What are the cities or provinces with moderate risk to earthquake induced shallow landslide brainly

MANILA, 4 November 2010 (IRIN) - The risk of landslides in the Philippines, one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, is increasing, experts warn.

"With the changing weather conditions... and amount of rainfall each season brings, we could categorically state that the number of landslide occurrences is increasing," Angelica Sajona, senior science research specialist with the Philippine government's Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), told IRIN.

The combination of mountainous and hilly regions that experience earthquakes as well as intense rainfall brought on by monsoons or typhoons, make the terrain naturally susceptible to landslides. According to the MGB, up to 80 percent of the country's total land area is landslide prone, making the country the fourth most exposed to landslide risk, after Indonesia, India and China.

More than 100,000 people are exposed in the Philippines, according to the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR).

But in a country with so many vulnerable people, the increasing intensity of typhoons and rapid urbanization, often on vulnerable land, are making the landslide risk worse, says Mario Aurelio, MGB's former director.

Rapid urbanization

As the country's population continues to grow, many are settling in landslide-prone areas.

"Local and national government must closely monitor landslide potential... to keep people and infrastructure out of the path of slides," said Gabrielle Iglesias, project officer with the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre.

In Manila alone, the country's capital and largest city, almost three million people are living in informal settlements in unstable areas, according to the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), making them extremely vulnerable.

Precipitation and terrain

Unusually high precipitation as a result of climate change has also increased the risk of landslides.

"The rains are becoming so intense," said MGB's Cordillera Administration Region (CAR) chief geologist Fay Apil. "Definitely, the landslides are getting worse."

The Cordillera region has the highest risk of landslides in the Philippines. All its six provinces are on the list of the MGB's top 10 provinces with the highest landslide susceptibility levels.

Last year, Typhoon Parma triggered landslides in Sitio Little Kibungan in La Trinidad, Benguet - located in the mountainous CAR - killing up to 70 villagers.

While the industrial region depends on the flow of water through the mineral-rich soil for its mining economy, the highly fractured terrain is particularly prone to landslides when there are sudden increases in rainfall or floods because of a typhoon, said Apil.

The worst landslide in the country's recent history happened in February 2006 in St Bernard town, Southern Leyte, a province in the Visayas. After two weeks of unusually heavy rains, an entire village was submerged. More than 1,000 residents, including 200 school-children, were reported dead.

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[This report does not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations]

EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE HAZARD MAP, update 2016

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EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE HAZARD MAP, 2008

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The Earthquake-Induced Landslide Hazard Map shows areas’ susceptibility to landslide caused by earthquakes. Hazard classifications are: High Susceptibility, Moderate Susceptibility, Moderate Susceptibility, Low Susceptibility, Not Susceptible, and, Possible landslide depositional/affected zone. The susceptibility is determined by simulating the largest possible earthquake magnitude occurring in the area. Landslide potentials were calculated using: A.) the computed Factor of Safety (FoS); B.) simulated ground shaking by Fukushima and Tanaka; and, C.) critical acceleration of slope by Newark methods. The result shows the possible landslide initiation zones at varying degrees, i.e., high, moderate and low. Hatchured areas show the possible depositional extent of land slide materials and is considered part of the areas that may be affected by landslides.

The Earthquake-Induced Landslide Hazard Map is acquired in JPG from the Hazards Mapping and Assessment for Effective Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (READY) Project through the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PhIVolcS). Information sources are as follows: Hazard Data is generated by PhIVolcS, Administrative Boundaries are from National Statistics Office (NSO) 2000, and Topographic Map 1:50,000 scale from National Mapping Resource and Information Authority (NAMRIA).

Available in JPG and PDF, this map may be downloaded and used for free provided that: a.) no alterations are made to the map; b.) proper citations be referred to the sources mentioned above; and, c.) all logos appearing on the map should also appear on your document.

Extract from Doug Coppâ€™s Article on the “Triangle of Life”
Edited by Larry Linn for MAA Safety Committee brief on 4/13/04
Reprinted from NWREporter March 2005

When buildings collapse from an earthquake, the weight of the ceilings falling upon the objects or furniture inside crushes these objects, leaving a space or void next to them. This space is what I call the “triangle of life”. The larger the object, the stronger, and the less it will compact. The less the object compacts, the larger the void, the greater the probability that the person who is using this void for safety will not be injured. The next time you watch collapsed buildings, on television, count the “triangles” you see formed. They are everywhere. It is the most common shape, you will see, in a collapsed building.

TEN TIPS FOR EARTHQUAKE SAFETY

Most everyone who simply “ducks and covers” when buildings collapse are crushed to death. People who get under objects, like desks or cars, are crushed. Cats, dogs and babies often naturally curl up in the fetal position. You should too in an earthquake. It is a natural safety/survival instinct. You can survive in a smaller void. Get next to an object, next to a sofa, next to a large bulky object that will compress slightly but leave a void next to it. Wooden buildings are the safest type of construction to be in during an earthquake. Wood is flexible and moves with the force of the earthquake. If the wooden building does collapse, large survival voids are created. Also, the wooden building has less concentrated, crushing weight. Brick buildings will break into individual bricks. Bricks will cause many injuries but less squashed bodies than concrete slabs. If you are in bed during the night and an earthquake occurs, simply roll off the bed. A safe void will exist around the bed. Hotels can achieve a much greater survival rate in earthquakes, simply by posting a sign on the back of the door of every room telling occupants to lie down on the floor, next to the bottom of the bed during an earthquake. If an earthquake happens and you cannot easily escape by getting out the door or window, then lie down and curl up in the fetal position next to a sofa, or large chair. Most everyone who gets under a doorway when buildings collapse is killed. How? If you stand under a doorway and the doorjamb falls forward or backward you will be crushed by the ceiling above. If the door jam falls sideways you will be cut in half by the doorway. In either case, you will be killed! Never go to the stairs. The stairs have a different “moment of frequency” (they swing separately from the main part of the building). The stairs and remainder of the building continuously bump into each other until structural failure of the stairs takes place. The people who get on stairs before they fail are chopped up by the stair treads – horribly mutilated. Even if the building doesn’t collapse, stay away from the stairs. The stairs are a likely part of the building to be damaged. Even if the stairs are not collapsed by the earthquake, they may collapse later when overloaded by fleeing people. They should always be checked for safety, even when the rest of the building is not damaged. Get near the outer walls of buildings or outside of them if possible – It is much better to be near the outside of the building rather than the interior. The farther inside you are from the outside perimeter of the building the greater the probability that your escape route will be blocked. People inside of their vehicles are crushed when the road above falls in an earthquake and crushes their vehicles; which is exactly what happened with the slabs between the decks of the Nimitz Freeway. The victims of the San Francisco earthquake all stayed inside of their vehicles. They were all killed. They could have easily survived by getting out and sitting or lying next to their vehicles. Everyone killed would have survived if they had been able to get out of their cars and sit or lie next to them. All the crushed cars had voids 3 feet high next to them, except for the cars that had columns fall directly across them.

I discovered, while crawling inside of collapsed newspaper offices and other offices with a lot of paper, that paper does not compact. Large voids are found surrounding stacks of paper.