Barr RG, Stemple KJ, Mesia-Vela S, Basner RC, Derk SJ, Henneberger PK, et al. Reproducibility and validity of a handheld spirometer. Respir Care. 2008;53(4):433–41. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18364054.
Gerbase MW, Dupuis-Lozeron E, Schindler C, Keidel D, Bridevaux PO, Kriemler S, et al. Agreement between spirometers: a challenge in the follow-up of patients and populations? Respiration. 2013;85(6):505–14.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Liistro G, Vanwelde C, Vincken W, Vandevoorde J, Verleden G, Buffels J, et al. Technical and functional assessment of 10 office spirometers: A multicenter comparative study. Chest. 2006;130(3):657–65.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Ruppel GL. What is the clinical value of lung volumes? Respir Care. 2012;57(1):26-35-8.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Sue DY. Measurement of lung volumes in patients with obstructive lung disease. A matter of time (constants). Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013;10(5):525–30.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Swanney MP, Beckert LE, Frampton CM, Wallace LA, Jensen RL, Crapo RO. Validity of the American Thoracic Society and other spirometric algorithms using FVC and forced expiratory volume at 6s for predicting a reduced total lung capacity. Chest. 2004;126(6):1861–6.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Dawson SV, Elliott EA. Wave-speed limitation on expiratory flow-a unifying concept. J Appl Physiol. 1977;43(3):498–515. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/914721. Accessed 24 Dec 2016.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Elliott EA, Dawson SV. Test of wave-speed theory of flow limitation in elastic tubes. J Appl Physiol. 1977;43(3):516–22. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/914722. Accessed 24 Dec 2016.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Krowka MJ, Enright PL, Rodarte JR, Hyatt RE. Effect of Effort on Measurement of Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;136(4):829–33.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Sharafkhaneh A, Goodnight-White S, Officer TM, Rodarte JR, Boriek AM. Altered thoracic gas compression contributes to improvement in spirometry with lung volume reduction surgery. Thorax. 2005;60(4):288–92.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sharafkhaneh A, Babb TG, Officer TM, Hanania NA, Sharafkhaneh H, Boriek AM. The Confounding Effects of Thoracic Gas Compression on Measurement of Acute Bronchodilator Response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(4):330–5.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Milic-Emili J, Torchio R, D’Angelo E. Closing volume: a reappraisal (1967–2007). Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007;99(6):567–83.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Leblanc P, Ruff F, Milic-Emili J. Effects of age and body position on "airway closure" in man. J Appl Physiol. 1970;28(4):448–51. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5437433. Accessed 24 Dec 2016.
Mannino DM, Ford ES, Redd SC. Obstructive and restrictive lung disease and functional limitation: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination. J Intern Med. 2003;254(6):540–7. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14641794. Accessed 19 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Arabalibeik H, Khomami MH, Agin K, Setayeshi S. Classification of restrictive and obstructive pulmonary diseases using spirometry data. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2009;142:25–7. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19377105. Accessed 19 Oct 2016.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Javaheri S, Sicilian L. Lung function, breathing pattern, and gas exchange in interstitial lung disease. Thorax. 1992;47(2):93–7. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1549829. Accessed 19 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sharma G, Goodwin J. Effect of aging on respiratory system physiology and immunology. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(3):253–60. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046878. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zeleznik J. Normative aging of the respiratory system. Clin Geriatr Med. 2003;19(1):1–18. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12735112. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mittman C, Edelman NH, Norris AH, Shock NW. Relationship between chest wall and pulmonary compliance and age. J Appl Physiol. 1965;20(6):1211–6. //jap.physiology.org/content/20/6/1211. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
Google Scholar
Janssens JP, Pache JC, Nicod LP. Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with ageing. Eur Respir J. 1999;13(1):197–205. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10836348. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Martin TR, Castile RG, Fredberg JJ, Wohl ME, Mead J. Airway size is related to sex but not lung size in normal adults. J Appl Physiol. 1987;63(5):2042–7. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3693235. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Thurlbeck WM. Postnatal human lung growth. Thorax. 1982;37(8):564–71. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7179184. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Carey MA, Card JW, Voltz JW, Germolec DR, Korach KS, Zeldin DC. The impact of sex and sex hormones on lung physiology and disease: lessons from animal studies. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007;293(2):L272–8.
Bhatti U, Rani K, Memon MQ. Variation in lung volumes and capacities among young males in relation to height. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 26(2):200–2. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25603677. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
Littleton SW. Impact of obesity on respiratory function. Respirology. 2012;17(1):43–9.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Jones RL, Nzekwu M-MU. The effects of body mass index on lung volumes. Chest. 2006;130(3):827–33.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Zavorsky GS, Murias JM, Kim DJ, Gow J, Sylvestre J-L, Christou NV. Waist-to-Hip Ratio Is Associated With Pulmonary Gas Exchange in the Morbidly Obese. Chest. 2007;131(2):362–7.
Mehari A, Afreen S, Ngwa J, Setse R, Thomas AN, Poddar V, et al. Obesity and Pulmonary Function in African Americans. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140610.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Myrianthefs P, Grammatopoulou I, Katsoulas T, Baltopoulos G. Spirometry may underestimate airway obstruction in professional Greek athletes. Clin Respir J. 2014;8(2):240–7.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Myrianthefs P, Baltopoulos G. A higher tidal volume may be used for athletes according to measured FVC. Scientific World Journal. 2013;2013:526138. doi:10.1155/2013/526138.
Lemaitre F, Coquart JB, Chavallard F, Castres I, Mucci P, Costalat G, et al. Effect of additional respiratory muscle endurance training in young well-trained swimmers. J Sports Sci Med. 2013;12(4):630–8. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24421721. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
Rong C, Bei H, Yun M, Yuzhu W, Mingwu Z. Lung function and cytokine levels in professional athletes. J Asthma. 2008;45(4):343–8.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Kamal R, Kesavachandran CN, Bihari V, Sathian B, Srivastava AK. Alterations in Lung Functions Based on BMI and Body Fat % Among Obese Indian Population at National Capital Region. Nepal J Epidemiol. 2015;5(2):470–9.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Piirilä P, Seikkula T, Välimäki P. Differences between Finnish and European reference values for pulmonary diffusing capacity. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2007;66(5):449–57. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18274210. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Korotzer B, Ong S, Hansen JE. Ethnic differences in pulmonary function in healthy nonsmoking Asian-Americans and European-Americans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(4 Pt 1):1101–8.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Rossiter CE, Weill H. Ethnic differences in lung function: evidence for proportional differences. Int J Epidemiol. 1974;3(1):55–61. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4838716. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Whittaker AL, Sutton AJ, Beardsmore CS. Are ethnic differences in lung function explained by chest size? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90(5):F423–8.
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3–95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324–43.
Nystad W, Samuelsen SO, Nafstad P, Langhammer A. Association between level of physical activity and lung function among Norwegian men and women: the HUNT study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10(12):1399–405. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17167959. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pollard AJ, Mason NP, Barry PW, Pollard RC, Collier DJ, Fraser RS, et al. Effect of altitude on spirometric parameters and the performance of peak flow meters. Thorax. 1996;51(2):175–8. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8711651. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
Cogo A, Legnani D, Allegra L. Respiratory function at different altitudes. Respiration. 1997;64(6):416–21. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9383816. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Melam GR, Buragadda S, Alhusaini A, Alghamdi MA, Alghamdi MS, Kaushal P. Effect of Different Positions on FVC and FEV1 Measurements of Asthmatic Patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(4):591–3.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kera T, Maruyama H. The effect of posture on respiratory activity of the abdominal muscles. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2005;24(4):259–65. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16079565. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Nielsen KG, Holte K, Kehlet H. Effects of posture on postoperative pulmonary function. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47(10):1270–5. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616326. Accessed 16 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
LoMauro A, Aliverti A. Respiratory physiology of pregnancy: Physiology masterclass. Breathe (Sheff). 2015;11(4):297–301.
Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J. 2005;26(5):948–68.
Degens P, Merget R. Reference values for spirometry of the European Coal and Steel Community: time for change. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(3):687-8-9.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Miller MR, Quanjer PH, Swanney MP, Ruppel G, Enright PL. Interpreting lung function data using 80% predicted and fixed thresholds misclassifies more than 20% of patients. Chest. 2011;139(1):52–9.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Mannino DM, Diaz-Guzman E. Interpreting lung function data using 80% predicted and fixed thresholds identifies patients at increased risk of mortality. Chest. 2012;141(1):73–80.
Lutfi MF. Review Article Vital capacity derived spirometric measurements. Sudan Med J. 2012;48(1):86–100.
Venkateshiah SB, Ioachimescu OC, McCarthy K, Stoller JK. The utility of spirometry in diagnosing pulmonary restriction. Lung. 186(1):19–25.
Mehrparvar AH, Sakhvidi MJZ, Mostaghaci M, Davari MH, Hashemi SH, Zare Z. Spirometry values for detecting a restrictive pattern in occupational health settings. Tanaffos. 2014;13(2):27–34. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25506373. Accessed 19 Oct 2016.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dykstra BJ, Scanlon PD, Kester MM, Beck KC, Enright PL. Lung volumes in 4,774 patients with obstructive lung disease. Chest. 1999;115(1):68–74. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9925064. Accessed 19 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Quadrelli S, Bosio M, Salvado A, Chertcoff J. [Accuracy of spirometry in the diagnosis of pulmonary restriction]. Medicina (B Aires). 2007;67(6 Pt 2):685–90. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18422058. Accessed 20 Oct 2016.
Google Scholar
Aaron SD, Dales RE, Cardinal P. How accurate is spirometry at predicting restrictive pulmonary impairment? Chest. 1999;115(3):869–73. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10084506. Accessed 20 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Vandevoorde J, Verbanck S, Schuermans D, Broekaert L, Devroey D, Kartounian J, et al. Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in six seconds as predictors of reduced total lung capacity. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(2):391-5.
Lin C-K, Lin C-C. Work of breathing and respiratory drive in obesity. Respirology. 2012;17(3):402–11.
Pelosi P, Croci M, Ravagnan I, Tredici S, Pedoto A, Lissoni A, et al. The effects of body mass on lung volumes, respiratory mechanics, and gas exchange during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1998;87(3):654–60. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9728848. Accessed 20 Oct 2016.
Zerah F, Harf A, Perlemuter L, Lorino H, Lorino AM, Atlan G. Effects of obesity on respiratory resistance. Chest. 1993;103(5):1470–6. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8486029. Accessed 20 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Pellegrino R, Gobbi A, Antonelli A, Torchio R, Gulotta C, Pellegrino GM, et al. Ventilation heterogeneity in obesity. J Appl Physiol. 2014;116(9):1175–81. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01339.2013.
Bencowitz HZ. Inspiratory and expiratory vital capacity. Chest. 1984;85(6):834–5. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6723401. Accessed 22 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Brusasco V, Pellegrino R, Rodarte JR. Vital capacities in acute and chronic airway obstruction: dependence on flow and volume histories. Eur Respir J. 1997;10(6):1316–20. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9192935. Accessed 22 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Chhabra SK. Forced vital capacity, slow vital capacity, or inspiratory vital capacity: which is the best measure of vital capacity? J Asthma. 1998;35(4):361–5. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9669830. Accessed 22 Oct 2016.
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Ranu H, Wilde M, Madden B. Pulmonary function tests. Ulster Med J. 2011;80(2):84–90. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22347750. Accessed 21 Oct 2016.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shin TR, Oh Y-M, Park JH, et al. The Prognostic Value of Residual Volume/Total Lung Capacity in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Korean Med Sci. 2015;30(10):1459–65.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Celli BR, Decramer M, Lystig T, Kesten S, Tashkin DP. Longitudinal inspiratory capacity changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2012;13:66.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
French A, Balfe D, Mirocha JM, Falk JA, Mosenifar Z. The inspiratory capacity/total lung capacity ratio as a predictor of survival in an emphysematous phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:1305–12.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yetkin O, Gunen H. Inspiratory capacity and forced expiratory volume in the first second in exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Respir J. 2008;2(1):36–40.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Zaman M, Mahmood S, Altayeh A. Low inspiratory capacity to total lung capacity ratio is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Am J Med Sci. 2010;339(5):411–4.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Engel T, Heinig JH, Madsen F, Nikander K. Peak inspiratory flow and inspiratory vital capacity of patients with asthma measured with and without a new dry-powder inhaler device (Turbuhaler). Eur Respir J. 1990;3(9):1037–41. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2289551. Accessed 22 Oct 2016.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yuan W, He X, Xu Q-F, Wang H-Y, Casaburi R. Increased difference between slow and forced vital capacity is associated with reduced exercise tolerance in COPD patients. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:16.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tantucci C, Guerini M, Boni E, Corda L, Pini L. Tidal airway closure during bronchoconstriction in asthma: usefulness of lung volume measurements. J Asthma. 2011;48(1):33–40.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Pellegrino R, Antonelli A, Crimi E, Gulotta C, Torchio R, Dutto L, et al. Dependence of bronchoconstrictor and bronchodilator responses on thoracic gas compression volume. Respirology. 2014;19(7):1040–5.
Pellegrino R, Crimi E, Gobbi A, Torchio R, Antonelli A, Gulotta C, et al. Severity grading of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the confounding effect of phenotype and thoracic gas compression. J Appl Physiol. 2015;118(7):796–802.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Wesołowski S, Boros P. Restrictive pattern in spirometry: does FEV(1)/FVC need to be increased? Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2011;79(6):382–7. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028116. Accessed 23 Oct 2016.
PubMed Google Scholar
Balfe DL, Lewis M, Mohsenifar Z. Grading the severity of obstruction in the presence of a restrictive ventilatory defect. Chest. 2002;122(4):1365–9. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12377866. Accessed 23 Oct 2016.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Boros P, Franczuk M, Wesołowski S. ["Mixed" changes in spirometry--verification of the pattern of lung function impairment]. Pneumonol Alergol Pol. 2003;71(11–12):527–32. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15305658. Accessed 23 Oct 2016.
PubMed Google Scholar
Gardner ZS, Ruppel GL, Kaminsky DA. Grading the severity of obstruction in mixed obstructive-restrictive lung disease. Chest. 2011;140(3):598–603.
Chevalier-Bidaud B, Gillet-Juvin K, Callens E, Chenu R, Graba S, Essalhi M, et al. Non specific pattern of lung function in a respiratory physiology unit: causes and prevalence: results of an observational cross-sectional and longitudinal study. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:148.
Hyatt RE, Cowl CT, Bjoraker JA, Scanlon PD. Conditions associated with an abnormal nonspecific pattern of pulmonary function tests. Chest. 2009;135(2):419–24.
Iyer VN, Schroeder DR, Parker KO, Hyatt RE, Scanlon PD. The nonspecific pulmonary function test: longitudinal follow-up and outcomes. Chest. 2011;139(4):878–86.
Page 2
Standard lung volumes and capacities from a spirometer trace. The solid black and gray arrows indicate lung volumes and capacities respectively