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Page 2
Variables
Gestational weight gain
p value
Inadequate (N = 100) 9.49 ± 2.01 kg
Adequate (N = 207) 13.76 ± 1.66 kg
Excessive (N = 151) 19.60 ± 4.04 kg
Age (X ± SD)
29.19 ± 4.87
29.62 ± 4.93
30.43 ± 3.80
0.090A
Pre-pregnancy BMI (X ± SD)
20.92 ± 2.46
21.32 ± 2.50
22.82 ± 3.57a,b
< 0.001 A
Place of residence
village
33 (33.0)
80 (38.6)
61 (40.4)
0.700C
town
19 (19.0)
42 (20.3)
31 (20.5)
city
48 (48.0)
85 (41.1)
59 (39.1)
Education
lower than secondary school
6 (6.0)
10 (4.8)
12 (7.9)
0.729C
secondary school
30 (30.0)
55 (26.6)
39 (25.8)
university
64 (64.0)
142 (68.6)
100 (66.2)
Having adequate money to buy necessary food
1
yes
100 (100.0)
202 (97.6)
47 (98.0)
0.306C
no
0 (0.0)
5 (2.4)
3 (2.0)
Smoking
non-smokers
55 (55.0)
120 (58.0)
86 (57.0)
0.003 C
passive smokers
28 (28.0)
65 (31.4)
42 (27.8)
current smokers
15 (15.0)
20 (9.7)
10 (6.6)
women who quit smoking after conception
2 (2.0)
2 (1.0)
13 (8.6)
Persistent vomiting
no
60 (60.0)
119 (57.5)
98 (65.3)
0.411C
yes, in the 1st trimester of pregnancy
36 (36.0)
75 (36.2)
48 (32.0)
yes, during the whole pregnancy
4 (4.0)
13 (6.3)
4 (2.7)
Parity
first
54 (54.0)
102 (49.3)
80 (51.5)
0.243C
second
36 (36.0)
69 (33.3)
56 (37.1)
third or subsequent labour
10 (10.0)
36 (17.4)
15 (9.9)
Unhealthy DP
Q1
21 (21.0)
52 (25.1)
42 (27.8)
0.715C
Q2
27 (27.0)
57 (27.5)
32 (21.2)
Q3
28 (28.0)
46 (22.2)
39 (25.8)
Q4
24 (24.0)
52 (25.1)
38 (25.2)
Varied DP
Q1
26 (26.0)
59 (28.5)
30 (19.9)
0.246C
Q2
30 (30.0)
50 (24.2)
35 (23.2)
Q3
25 (25.0)
49 (23.7)
39 (25.8)
Q4
19 (19.0)
49 (23.7)
47 (31.1)
Prudent DP
Q1
20 (20.0)
47 (22.7)
48 (31.8)
0.036 C
Q2
30 (30.0)
47 (22.7)
39 (25.8)
Q3
18 (18.0)
57 (27.5)
37 (24.5)
Q4
32 (32.0)
56 (27.1)
27 (17.9)
Q represents quartile; DP represents dietary pattern; A represents one-way ANOVA; and C represents the chi-square test. The numbers in bold indicate statistically significant results; a represents the Bonferroni post hoc test p < 0.001 (adequate–excessive; and b represents the Bonferroni post hoc test p < 0.001 (inadequate–excessive)
