What is it called when the combined action of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual actions?

1. Gravitz L. Chemoprevention: first line of defence. Nature. 2011;471:S5-S7 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Codd EE, Martinez RP, Molino L, Rogers KE, Stone DJ, Tallarida RJ. Tramadol and several anticonvulsants synergize in attenuating nerve injury-induced allodynia. Pain. 2008;134:254-62 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Tallarida RJ, Kimmel HL, Holtzman SG. Theory and statistics of detecting synergism between two active drugs: cocaine and buprenorphine. Psychopharmacology. 1997;133:378-82 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Tallarida RJ. Drug synergism and dose-effect data analysis (monograph). Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Chapman-Hall; 2000 [Google Scholar]

5. Tallarida RJ. An overview of drug combination analysis with isobolograms: perspectives in pharmacology. Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;319:1-7 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Tallarida RJ. Interactions between drugs and occupied receptors. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;113:197-209 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. Tallarida RJ, Raffa RB. The application of drug dose equivalence in the quantitative analysis of receptor occupation and drug combinations. Pharmacol Ther. 2010;127:165-74 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Loewe S. Die Mischiarnei. Klin Wochenschr. 1927;6:1077-85 [Google Scholar]

9. Loewe S. Die quantitativen Probleme der Pharmakologie. Ergebn Physiol. 1928;27:47-187 [Google Scholar]

10. Loewe S. The problem of synergism and antagonism of combined drugs. Arzneimittelforschung. 1953;3:285-90 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Bliss CI. The toxicity of poisons applied jointly. Ann Appl Biol. 1939;26:585-615 [Google Scholar]

12. Gessner PK, Cabana BE. A study of the hypnotic and of the toxic effects of chloral hydrate and ethanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1970;174:247-59 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Gessner PK. Isobolographic analysis of interactions: an update on applications and utility. Toxicology. 1995;105:161-79 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Adams JU, Tallarida RJ, Geller EB, Adler MW. Isobolographic super-additivity between delta and mu opioid agonists in the rat depends on the ratio of compounds, the mu agonist and the analgesic assay used. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993;266:1261-7 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL. Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and clonidine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;288:1107-16 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Hammond DL, Hurley RW, Glabow TS, Tallarida RJ. Characterization of the interaction between supraspinal and spinal delta-1 and delta-2 opioid receptors in the production of antinociception in the rat. Presented at Soc Neurosci. 1998 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Kimmel HL, Tallarida RJ, Holtzman SG. Synergism between buprenorphine and cocaine on the rotational behavior of the nigrally-lesioned rat. Psychopharmacology. 1997;133:372-7 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Ossipov MH, Harris S, Lloyd P, Messineo E. An isobolographic analysis of the antinociceptive effect of systemically and intrathecally administered combinations of clonidine and opiates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990;255:1107-16 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Tallarida RJ, Stone DJ, McCary JD, Raffa RB. A response surface analysis of synergism between morphine and clonidine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;289:8-13 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Wilcox GL, Carlsson KH, Jochim A, Jurna I. Mutual potentiation of antinociceptive effects of morphine and clonidine on motor and sensory responses in rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 1987;405:84-93 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Porreca F, Jiang Qi, Tallarida RJ. Modulation of morphine antinociception by peripheral [Leu5]-enkephalin: a synergistic interaction. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990;179:463-8 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Raffa RB, Friderichs E, Reimann W, Shank RP, Codd EE, Vaught JL, et al. Complementary and synergistic antinociceptive interaction between the enantiomers of tramadol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993;267:331-40 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Woolverton WL, Wang Z, Vasterling T, Carroll F, Tallarida RJ. Self-administration of drug mixtures by monkeys: combining drugs with comparable mechanisms of action. Pychopharmacology. 2008;196:575-82 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Woolverton WL, Wang Z, Vasterling T, Tallarida RJ. Self-administration of cocaine-remifentanil mixtures by monkeys: an isobolographic analysis. Psychopharmacology. 2008;198:387-94 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Tanda G, Hauck Newman A, Ebbs AL, Valeria Tronci V, Green J, Tallarida RJ, et al. Combinations of cocaine with other dopamine uptake inhibitors: assessment of additivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;330:802-9 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Tallarida RJ, Cowan A, Raffa RB. Antinociceptive synergy, additivity, and subadditivity with combinations of oral glucosamine plus nonopioid analgesics in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;307:699-704 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Grabovsky Y, Tallarida RJ. Isobolographic analysis for combinations of a full and partial agonist: curved isoboles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004;310:981-6 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Tallarida RJ, Raffa RB. Testing for synergism over a range of fixed ratio drug combinations: replacing the isobologram. Life Sciences 1996;58:PL23-8 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Chou TC. Theoretical basis, experimental design, and computerized simulation of synergism and antagonism in drug combination studies. Pharmacol Rev. 2006;58:621-81 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]