1. Feantsa, The Foundation Abbé Pierre . The third overview of housing exclusion in Europe 2018. Brussels, 2018. Available: //www.feantsaresearch.org/en/report/2018/03/21/the-second-overview-of-housing-exclusion-in-europe-2017 [Accessed 15 Aug 2018].
2. The Foundation Abbé Pierre, Feantsa . The second overview of housing exclusion in Europe 2017. Brussels, 2017. Available: //www.feantsa.org/en/report/2017/03/21/the-second-overview-of-housing-exclusion-in-europe-2017 [Accessed 16 Aug 2017].
3. European Commission Confronting homelessness in the European Union. social investment package. Commission staff working document. SWD (2013) 42 final, 20 February 2013, 2013. Available: //aei.pitt.edu/45917/ [Accessed 4 Aug 2017].
4. Beijer U, Wolf A, Fazel S. Prevalence of tuberculosis, hepatitis C virus, and HIV in homeless people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2012;12:859–70. 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70177-9 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
5. Oppenheimer SC, Nurius PS, Green S. Homelessness history impacts on health outcomes and economic and risk behavior intermediaries: new insights from population data. Fam Soc 2016;97:230–42. 10.1606/1044-3894.2016.97.21 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
6. Stuckler D, Reeves A, Loopstra R, et al.. Austerity and health: the impact in the UK and Europe. Eur J Public Health 2017;27:18–21. 10.1093/eurpub/ckx167 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
7. Doherty J, Busch-Geertsema V, Karpuskiene V, et al.. Homelessness and exclusion: regulating public space in European cities. Surveill Soc 2002;5 10.24908/ss.v5i3.3425 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
8. Busch-Geertsema V, Culhane D, Fitzpatrick S. Developing a global framework for conceptualising and measuring homelessness. Habitat Int 2016;55:124–32. 10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.03.004 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
9. Link BG, Susser E, Stueve A, et al.. Lifetime and five-year prevalence of homelessness in the United States. Am J Public Health 1994;84:1907–12. 10.2105/AJPH.84.12.1907 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
10. Tsai J. Lifetime and 1-year prevalence of homelessness in the US population: results from the National epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related Conditions-III. J Public Health 2018;40:65–74. 10.1093/pubmed/fdx034 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
11. Toro PA, Tompsett CJ, Lombardo S, et al.. Homelessness in Europe and the United States: a comparison of prevalence and public opinion. J Soc Issues 2007;63:505–24. 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00521.x [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
12. Home_EU Reversing homelessness in Europe. Available: //www.home-eu.org/
13. Barlett JE, Kotrlik JW, Higgins CC. Organizational research: determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Inf Technol Learn Perform J 2001;19. [Google Scholar]
14. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, et al.. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine 2000;25:3186–91. 10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
15. Petit JM, Loubiere S, Vargas-Moniz MJ, et al.. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about homelessness and willingness-to-pay for housing-first across 8 European countries: a survey protocol. Arch Public Health 2018;76:71 10.1186/s13690-018-0317-x [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
16. Amore K, Baker M, Howden-Chapman P. The ETHOS definition and classification of homelessness: an analysis. Eur J Homelessness 2011;5. [Google Scholar]
17. The World Bank World development indicators. DataBank. Health: population: structure world development indicators, 2017. Available: //databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicators [Accessed 11 Jan 2019].
18. Eurostat. Database - Eurostat Eurostat database, 2017. Available: //ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography-migration-projections/data/database [Accessed 11 Jan 2019].
19. R Core Team R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2013. //www.R-project.org/ [Google Scholar]
20. Busch-Geertsema V, Benjaminsen L, Hrast MF, et al.. Extent and profile of homelessness in European member states : a statistical update, 2014. Available: //eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/82606/ [Accessed 30 Apr 2019].
21. Chamberlain C, Johnson G. How many Australians have slept rough? Aust J Soc Issues 2015;50:439–56. 10.1002/j.1839-4655.2015.tb00359.x [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
22. Hobden K J, Tompsett C, Fales A K, et al.. Comparing public opinion towards and prevalence of homelessness in Canada to the United States. Can J Urban Res 2007;16:76–92. [Google Scholar]
23. FEANTSA Country Profile - Italy, 2017. Available: //www.feantsa.org/en/country-profile/2016/10/18/country-profile-italy?bcParent=27 [Accessed 11 Jan 2019].
24. FEANTSA Country Profile - Poland, 2017. Available: //www.feantsa.org/en/country-profile/2016/10/19/country-profile-poland?bcParent=27 [Accessed 9 Jan 2019].
25. Eurostat Unemployment statistics. Available: //ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Unemployment_statistics#Youth_unemployment_trends [Accessed 13 May 2019].
26. Eurostat Youth unemployment. Available: //ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Youth_unemployment [Accessed 13 May 2019].
27. Shelter, England Over half of homeless families in England are in work, 2018. Available: //england.shelter.org.uk/media/press_releases/articles/over_half_of_homeless_families_in_england_are_in_work,_shock_new_figures_show [Accessed 13 May 2019].
28. European Commission Labour market and wage developments in Europe, 2018. [Google Scholar]
29. Mayock P, Sheridan S, Parker S. ‘It's just like we're going around in circles and going back to the same thing …’: the dynamics of women's unresolved homelessness. Hous Stud 2015;30:877–900. 10.1080/02673037.2014.991378 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
30. Morton MH, Dworsky A, Matjasko JL, et al.. Prevalence and correlates of youth homelessness in the United States. J Adolesc Health 2018;62:14–21. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.006 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
31. Fusaro VA, Levy HG, Shaefer HL. Racial and ethnic disparities in the lifetime prevalence of homelessness in the United States. Demography 2018;55:2119–28. 10.1007/s13524-018-0717-0 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
32. Díaz de Rada V. Face-To-Face versus telephone surveys on political attitudes: a comparative analysis. Qual Quant 2011;45:817–27. 10.1007/s11135-010-9373-1 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
33. Tsai J, Gu X. Homelessness among immigrants in the United States: rates, correlates, and differences compared with native-born adults. Public Health 2019;168:107–16. 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.12.017 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Page 2
Response rates and sociodemographic characteristics of the unweighted study population
All | Countries (N) | ||||||||
FR | IR | IT | NL | PL | PT | SE | SP | ||
Eligibility* (over 2500 each) | 17 633 | 2263 | 2261 | 2220 | 2154 | 2206 | 2311 | 2101 | 2117 |
Complete interviews | 5631 | 700 | 701 | 713 | 701 | 708 | 703 | 703 | 702 |
Response rate (%) | 31.9 | 30.9 | 31.0 | 32.1 | 32.5 | 32.1 | 30.4 | 33.5 | 33.2 |
Valid questionnaires | 5295 | 618 | 675 | 659 | 693 | 674 | 679 | 667 | 630 |
Characteristics | N (%) | ||||||||
Gender | |||||||||
Woman† | 2730 (51.6) | 295 (47.7) | 352 (52.1) | 336 (51) | 333 (48.1) | 352 (52.2) | 376 (55.4) | 342 (51.3) | 344 (54.6) |
Nationality | |||||||||
Non-European‡ | 105 (2) | 4 (0.6) | 20 (3) | 33 (5) | 8 (1.2) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.4) | 15 (2.2) | 21 (3.3) |
Age groups | |||||||||
18–24 years | 541 (10.2) | 60 (9.7) | 75 (11.1) | 33 (5) | 90 (13) | 62 (9.2) | 46 (6.8) | 85 (12.7) | 90 (14.3) |
25.34 years | 792 (15) | 93 (15) | 97 (14.4) | 101 (15.3) | 87 (12.6) | 87 (12.9) | 100 (14.7) | 83 (12.4) | 144 (22.9) |
35.44 years | 988 (18.7) | 125 (20.2) | 76 (11.3) | 148 (22.5) | 130 (18.8) | 152 (22.6) | 170 (25) | 98 (14.7) | 89 (14.1) |
45.54 years | 1032 (19.5) | 121 (19.6) | 97 (14.4) | 156 (23.7) | 142 (20.5) | 142 (21.1) | 149 (21.9) | 157 (23.5) | 68 (10.8) |
55.64 years | 960 (18.1) | 89 (14.4) | 116 (17.2) | 130 (19.7) | 134 (19.3) | 131 (19.4) | 107 (15.8) | 132 (19.8) | 121 (19.2) |
65.74 years | 648 (12.2) | 83 (13.4) | 134 (19.9) | 60 (9.1) | 70 (10.1) | 82 (12.2) | 68 (10) | 88 (13.2) | 63 (10) |
≥75 years | 334 (6.3) | 47 (7.6) | 80 (11.9) | 31 (4.7) | 40 (5.8) | 18 (2.7) | 39 (5.7) | 24 (3.6) | 55 (8.7) |
Marital status | |||||||||
Married | 2545 (48.1) | 282 (45.6) | 409 (60.6) | 331 (50.2) | 244 (35.2) | 432 (64.1) | 323 (47.6) | 228 (34.2) | 296 (47) |
Civil union | 289 (5.5) | 39 (6.3) | 59 (8.7) | 33 (5) | 18 (2.6) | 47 (7) | 30 (4.4) | 23 (3.4) | 40 (6.3) |
Widowed | 530 (10) | 72 (11.7) | 40 (5.9) | 79 (12) | 60 (8.7) | 54 (8) | 109 (16.1) | 54 (8.1) | 62 (9.8) |
Separated/divorced | 585 (11) | 114 (18.4) | 40 (5.9) | 35 (5.3) | 139 (20.1) | 38 (5.6) | 55 (8.1) | 134 (20.1) | 30 (4.8) |
Single | 1346 (25.4) | 111 (18) | 127 (18.8) | 181 (27.5) | 232 (33.5) | 103 (15.3) | 162 (23.9) | 228 (34.2) | 202 (32.1) |
Educational attainment | |||||||||
Lower secondary | 529 (10) | 42 (6.8) | 50 (7.4) | 129 (19.6) | 32 (4.6) | 21 (3.1) | 183 (27) | 5 (0.7) | 67 (10.6) |
Upper secondary or vocational | 2092 (39.5) | 239 (38.7) | 241 (35.7) | 238 (36.1) | 324 (46.8) | 340 (50.4) | 188 (27.6) | 312 (46.8) | 210 (33.3) |
University degree | 2567 (48.5) | 335 (54.2) | 347 (51.4) | 278 (42.2) | 316 (45.6) | 307 (45.5) | 302 (44.5) | 343 (51.4) | 339 (53.8) |
DK/R | 107 (2) | 2 (0.3) | 37 (5.5) | 14 (2.1) | 21 (3) | 6 (0.9) | 6 (0.9) | 7 (1) | 14 (2.2) |
Employment status | |||||||||
Full time | 2502 (47.3) | 322 (52.1) | 246 (36.4) | 311 (47.2) | 293 (42.3) | 355 (52.7) | 414 (61) | 306 (45.9) | 255 (40.5) |
Part time | 682 (12.9) | 68 (11) | 83 (12.3) | 71 (10.8) | 127 (18.3) | 89 (13.2) | 40 (5.9) | 110 (16.5) | 94 (14.9) |
Unemployed | 383 (7.2) | 31 (5) | 36 (5.3) | 73 (11.1) | 34 (4.9) | 26 (3.9) | 56 (8.2) | 32 (4.8) | 95 (15.1) |
Retired | 1084 (20.5) | 141 (22.8) | 234 (34.7) | 104 (15.8) | 117 (16.9) | 120 (17.8) | 120 (17.7) | 131 (19.6) | 117 (18.6) |
Other | 576 (10.9) | 56 (9.1) | 75 (11.1) | 66 (10) | 108 (15.6) | 80 (11.9) | 45 (6.6) | 83 (12.4) | 63 (10) |
DK/R | 68 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 34 (5.2) | 14 (2) | 4 (0.6) | 4 (0.6) | 5 (0.7) | 6 (1) |
Income per annum | |||||||||
<€30 000 | 2375 (44.9) | 281 (45.5) | 106 (15.7) | 327 (49.6) | 300 (43.3) | 449 (66.6) | 435 (64.1) | 147 (22) | 330 (52.4) |
>€30 000 | 1408 (26.6) | 267 (43.2) | 136 (20.1) | 138 (20.9) | 176 (25.4) | 53 (7.9) | 68 (10) | 414 (62.1) | 156 (24.8) |
DK/R | 1512 (28.6) | 70 (11.3) | 433 (64.1) | 194 (29.4) | 217 (31.3) | 172 (25.5) | 176 (25.9) | 106 (15.9) | 144 (22.9) |
Living area | |||||||||
Rural | 951 (18) | 151 (24.4) | 188 (27.9) | 91 (13.8) | 157 (22.7) | 87 (12.9) | 45 (6.6) | 163 (24.4) | 69 (11) |
Semiurban | 1358 (25.6) | 160 (25.9) | 215 (31.9) | 228 (34.6) | 180 (26) | 110 (16.3) | 72 (10.6) | 281 (42.1) | 112 (17.8) |
Urban | 2898 (54.7) | 304 (49.2) | 250 (37) | 334 (50.7) | 335 (48.3) | 458 (68) | 558 (82.2) | 215 (32.2) | 444 (70.5) |
DK/R | 88 (1.7) | 3 (0.5) | 22 (3.3) | 6 (0.9) | 21 (3) | 19 (2.8) | 4 (0.6) | 8 (1.2) | 5 (0.8) |