Which best describes how the health planning model for care of aggregates differs from the customary nursing process applied to the care of an individual?

1. Which of the following best describes the primary reason that Americans are concerned about health care?
2. Politicians are discussing how to improve health care.
3. The media has provided mixed messages about the health care system.
4. Our national health care costs keep increasing.
5. The new health care system offers free services to Americans.

1. A nurse has begun to lobby with politicians for changes to the health care system. Why is this involvement important?
2. Nurses, as central characters in several popular TV series, are currently very visible in American media.
3. Nurses are primarily responsible for managing the various units in our health care system.
4. Nurses are the largest group of health care providers.
5. Nurses are the only group that is employed both inside and outside of hospitals.

1. What conclusion can be drawn from examining where nurses are employed?
2. There is a trend toward consolidation of health care into large central medical centers.
3. There is an increased emphasis on community-based health care.
4. There is an obvious need to decrease health care costs by cutting positions.
5. Managed care organizations (MCOs) are employing nurses to improve customer relations.
6. Which ethical belief would be most helpful in the current health care crisis?
7. Emphasis should be on individual and corporation freedom in the marketplace.
8. Emphasis should be on individual autonomy and freedom of choice.
9. Emphasis should be on social justice and collective responsibility.
10. Emphasis should be on the effectiveness of technology in resolving problems.

1. What is the primary problem seen in Healthy People 2020�s emphasis on choosing healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as daily exercise or healthy food choices? a. Emphasis on other lifestyle choices, such as not smoking and minimal use of alcohol or drugs, is also needed.
2. All of us must work together to make unhealthy behaviors socially unacceptable.
3. It costs more to make healthy choices, such as buying and eating fresh fruits and vegetables as opposed to quick and cheap fast-food choices.
4. Public policy emphasizes personal responsibility but ignores social and environmental changes needed for well-being.

1. Which of the following best describes the time period when communities began to agree on collective action to stay healthy?
2. When industrialization occurred
3. When large urban centers began to develop and the population expanded
4. When people gathered together to settle in villages
5. When people were nomads engaged in hunting and gathering

1. Which of the following best describes the first measures used by large communities to ensure community health?
2. Building safe sewage disposal systems
3. Healthy food choices and exercise
4. Praying to the gods for preservation
5. Use of medicine and other herbal remedies

1. A nurse has determined that there is always a consistent level of people in the population who experience pneumonia. Which of the following best describes the prevalence of this disease?
2. Prevalent
3. Endemic
4. Epidemic
5. Pandemic

1. Which of the following best describes an innovation introduced by the Romans?
2. Citizenship duties
3. Daily street cleaning
4. Hospitals and nursing homes
5. Daily exercise

1. Which of the following best describes a modern public health practice that was originally developed as a means of self-protection from the Black Death (bubonic plague)?
2. Care in a hospital
3. Chemical intervention
4. Isolation and quarantine
5. Herbal remedies

1. Which of the following statements best summarizes Lillian Wald�s achievements?
2. She suggested new nursing specialties.
3. She demonstrated how to improve health in communities.
4. She gave expert clinical nursing care to her clients.
5. She was appointed a national nursing leader.

1. Which of the following statements best describes �thinking upstream�?
2. Focus on economic, political, and environmental factors
3. Prepare for your nursing career long-term goals by planning now
4. Seek causes of water and air pollution �upstream� from cities
5. Try to understand how or why someone got ill

1. Which of the following statements best describes a weakness of early nursing theories?
2. Many nurses did not know or understand the theoretical basis of nursing practice.
3. Most nursing theories focused on microscopic individual concerns.
4. The theories did not reflect the actual world of nursing practice.
5. The theories had global applicability to nursing practice.

1. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of nursing theory?
2. To improve nursing practice
3. To demonstrate that nursing is a profession
4. To organize nursing knowledge
5. To serve as a basis for ongoing nursing research

1. A client did not attend the clinic for required follow-up care after his extensive surgery. Which of the following would be the most appropriate conclusion for the nurse to make?
2. The client is noncompliant.
3. The client is suffering from self-neglect.
4. The health care system is not meeting the client�s perceived needs.
5. The health care system is not accessible for the client.
6. The nurse has not motivated the client appropriately.

1. A nurse reviewed information before meeting with the community residents who were attending a program on healthful living. Which of the following best describes the action by the nurse?
2. Disease prevention
3. Health promotion
4. Health improvement
5. Specific protection

1. A 50-year-old woman comes to the clinic for her first mammogram. Which of the following best describes the action of this client?
2. Disease prevention
3. Health improvement
4. Health protection
5. Primary health promotion

1. Which of the following is the best definition of health?
2. A goal and a resource for living
3. A lack of disease or illness
4. Complete state of well-being
5. Freedom from pain or discomfort

1. A nurse was becoming frustrated. She had given her client extensive information on his health problem, but the client continued to be noncompliant in making needed changes. Which of the following principles had the nurse forgotten?
2. A person may have a higher priority than improving his or her health.
3. Information, while necessary, will not motivate people to change.
4. People need repetition over time to be able to absorb information.
5. Physicians, not nurses, are perceived as experts in health.

1. The nurse working with a client to change behavior to maximize health asked the client to bring his family to the next visit. Which of the following best describes why the nurse wants the family to come with the client?
2. To analyze the family�s beliefs about health
3. To determine the family�s support of the client
4. To establish the family�s communication patterns
5. To evaluate the family�s approval of the proposed changes

1. An epidemiologist has written a summary of a food poisoning outbreak, including its cause and ways to prevent it from occurring in the future. Which of the following best describes what has been done?
2. Analytic epidemiology
3. Descriptive epidemiology
4. Prospective cohort study
5. Retrospective cross-sectional survey

1. Two brothers played with their cousin. One brother later became quite ill, whereas the other did not. Which of the following provides the best explanation for this occurrence?
2. Difference in length of time exposed
3. Difference in how actively the children played
4. Difference in genetic inheritance between the two brothers
5. Difference in lifestyle between the two brothers

1. In which of the following circumstances would it be more helpful to use the wheel model of epidemiology than the epidemiological triangle model?
2. When factors outside the triangle model are involved
3. When there are multiple causes for a chronic disease
4. When research has not yet determined the exact cause
5. When trying to explain the situation to a lay person

1. Which of the following best describes the importance of discovering all of the variables that may be involved in creating a disease state in some persons?
2. People want an explanation of why they are ill.
3. Knowing causes helps obtain funds for research to try to create a cure.
4. Finding variables that are susceptible to prevention or early intervention is important.
5. It is important to educate communities on how to avoid any risk factors.

1. Which of the following best describes the advantage of the web of causation model in comparison with the epidemiological triangle model?
2. The web of causation model is easier to understand and use.
3. The web of causation model is more widely known and publicized.
4. The web of causation model is more recent and current.
5. The web of causation model shows the relationships among variables.

1. Which of the following best describes how care can be appropriately given in a community?
2. Provide individualized care to unique individuals as much as resources allow.
3. Consider the community itself as the �client.�
4. Administer care according to the priorities of the local health department.
5. Prioritize care for the sickest populations first.

1. Which of the following provides the most accurate way to explain community health nursing?
2. Being employed outside a medical center, such as in a physician�s office
3. Focusing care on the community as a whole
4. Providing care within the community, rather than a hospital or extended-care facility
5. Working for a public health department

1. Which of the following activities would be most helpful to a person in whom a serious chronic illness has been diagnosed? (CHAPTER 6)
2. Discuss it with a religious leader on a confidential, do-not-tell basis
3. Join a support group of others with the same illness
4. Share the diagnosis with coworkers and neighbors to gain sympathy and support
5. Tell extended family because many diseases have a genetic component

1. Which of the following is a major factor in determining which people or groups are most likely to be helpful to a particular individual? (CHAPTER 6)
2. Anyone who has time to be available
3. Environmental proximity
4. Same employment responsibilities
5. Similar religious faith

1. Which of the following best describes how people typically respond when asked of what community are they a member?
2. Geographic community (neighborhood or city)
3. House of worship participants or members
4. Occupational or professional group
5. Those who are devoted to a particular craft or hobby

1. Which of the following best describes what Lillian Wald suggested in regards to providing care to individuals and families?
2. Public health nurses should encourage clients to join the Henry Street settlement for mutual growth and support among the families.
3. Public health nurses should focus on providing care in the client�s home.
4. Public health nurses should recognize the larger social and economic forces that the family cannot control.
5. Public health nurses should try to understand that educating clients on how to stay healthy is the nurse�s primary responsibility.

1. Which of the following best describes why it is important for the nurse to be knowledgeable about the community when providing care to individuals?
2. As nurses travel to meet with clients, they must know the community to find the client�s residence.
3. On the basis of information from community assessment, community health nurses can be visible and vocal advocates for health care reform.
4. Community health nurses are expected to have information about the community to share with individual clients.
5. Individuals and families are strongly influenced by the community and environment around them.

1. Which of the following best describes how the Health Planning Model for care of aggregates differs from the customary nursing process applied to the care of an individual?
2. The nurse must be aware of age, gender, race, ethnic group, religion, educational background, occupation, and marital status of the aggregate.
3. The nurse must first decide on and define the aggregate to receive care.
4. The nurse must determine how best to ensure that each participant receives an equal number of services.
5. The nurse must choose which health care need should have first priority.

1. A nurse is using a systems framework when caring for individuals, families, and aggregates in the community. Which of the following best describes an aspect that would be more challenging when caring for an aggregate as opposed to caring for an individual?
2. Ability to communicate clearly with the client
3. Analyzing power and decision making within the system
4. Defining the system�s structure and functions
5. Recognizing the system�s goals

1. A nurse is caring for an aggregate as his or her client. Which of the following tasks would the nurse complete first?
2. Determine the setting of the aggregate
3. Gain access into the aggregate
4. Identify the nurse�s own strengths and preferences
5. Review the resources available to use in the community

1. Which of the following best describes what Lillian Wald suggested in regards to providing care to individuals and families?
2. Public health nurses should encourage clients to join the Henry Street settlement for mutual growth and support among the families.
3. Public health nurses should focus on providing care in the client�s home.
4. Public health nurses should recognize the larger social and economic forces that the family cannot control.
5. Public health nurses should try to understand that educating clients on how to stay healthy is the nurse�s primary responsibility.

1. Which of the following best describes why it is important for the nurse to be knowledgeable about the community when providing care to individuals?
2. As nurses travel to meet with clients, they must know the community to find the client�s residence.
3. On the basis of information from community assessment, community health nurses can be visible and vocal advocates for health care reform.
4. Community health nurses are expected to have information about the community to share with individual clients.
5. Individuals and families are strongly influenced by the community and environment around them.

1. Which of the following best describes how the Health Planning Model for care of aggregates differs from the customary nursing process applied to the care of an individual?
2. The nurse must be aware of age, gender, race, ethnic group, religion, educational background, occupation, and marital status of the aggregate.
3. The nurse must first decide on and define the aggregate to receive care.
4. The nurse must determine how best to ensure that each participant receives an equal number of services.
5. The nurse must choose which health care need should have first priority.

1. A nurse is using a systems framework when caring for individuals, families, and aggregates in the community. Which of the following best describes an aspect that would be more challenging when caring for an aggregate as opposed to caring for an individual?
2. Ability to communicate clearly with the client
3. Analyzing power and decision making within the system
4. Defining the system�s structure and functions
5. Recognizing the system�s goals

1. A nurse is caring for an aggregate as his or her client. Which of the following tasks would the nurse complete first?
2. Determine the setting of the aggregate
3. Gain access into the aggregate
4. Identify the nurse�s own strengths and preferences
5. Review the resources available to use in the community

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