The purpose of exculpatory scenarios is to:

A psychologist testifying in court feels it is his responsibility to correctly and clearly present scientific findings, even if this may lead to an unfair verdict. According to Saks (1990), such an expert fulfills the role of _________-_________.

Isabella is advocating for a change in the way domestic violence victims are treated by police and courts. This is an example of the _________ role placed by psychologists in the legal system.

The primary role of psychological science is to provide accurate _____________ of _______ ___________.

explanations
human behavior

The goal psychology is to emphasize the characteristics of _______; whereas the goal of the legal system is to emphasize _________ cases.

Sylvester's hired by the defense to help select the jurors who would be less likely to convict. This is an example of the ________ role played by psychologists in the legal system.

Doing a trial, each side is trying to win their case. However, the goal of the legal system overall is to achieve ________.

Ricardo is conducting research on the effects of solitary confinement on mental health. This is an example of the _________ role played by psychologists and the system.

According to the textbook, police prefer a confession because: a) interrogators have a chance to practice their skills b) confessions save time c) confessions always guarantee a conviction in court

d) suspects are relieved after admitting to crime

According to studies, which form of evidence is most incriminating?a) eyewitness testimony b) expert testimony c) confession

d) DNA analysis

The tendency to attribute others' behavior to dispositional causes such as personality is referred to as: a) fundamental attribution error b) functional fixedness c) frustration-aggression hypothesis

d) false memory syndrome

a) fundamental attribution error

During interrogation of a suspect, openly physical brutality was _____ prior to 1930.a) rarely used b) sometimes approved c) generally avoided

d) frequently used

After the publication of the Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement in 1931. Changes in legislation resulted in the move from ______ physical abuse to ______ forms of abuse.

Michelle is in custody and being interrogated. One of the police officers is being nice and one accuses her of committing a crime because of her greed. The behavior of the police officers is an example of playing _____ ____ - ____ ____.

Hugo was interrogated alone and told repeatedly that his guilt is corroborated by both physical evidence and eyewitness accounts. This approach most likely embodies the following strategy used by police during Hugo's interrogation: a) sense of loss of control and entitlement b) autonomous perspective and certainty of guilt c) social isolation and certainty of guilt

d) loss of control and autonomous perspective

c) social isolation and certainty of guilt

The purpose of exculpatory scenarios is to:a) provide various possible reasons for the crime to have been committed b) increase probability of admission of guilt through offering a justification for actions c) reduce confusing circumstances, so an admission of guilt is easier to produce

d) maximize the importance of the suspect's reason for committing the crime

b) increase probability of admission of guilt through offering a justification for actions

Jeremy purposely confessed to a crime he did not commit to cover for his wife. This type of confession is referred to as an ___________-_________ confession.

Lying is considered to be an adaptive behavior from an __________ point of view.

Lying can best be described as ___________.

The tendency to seek out information that supports our belief is otherwise known as ___________ _____.

If a person is lying, a polygraph can pick up the following changes in his or her physiological functions EXCEPT: a) breathing b) perspiration c) heart rate

d) brain activity

The comparison question test (CQT) posits that guilty individuals react more strongly to ________ questions; whereas innocent individuals react more strongly to __________ questions.

Techniques such as biting the time, pressing the toes to the floor, or counting backwards are all examples of:a) aiding in polygraph testing b) countermeasures to polygraph testing c) aversion to polygraph testing

d) liar's stereotype

b) countermeasures to polygraph testing

The rates of polygraph accuracy have been calculated using controlled lab studies and mock crimes. These rates are likely to be somewhat inflated for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a) subjects in these studies do not have much to lose b) lies that subjects in these studies have to tell are very simple c) the polygraph machines used in these studies are outdated

d) subjects in these studies were not trained in countermeasures

c) the polygraph machines used in these studies are outdated

The polygraph may be used as a ________ tactic to evoke a ___________

The ______ shows a video image of the brain in action.

According to the text, the "_______ hypothesis" posits that human intelligence was accelerated by the need for humans to develop social skills related to manipulation, pretense, and deception. a) crystallized intelligence b) fluid intelligence c) Goleman's emotional intelligence

d) Machiavellian intelligence

d) Machiavellian intelligence

Forensic identification may result in inconclusive findings EXCEPT when:a) a fingerprint is partial b) a tire thread is incomplete c) a fingerprint is smudged

d) a tire thread is clear

d) a tire thread is clear

__________ refers to the consistency of a measure or observation.

Shelly testifies in court that the DNA recovered at the crime scene is likely to come from the suspect because less than 0.0001% of population have this specific genetic marker. This type of identification is called: a) simple match b) match plus statistics c) qualitative statement

d) inconclusive

Two fingerprint examiners have independently concluded that the suspect can be excluded as the source of the print. This scenario illustrates the _____ of fingerprint analysis as a measure. a) inter-rater reliability b) test-retest reliability c) temporal consistency

d) interpersonal validity

b) test-retest reliability

To reduce error and bias, test should be “double-blind,” which means that:a) the analyst does not know the answer and does not know he or she is being tested b) the analyst does not know he or she is being tested and does not know the procedure c) the examiner is given routine testing twice a year

d) the examiner is given routine testing twice a year while being blindfolded

a) the analyst does not know the answer and does not know he or she is being tested

Forensic evidence is almost always tested _______. a) at the crime scene, and the results are available within minutes b) at the crime scene, and the suspect is identified in 50% of cases c) in labs independently financed by a neutral party

d) in labs closely affiliated with the prosecution

d) in labs closely affiliated with the prosecution

Research reveals that jurors: a) have difficulty interpreting statistical statementsb) understand statistical information reasonably well c) rely on qualitative results only

d) rely on quantitative results only

a) have difficulty interpreting statistical statements