Which of the following developments was a reaction to the haymarket square incident?

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as Pullman. The Supreme Court sustained the injunc- and forced traditional labor leaders to look beyond tion and, in effect, the business community had again the confines of trade unionism. found an ally in the courts. Much of labor's energy was subsequently devoted to fighting a series of legal For a number of reasons, however, the IWW did not battles before judges who were inclined to sympathize last beyond World War I. It failed to consolidate and more with property rights than with people rights. stabilize its membership, to accommodate internal

differences or to withstand severely repressive meaDuring the early decades of the 20th century the

sures applied by the government because of the IWW's fortunes of labor, like the tide, continued to rise and anti-War stand. fall:

During these years inroads were also being made in The International Ladies' Garment Workers

federal sector unionism. In 1906, the Post Office Union (AFL) was organized in 1900. The

Clerks became the first national labor organization Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and composed entirely of government employees to Tin Workers (AFL) lost fourteen union

affiliate with the AFL. The Lloyd-LaFollette Act of contracts after a three month strike against U.S. 1912 gave Postal employees the right to organize and Steel.

to petition Congress for redress of grievances. The

National Federation of Federal Employees and the The Department of Commerce and Labor was National Association of Letter Carriers were chartered created in 1903. In 1905 the Supreme Court by the AFL in 1917. held unconstitutional a maximum hours law for bakers (Lochner V. New York, 198 U.S. 45). At the conclusion of World War I, many of labor's

victories were achieved on the legislative front. The In 1906, the International Typographical Union Railway Labor Act, passed in 1926 and applicable to (AFL) successfully struck for the eight hour day. railroad and certain other transportation workers In 1908, the Supreme Court found unconstitu- engaged in interstate commerce, required employers tional Section 10 of the Erdman Act, which

to bargain collectively and not to discriminate against outlawed “yellow-dog” contracts (U.S. v. Adair, union members. In 1929, the Hawes-Cooper Act 208 U.S. 161.)

provided for regulation in interstate commerce of

convict-made goods. The Davis-Bacon Act of 1931 The Department of Labor was established in mandated the payment of prevailing wage rates to 1913. In 1917, the Sheriff of Bisbee, Arizona laborers and mechanics employed by the contractors deported 1200 striking members of the Indus- and subcontractors of public constructions. The trial Workers of the World.

1932 Anti-Injunction (Norris-LaGuardia) Act out

lawed federal injunctions in labor disputes except as The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), commonly specified and further prohibited “yellow-dog” contracts. called the Wobblies, was formed in 1905. In all respects, The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 provided for the IWW was the antithesis of the AFL. It proclaimed maximum hours, minimum wages, and the abolition that workers and capitalists had nothing in common of child labor. and envisioned the final overthrow of the capitalists system to be accomplished by organizing workers into

Still, labor did have its defeats on both the legislative militant industrial unions. The IWW appealed to the

and judicial fronts. For example, the child labor laws unskilled, did not accept the sanctity of agreements were repealed and the courts weakened the impact of with employers, and predicted the ultimate victory

anti-trust legislation. Attorney General A. Mitchell for socialism.

Palmer, in cracking down on alleged radicalism after

World War I, conducted numerous raids throughout The life of the IWW was turbulent. The organization the nation upon the homes of known or suspected fought on battlefronts that ranged from coast to

radicals, arresting everyone found on the premises. coast. Before the end of World War I, it had been

These raids were not directed against unions per se, involved in some 150 strikes. By 1912, it could boast but one of their effects was to inhibit the growth of around 100,000 members. The successes of the IWW the American labor movement. Faced with internal reflected, in part, weaknesses of the AFL. It centered stagnation, the depression, and opposition from both attention on the desperate needs of the masses of un- government and industry, union membership began to skilled workers, gave impetus to industrial unionism,