Is there a relationship between the location of the earthquakes and the location of the volcanoes and mountains?

To learn more about the nature of earthquakes, visit the following web sites:

Savage Earth, Restless Planet: Earthquakes, PBS
This web site accompanies the PBS Series Savage Earth and includes background information on the connection between faults, earthquakes, and seismic waves.

Virtual Courseware: Earthquake, Virtual Courseware
This site contains deatailed pictures of earthquake damage. There are also activies such as travel time and epicenter to use along with a demonstration.

To learn more about earthquake and plate movement, visit the following web sites:

Earthquakes, Faults, Plate Tectonics, Earth Structure, USGS
Read answers to some commonly asked questions about earthquakes, faults, and plate tectonics. In some cases, the answers include links for further information.

Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics, USGS Earthquakes Hazards Program
This article aims to explain why earthquakes happen along plate boundaries, and often in the same area as volcanoes or mountain ranges.

Plate Tectonics, the Cause of Earthquakes, Nevada Seismological Laboratory
Review a technical explanation with images of different types of faults, spreading centers, or collision zones in connection to earthquakes.

To learn more about the nature of volcanoes, visit the following web sites:

Savage Earth, Mountains of Fire, PBS
This web site accompanies another portion of the documentary, Savage Earth, with general information about different types of volcanoes, the location of volcanoes, and different types of volcanic eruptions.

Volcanic Gases, USGS Volcano Hazards Fact Sheet
Discusses why volcanic gases are important to study, how geologists study volcanic gases, and what they have learned.

To learn more about volcanoes and plate movement, visit the following web sites:

Location of Volcanoes, NASA Classroom of the Future
Find out more about how and why volcanoes form along plate boundaries or above hot spots. Note the links to other related pages about plate tectonics and heat flow or looking inside the Earth.

To learn more about the association of earthquakes and volcanoes, visit the following web sites:

Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Plate Tectonics, USGS
Map showing earthquakes and volcanoes in relation to plate movements.

Reply to Ask-An-Earth-Scientist, University of Hawaii
What is the relationship between volcanoes, earthquakes, and plate-tectonics? Find out what a geologist from the University of Hawaii said in response to this question.

To learn more about mountain building, visit the following web sites:

Mountain Building, Okanagan University College
Information, including diagrams, about the evolution of mountains.

Information to complete part 8 of the investigation: Earthquakes

Near Real-Time Current World Earthquakes Data, United States Geological Survey, National Earthquake Information Center
Find data on earthquakes that happen today all over the world.

Largest Earthquakes in the US, USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
There are two lists on this page: the top 15 earthquakes in the United States and the top 15 earthquakes in the contiguous United States. The reason being that eleven of the fifteen happened either in Alaska or Hawaii.

Unusual Events of March-April 1868, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
Learn about the largest earthquake ever to hit the Hawaiian Islands.

Information About Past and Historical Earthquakes, USGS
This site contains chronicles of historic earthquakes that significantly changed the way scientists viewed the earth and earthquakes. Each event is unique in how it helped us better understand our world.

Historic Earthquakes, About.com
This page offers a centralized list of the worst earthquakes both in the US and around the world.

Information to complete part 8 of the investigation: Volcanoes

Volcanic Eruptions and Activity, USGS
This site lists links to historical volcanic eruptions.

Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions Since 1500 A.D., USGS
View social and scientific information on Deadly volcanic eruptions.

20th Century Volcanic Eruptions and Their Impact, USGS
View social and scientific information on volcanic eruptions that have happend since 1900.

Current Volcanic Activity, USGS
View links to current volcanic activity around the world.

Objective
To collect data and create maps to observe the relationship among volcanoes, earthquakes and lithospheric plates.

• copy of "Where on Earth?" student handout (HTML)
• access to resources from the Internet or school library
• 3 overhead transparencies
• overhead projector

1. Organize students into three groups and distribute a "Where on Earth?" student handout to each group. Assign each team to research and plot one of the following: 20 recent volcanoes, 20 recent earthquakes or the boundaries of Earth's major lithospheric plates. If students are having trouble finding information, direct them to the Web sites listed in Resources below. If students are using books for their research, they can plot major or famous volcanoes and earthquakes instead of recent ones. Make sure groups use different symbols for volcanoes and earthquakes so that they can be distinguished on the overhead projection.

2. After the groups plot their data, photocopy each of the three maps onto an overhead transparency. First project the volcano and earthquake maps one on top of the other. Ask students to describe any patterns they observe. Then lay the plate boundaries map on top of the other two maps. Ask students to compare the locations of volcanoes and earthquakes with the locations of the plate boundaries and describe any patterns they observe. Finally ask students to explain the apparent relationship between the location of the plates and the occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes in those regions.

Volcanoes and earthquakes are not randomly distributed around the globe. Instead they tend to occur along limited zones or belts. With the understanding of plate tectonics, scientists recognized that these belts occur along plate boundaries. According to the theory of plate tectonics, the Earth's outer shell (lithosphere) is made up of seven large and many smaller moving plates. As the plates move, their boundaries collide, spread apart or slide past one another, resulting in geological processes such as earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain making. You might want to point out that not all volcanoes occur at plate boundaries. Some occur in the middle of plates in areas known as "hot spots." The Hawaiian Islands are an example of this type of volcano.

When comparing their maps, students will notice that volcanoes and earthquakes frequently occur at plate boundaries. Students who are familiar with the theory of plate tectonics might be able to explain the pattern or relationship they observe. Other students can conduct additional research to find information to help them explain their observations.

This map shows how some of the world's volcanoes and earthquakes occur along tectonic plate boundaries.

Articles

Parfit, Michael. "Living with Natural Hazards." National Geographic (July 1998): 2-39.
Describes volcanoes, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes and wildfires from the perspective of people who cope with them. Insert displays a distribution map of the natural hazards of North America.

Web Sites

NOVA Online—Deadly Shadow of Vesuvius
http://www.pbs.org/vesuvius/
Will include, among other features, an examination of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Rapid Response Team, which waits in readiness to fly anywhere in the world at a moment's notice to monitor potentially dangerous active volcanoes.

USGS Earthquake Information
http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/
Sponsored by the USGS, this site itemizes earthquake activity worldwide, including date, time, location, depth and magnitude.

Volcano World: Current Volcano Activity
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/current_volcs/current.html
Includes a map and list of the world's most recent volcanic eruptions.

The "Where on Earth" activity aligns with the following National Science Education Standards:

Grades 5-8

	Science Standard D: Earth and Space Science

Structure of the Earth System

• The solid earth is layered with a lithosphere; hot, convecting mantle; and dense, metallic core.

• Lithospheric plates on the scales of continents and oceans constantly move at rates of centimeters per year in response to movements in the mantle. Major geological events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and mountain building, result from these plate motions.

• Land forms are the result of a combination of constructive and destructive forces. Constructive forces include crustal deformation, volcanic eruption and deposition of sediment, while destructive forces include weathering and erosion.

Earth's history

• The earth processes we see today, including erosion, movement of lithospheric plates, and changes in atmospheric composition, are similar to those that occurred in the past.

Grades 9-12

	Science Standard D: Earth and Space Science

Energy in the earth system

• The outward transfer of earth's internal heat drives convection circulation in the mantle that propels the plates comprising earth's surface across the face of the globe.

The origin and evolution of the earth system

• Interactions among the solid earth, the oceans, the atmosphere and organisms have resulted in the ongoing evolution of the earth system. We can observe some changes such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on a human time scale, but many processes such as mountain building and plate movements take place over hundreds of millions of years.