ ≥ 61
4 (0.4)
Highest level of education
▪ Diploma
126 (12.3)
▪ Bachelor’s
672 (65.6)
▪ Master’s degree
62 (6.0)
▪ Doctorate
58 (5.7)
▪ Subspecialty or Fellowship
107 (10.4)
Experience at the current institution (years)
▪ ≤ 10
872 (86.6)
▪ 11 to 20
121 (12.0)
▪ ≥21
14 (1.4)
Total years of experience
▪ ≤ 10
684 (68.5)
▪ 11 to 20
244 (24.4)
▪ ≥21
70 (7.0)
Because of missing data in responses, items have various denominators