What was one advantage that people in rural areas had during the Great Depression that people in cities lacked?

1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: detailed tables [Internet], 2017. (https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2016/NSDUH-DetTabs-2016.pdf2)

2. United States Census Bureau. New census data show differences between urban and rural populations [Internet], 2016. (https://www.census.gov/3)

3. McCall-Hosenfeld JS, Mukherjee S, Lehman EB. The prevalence and correlates of lifetime psychiatric disorders and trauma exposures in urban and rural settings: results from the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R). PLoS ONE 2014; 9(11): e112416. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.01124164 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

4. Stewart EG. Suicide in rural areas In: Stewart EG, ed. Mental Health in Rural America: A Field Guide. New York: Routledge; 2018. [Google Scholar]

5. Kepley HO, Streeter RA. Closing behavioral health workforce gaps: a HRSA program expanding direct mental health service access in underserved areas. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018; 54(6 suppl 3): S190–S191. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.03.0066 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

6. Andrilla CHA, Patterson DG, Garberson LA, Coulthard C, Larson EH. Geographic variation in the supply of selected behavioral health providers. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018; 54(6, Suppl. 3): S199–S207. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.0047 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

7. Myers C. Using telehealth to remediate rural mental health and healthcare disparities. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2019; 40: 233–239. doi: 10.1080/01612840.2018.14991578 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

8. Alvidrez J, Castille D, Laude-Sharp M, Rosario A, Tabor D. The National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework. American Journal of Public Health 2019; 109(S1): S16–S20. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.3048839 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

9. Sufian M, Tabor D, Le P-T. Improving minority health and reducing health disparities: research at the intersection of health disparity science and clinical and translational science. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2017; 1(S1): 81. doi: 10.1017/cts.2017.28510 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

10. Bronfenbrenner U. Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist 1977; 32(7): 513–531. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.51311 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

11. National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. NIMHD Research Framework. [Internet], 2017. (https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/about/overview/research-framework.html)

12. Stewart EG. Rural mental health policy and parity In: Stewart EG, ed. Mental Health in Rural America: A Field Guide. New York: Routledge; 2018. [Google Scholar]

13. Health Resources and Services Administration. Designated health professional shortage areas statistics. Bureau of Health Workforce. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [Internet], 2019. (https://ersrs.hrsa.gov/ReportServer?/HGDW_Reports/)

14. Cheesmond NE, Davies K, Inder KJ. Exploring the role of rurality and rural identity in mental health help-seeking behavior: a systematic qualitative review. Journal of Rural Mental Health 2019; 43: 45–59. [Google Scholar]

15. Health Resources and Services Administration. Office of Rural Health Policy. Mental Health and Rural America: 1994–2005: an overview and annotated bibliography. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [Internet], 2005. (https://www.ruralhealthresearch.org/mirror/6/657/RuralMentalHealth.pdf)

16. Politzer RM, Trible LQ, Robinson TD, et al. The National Health Service Corps for the 21st century. The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 2000; 23(3): 70–85. doi: 10.1097/00004479-200007000-00008 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

17. Larson EH, Patterson DG, Garberson LA, Andrilla CHA. Supply and Distribution of the Behavioral Health Workforce in Rural America. Data Brief #160. Seattle, WA: WWAMI Rural Health Center, University of Washington, Sep 2016. [Google Scholar]

18. Bärnighausen T, Bloom DE. Financial incentives for return of service in underserved areas: a systematic review. BMC Health Services Research 2009; 9: 86. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-9-86 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

19. Pathman DE, Taylor DH, Konrad TR, et al. State scholarship, loan forgiveness, and related programs: the unheralded safety net. JAMA 2000; 284(16): 2084–2092. doi: 10.1001/jama.284.16.2084 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

20. Kelley SF, Decourtney C, Owens X. Behavioral health aides in rural Alaska: their experience in caring for Alaska Native cancer survivors. Journal of Cancer Education 2014; 29(4): 642–648. doi: 10.1007/s13187-014-0609-y [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

21. Slama K. Rural culture is a diversity issue. Minnesota Psychologist 2004; 53(1): 9–13. [Google Scholar]

22. Smalley KB, Warren J, Rainer J. Rural Mental Health: Issues, Policies, and Best Practices. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2012. [Google Scholar]

23. Crumb L, Mingo TM, Crowe A. “Get over it and move on”: the impact of mental illness stigma in rural, low income United States populations. Mental Health and Prevention 2019; 13: 143–148. doi: 10.1016/j.mhp.2019.01.010 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

24. Stewart H, Jameson, JP , & Curtin L. The relationship between stigma and self-reported willingness to use mental health services among rural and urban older adults. Psychological Services 2015; 12(2): 141–148. doi: 10.1037/a0038651 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

25. Gonzalez GE, Brossart, DE. Telehealth videoconferencing psychotherapy in rural primary care. Journal of Rural Mental Health 2015; 39: 137–152. doi: 10.1037/rmh0000037 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

26. Kane JM, Schooler NR, Marcy P, et al. The RAISE early treatment program for first-episode psychosis: background, rationale, and study design. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2015; 76(3): 240–246. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14m09289 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

27. Kelleher KJ, Gardner W. Out of sight, out of mind – behavioral and developmental care for rural children. The New England Journal of Medicine 2017; 376(14): 1301–1303. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1700713 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

28. Gum AM, King-Kallimanis B, Kohn R. Prevalence of mood, anxiety, and substance-abuse disorders for older Americans in the national comorbidity survey-replication. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009; 17: 769–781. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181ad4f5a [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

29. Ricketts TC. Workforce issues in rural areas: a focus on policy equity. American Journal of Public Health 2005; 95: 42–48. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.047597 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

30. Ivey-Stephenson AZ, Crosby AE, Jack SPD, Haileyesus T, Kresnow-Sedacca M. Suicide trends among and within urbanization levels by sex, race/ethnicity, age group, and mechanism of death – United States, 2001–2015. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2017; 66. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6618a1 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

31. Fontanella CA, Hiance-Steelesmith DL, Phillips GS, et al. Widening rural-urban disparities in youth suicides, United States, 1996–2010. JAMA Pediatrics 2015; 169(5): 466–473. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3561 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

32. Polaha J, Williams SL, Heflinger CA, Studts CR. The perceived stigma of mental health services among rural parents of children with psychosocial concerns. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2015; 40(10): 1095–1104. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv054 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

33. Holder KA. “Veterans in Rural America: 2011–2015,” American Community Survey Reports, ACS-36, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2016. [Google Scholar]

34. Kaplan MS, Mcfarland BH, Huguet N, Valenstein M. Suicide risk and precipitating circumstances among young, middle-aged, and older male veterans. American Journal of Public Health 2012; 102(Suppl 1): S131–S137. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Britton PC, Bohnert KM, Ilgen MA, Kane C, Stephens B, Pigeon WR. Suicide mortality among male veterans discharged from Veterans Health Administration acute psychiatric units from 2005 to 2010. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2017; 52(9): 1081–1087. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300445 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

36. Teich J, Ali MM, Lynch S, Mutter R. Utilization of mental health services by veterans living in rural areas. The Journal of Rural Health 2017; 33(3): 297–304. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12221 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

37. James CV, Moonesinghe R, Wilson-Frederick SM, Hall JE, Penman-Aguilar A, Bouye K. Racial/ethnic health disparities among rural adults – United States, 2012–2015. MMWR Surveillance Summaries 2017; 66: 1–9. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6623a1 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

38. Harris RP, Worthen D. African Americans in rural America In: Brown DF, Swanson SE, eds. Challenges for Rural America in the Twenty-First Century. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press; 2003. [Google Scholar]

39. Williams I, Williams D, Pellegrino A, Warren, JC. Providing mental health services for racial, ethic, and sexual orientation minority groups in rural areas In: Smalley KB, Warren JC, Rainer JP, eds. Rural Mental Health: Issues, Policies, and Best Practices. New York: Springer; 2012. [Google Scholar]

40. Haynes TF, Cheney AM, Sullivan JG, et al. Addressing mental health needs: perspectives of African Americans living in the rural south. Psychiatric Services 2017; 68(6): 573–578. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201600208 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

41. Betancourt JR, Green AR, Carillo JE, & Park ER. Cultural competence and health care disparities: Key perceptions and trends. Health Affairs 2005; 24: 499–505. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.499 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

42. Snowden LR, Yamada A. Cultural differences in access to care. Annual Review in Clinical Psychology 2005; 1: 143–166. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143846 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

43. Whaley, AL. Cultural mistrust and mental health services for African Americans: a review and meta analysis. The Counseling Psychologist 2001; 29: 515–531. doi: 10.1177/0011000001294003 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

44. Cooper AE, Corrigan PW, Watson AC. Mental illness stigma and care seeking. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2003; 191(5): 339–341. doi: 10.1097/01.NMD.0000066157.47101.22 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

45. Hedegaard H, Curtin SC, Warner M. Suicide mortality in the United States, 1999–2017. NCHS Data Brief, no 330. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2018. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Hirsch JK, Cukrowicz KC. Suicide in rural areas: an updated review of the literature. Journal of Rural Mental Health 2014; 38: 65–78. doi: 10.1037/rmh0000018 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

47. Cantrell C, Valley-Gray S, Cash RE. Suicide in rural areas: risk factors and prevention In: Smalley KB, Warren JC, Rainer JP, eds. Rural Mental Health: Issues, Policies, and Best Practices. New York: Springer; 2012. 213–228. [Google Scholar]

48. Alston M. Rural male suicide in Australia. Social Science & Medicine 2012; 74: 515–522. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.036 [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

49. Brown CA, Lilford RJ. The stepped wedge design: a systematic review. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2006; 6(54). doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-6-54 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

50. Collins LM. Optimization of Behavioral, Biobehavioral, and Biomedical Interventions: The Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST). New York: Springer, 2018. [Google Scholar]


Page 2