How should the central ray be angled for the ap projection (pearson method) of the ac joints?

According to the text, which of the following breathing techniques should be used for an AP projectionof the humerus?suspended respirationfull inspirationfull expiration

shallow breathing

According to the text, which of the following should be in the same plane for a lateral projection of theelbow?(1) Wrist joint(2) Elbow joint(3) Shoulder joint1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

For a PA projection of the hand, the central ray is directed to the:second MCP jointthird MCP jointfourth MCP joint

third PIP joint

The first bone located on the proximal row and lateral side of the wrist is called the:trapezoidtrapeziumlunate

scaphoid

According to the text, which of the following methods is used when the arm cannot be abducted for the standard AP or lateral projection of the humerus?StecherLawrenceNorgaard

Gaynor-Hart

Rotating the arm medially for a lateral projection of the humerus will place the epicondyles:at a 30degree angle with the plane of the IRat a 45degree angle with the plane of the IRparallel with the plane of the IR

perpendicular with the plane of the IR

The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the:radial headtrochlealateral epicondyle

ulnar coronoid process

The central ray for a PA projection of the wrist is directed to the:radiocarpal jointscaphoidmidcarpal area

third CMC joint

If a patient is unable to extend the forearm for an AP projection of the elbow, how many projections are necessary to avoid distortion of the joint?234

Flexing the fingers for a PA projection of the wrist causes which of the following:placement of the carpal bones farther from the IRplacement of the carpal bones closer to the IRless pain for the patient when the wrist is broken

greater resolution of the carpal interspaces

placement of the carpal bones closer to the IR

For the AP projection of the elbow, the humeral epicondyles are:perpendicular to the IRparallel to the IRsuperimposed over each other

not clearly seen

The PA axial projection of the wrist (Stecher method) clearly demonstrates the:lunatecapitatescaphoid

distal row of carpal bones

For the lateral projection of the forearm, the elbow should be flexed:45 degrees80 degrees90 degrees

120 degrees

The lateral projection of the forearm should clearly demonstrate which of the following?(1) Elbow joint(2) Radius and ulna(3) Proximal row of carpal bones1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

According to the text, when performing a lateral projection of the wrist, the elbow must be flexed:0 degrees25 degrees45 degrees

90 degrees

The carpal bones articulate with the:(1) Radius(2) Ulna(3) Phalanges1 only2 only3 only

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following positions of the hand will place the epicondyles parallel with the plane of theIR?lateralpronesupine

45 degrees oblique

The PA projection of the wrist in ulnar deviation clearly demonstrates the:trapeziumtrapezoidhamate

scaphoid

For a PA projection of the second digit, the central ray is directed to thedistal interphalangeal jointproximal interphalangeal jointmetacarpophalangeal joint

carpometacarpal joint

proximal interphalangeal joint

The hand consists of how many bones?81427

How many phalanges are there in the hand?142730

How much is the body rotated for a PA oblique projection of the shoulder?30 degrees45 degrees60 degrees

45 to 60 degrees

When the patient is positioned properly for a lateral projection of the scapula, the body of the scapulawill be:perpendicular to the plane of the IRparallel with the plane of the IRat a 30degreeangle to the plane of the IRat a 60degree

angle to the plane of the IR

perpendicular to the plane of the IR

How should the central ray be angled for the AP projection (Pearson method) of the AC joints?0 degrees5 degrees cephalad7 degrees cephalad

5 to 7 degrees cephalad

Which of the following bones makes up the shoulder girdle?(1) Humerus(2) Scapula(3) Clavicle1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

If the patient places the palm of the hand against the thigh, the humerus will be in:lateral positionexternal rotationinternal rotation

neutral position

How many degrees is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of theshoulder joint?20 degrees toward the affected side20 degrees away from the affected side35 to 45 degrees away from the affected side

35 to 45 degrees toward the affected side

In order to elevate the clavicle above the ribs and scapula for the AP axial projection, the phase of respiration should be:full inspirationfull expirationshallow breathing

suspended respiration

The respiration phase for an AP projection of the shoulder should be:inspirationexpirationsuspended

shallow breathing

Which of the following is prominently shown in profile on an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in external rotation?lesser tuberclegreater tuberclescapulohumeral joint

acromioclavicular joint

The acromial extremity of the clavicle articulates with the:glenoid cavitycoracoid processsternal extremity of the clavicle

acromion process of the scapula

For delineation of the acromion and coracoid processes of the scapula in the lateral projection, the arm is positioned as follows:flex the elbow and place the hand on the anterior abdomenflex the elbow and place the hand on the posterior thoraxextend the arm upward and rest the forearm on the head

extend the arm straight down at the side in the anatomical position

flex the elbow and place the hand on the posterior thorax

When the arm cannot be rotated or abducted due to injury, which of the following can be used toperform a lateral projection of the shoulder?Tangential projection, Settegast methodPA axial projection, Holmblad methodTransthoracic lateral projection, Lawrence method

AP projection, Pearson method

Transthoracic lateral projection, Lawrence method

For an AP projection of the shoulder with the arm in a neutral position, the epicondyles of thehumerus should be:parallel with the plane of the IRperpendicular with the plane of the IR45 degrees with the plane of the IR

60 degrees with the plane of the IR

45 degrees with the plane of the IR

For an AP projection of the shoulder with the humerus in internal rotation, the epicondyles of thehumerus should be:perpendicular to the plane of the IRparallel to the plane of the IR45 degrees with the plane of the IR

60 degrees with the plane of the IR

perpendicular to the plane of the IR

The centralrayangle for an AP axial projection of the clavicle when performed on a patient in the supine position is:15 degrees25 degrees15 to 25 degrees

15 to 30 degrees

Which of the following positions of the humerus are commonly used when performing an APprojection of the shoulder?(1) External rotation(2) Neutral rotation(3) Internal rotation1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

Two exposures are commonly made of the AC joints—one without weights and one with weights. According to the text, how are the weights applied?affixed to the elbowsaffixed to the wristsheld in the hands

held by the fingers

PA oblique projection of the shoulder (scapular Y) is performed to evaluate:carcinomafracturesdislocations

soft tissue swelling

The AP projection of the AC joints places the joints at an increased OID. Which of the following is therecommended SID to compensate for this distance?40 inches48 inches72 inches

120 inches

What is the centralrayangle for the PA oblique projection (scapular Y) of the shoulder joint?0 degrees5 degrees caudad10 degrees caudad

15 degrees caudad

How is the arm positioned for an AP scapula?abducted 90 degrees, forearm flexedabducted 90 degrees, forearm extendedadducted, lateral rotation

adducted, medial rotation

abducted 90 degrees, forearm flexed

How far should the arm be abducted for an inferosuperior projection of the shoulder joint?15 degrees30 degrees45 degrees

90 degrees

Which of the following structures is projected in lateral profile on a PA oblique (scapular Y) projection?humerusscapulaclavicle

acromion

Which of the following projections clearly demonstrates the glenoid cavity?APPA oblique (scapular Y)AP oblique (Grashey)

Transthoracic lateral (Lawrence)

The large, rounded, elevated process prominently located on the lateral surface of the proximalhumerus is the:greater tuberclelesser tuberclemedial epicondyle

lateral epicondyle

Which of the following projections can be used to demonstrate the clavicle?(1) AP or PA(2) AP axial(3) PA axial1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

In order to demonstrate the greater tubercle of the humerus on an AP projection of the shoulder, theepicondyles must be:in a neutral positionat a 45degreeangle with the plane of the IRparallel with the plane of the IR

perpendicular with the plane of the IR

parallel with the plane of the IR

The Pearson method is an AP projection of the:shoulder jointproximal humerusscapulohumeral joint

acromioclavicular articulation

The rounded head of the humerus fits into an oval depression on the lateral aspect of the scapulacalled the:neckacromionlateral angle

glenoid cavity

What is the centralrayangulation for the AP oblique projection (Grashey method) of the shoulderjoint?0 degrees5 degrees0 to 5 degrees

5 to 10 degrees

Which of the following will be directly superimposed over the junction of the Y on the PA oblique (scapular Y) projection?humerushumeral headcoracoid process

acromion process

For an AP projection of the shoulder, the central ray should enter:1 inch inferior to the coracoid process1 inch inferior to the acromion2 inches inferior to the coracoid process

2 inches inferior to the acromion

1 inch inferior to the coracoid process

For the PA oblique projection (scapular Y) of the shoulder, the body is rotated so that the midcoronalplane is how many degrees from the IR?25 degrees45 degrees45 to 60 degrees

25 to 60 degrees

The respiration phase for the axiolateral projection of the hip (DaneliusMiller)is:inspirationexpirationsuspended respiration

shallow breathing

Which of the following describes the position of the IR for the axiolateral projection of the hip(DaneliusMiller)?1 parallel with the long axis of the femoral neck2 its upper border in the crease above the iliac crest3 perpendicular to the long axis of the femur1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

How much should the thighs be abducted for the AP oblique projection of the femoral necks (modifiedCleaves method)?10 degrees20 degrees30 degrees

45 degrees

What is the recommended collimated field size for an AP hip?6 × 6 inches (15 × 15 cm)8 × 10 inches (18 × 24 cm)10 × 12 inches (24 × 30 cm)

14 × 17 inches (35 × 43 cm)

10 × 12 inches (24 × 30 cm)

Which of the following will be shown "in profile" if the lower limbs are in correct position for an AP pelvis?lesser trochantersgreater trochantersanterior superior iliac spines

anterior inferior iliac spines

The body is placed at what angle for the AP oblique projection (Judet method) of the acetabulum?45 degrees50 degrees40 to 50 degrees

45 to 60 degrees

Which of the following methods demonstrate the hip in an axiolateral projection?Chassard-Lapinémodified CleavesDanelius-Miller

Lauenstein, Hickey

What is the respiration phase for the AP projection of the pelvis?full expirationfull inspirationsuspended respiration

shallow breathing

Which of the following best describes the female pelvis?1 heavy bones2 oval inlet3 wide outlet1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

What is the centralrayangle for an AP projection of the hip?15 degrees20 degrees15 to 20 degrees

perpendicular

The hip bone is composed of which of the following:1 ilium2 pubis3 ischium1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

The longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body is the:femurpelvisskull

humerus

How many degrees should the feet and lower limbs be internally rotated for an AP pelvis radiograph?5 to 10 degrees15 to 20 degrees20 to 30 degrees

25 to 30 degrees

Which of the following describes the direction of the central ray for an axiolateral projection of the hip(DaneliusMiller)?1 perpendicular to the IR2 perpendicular to the long axis of the femoral neck3 perpendicular to the long axis of the femur1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following methods will demonstrate the hip in a lateral projection?Cleavesmodified CleavesDanelius-Miller

Lauenstein, Hickey

How many degrees is the lower limb and foot rotated internally for an AP hip?5 degrees12 degrees15 to 20 degrees

30 degrees

The ilia articulate with the sacrum posteriorly at the:hip jointpubic symphysissacroiliac joint

lumbar-5 and sacral-1 area

Which of the following rami are a part of the pubis?1 superior2 inferior3 ischial1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

Which of the following IR sizes, and which position, are used for the AP projection of the hip?10 × 12 inch (24 × 30 cm), crosswise10 × 12 inch (24 × 30 cm), lengthwise14 × 17 inch (35 × 43 cm), lengthwise

14 × 17 inch (35 × 43 cm), crosswise

10 × 12 inch (24 × 30 cm), lengthwise

How far apart should the heels be placed in order to internally rotate the lower limbs for an AP pelvis?8 inches10 inches15 inches

8 to 10 inches

The neck of the femur projects anteriorly at an approximate angle of:15 degrees20 degrees15 to 20 degrees

20 to 25 degrees

Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP hip?the midsagittal plane (MSP) at the level of the ASISa sagittal plane 2 inches lateral from MSP at the level of the pubic symphysis2 1/2 inches (6.4 cm) distal on a line drawn perpendicular to the midpoint of a line between ASIS and pubic symphysis

a sagittal plane 3 inches medial to the ASIS

2 1/2 inches (6.4 cm) distal on a line drawn perpendicular to the midpoint of a line between ASIS and pubic symphysis

How much is the central ray angled for the AP oblique projection (Judet method) of the acetabulum?0 degrees10 degrees12 degrees

15 degrees

Which of the following is an important and frequently used radiographic positioning reference point?acetabulumischial spineanterior superior iliac spine

posterior superior iliac spine

anterior superior iliac spine

Where is the IR centered for an AP pelvis?midway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysisat the level of the ASISat the level of the pubic symphysis

2 inches below the iliac crest

midway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis

Unless contraindicated, the lower limb and leg should be internally rotated for an axiolateral projection of the hip (DaneliusMiller).How many degrees of rotation are required?10 degrees15 degrees20 degrees

15 to 20 degrees

What is the centralrayentrance point for the AP oblique projection (Judet method) of theacetabulum?2 inches superior to the ASIS2 inches inferior to the ASIS3 inches superior to the ASIS

3 inches inferior to the ASIS

2 inches inferior to the ASIS

How many phalanges are in the foot?Selected Answer: 14Answers: 5714

Which ankle projection will clearly demonstrate the ankle mortise in profile?APAP oblique, 15 to 20degree internal rotationAP oblique, 45degree internal rotation

AP oblique, 45degree external rotation

AP oblique, 15 to 20degree internal rotation

The central ray is directed to which of the following for an AP or AP axial projection of the foot?head of the second metatarsalhead of the third metatarsalbase of the third metatarsal

base of the fourth metatarsal

base of the third metatarsal

To prevent lateral rotation, how should the foot be positioned for a lateral projection of the ankle?in dorsiflexionin plantar flexionon a 10degree-angle wedge

on a 15degree-angle wedge

For an AP projection of the ankle, the central ray must enter the:talussubtalar jointtalofibular joint

ankle joint, midway between the malleoli

When the knee is properly positioned for an AP projection, the patella will lie:directly in the center of the limbslightly to the medial sideslightly to the lateral side

parallel with the tabletop

slightly to the medial side

Posteriorly, the femoral condyles are separated by a deep depression called the:popliteal surfaceintercondylar eminencepatellar surface

intercondylar fossa

Which of the following will ensure that the knee is in proper position for a lateral projection?1 epicondyles are perpendicular to the IR2 patella is perpendicular to the IR3 leg is flexed 20 to 30 degrees1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

How many bones are in the foot?142627

What is the position of the femoral epicondyles when the leg is properly positioned for an APprojection?perpendicular to the IRparallel to the IRat a 15to20degree oblique position (laterally)

at a 15to20degree oblique position (medially)

For an axial projection of the calcaneus, the ankle should be dorsiflexed so the plantar surface of thefoot is:parallel with the central rayperpendicular to the central ray70 degrees from the plane of the IR

90 degrees from the plane of the IR

To demonstrate the ankle mortise, the leg and foot should be rotated medially how many degrees?10 degrees25 degrees45 degrees

15 to 20 degrees

If the knee is flexed 40 degrees for the PA axial intercondylar fossa (CampCoventry)projection, thecentral ray will be angled:0 degrees40 degrees50 degrees

40 to 50 degrees

Where is the central ray directed for an AP projection of the knee?1/2 inch above the patellar base1/2 inch above the patellar apex1/2 inch below the patellar base

1/2 inch below the patellar apex

On which aspect of the foot does the cuboid lie?lateralmedialsuperior

inferior

When the malleoli of the ankle are positioned parallel with the IR, the ankle is in position for which projection?APAP oblique, 45degree lateral rotationAP oblique, 45 degree medial rotation

AP oblique, 15 to 20 degree medial rotation for the ankle mortise

Where will the fibula be located on a properly positioned lateral radiograph of the ankle?directly over the tibiabehind the tibiaover the anterior half of the tibia

over the posterior half of the tibia

On the anterior surface of the tibia is a prominent process called the:bodyanterior bordertibial tuberosity

intercondylar eminence

Where is the central ray directed for a lateral projection of the calcaneus?1 inch distal to the medial malleolus2 inches distal to the medial malleolus1 inch posterior to the medial malleolus

2 inches posterior to the medical malleolus

1 inch distal to the medial malleolus

Where is the IR centered for an AP projection of the knee?1/2 inch above the patellar apex1 inch above the patellar apex1/2 inch below the patellar apex

1 inch below the patellar apex

1/2 inch below the patellar apex

The medial and lateral oblique projections of the ankle require the leg and foot to be rotated how many degrees?15 degrees20 degrees45 degrees

15 to 20 degrees

The inferior aspect of the foot is termed the:posterior surfacecaudal surfacedorsal surface

plantar surface

In order to place the patella parallel with the plane of the IR for a PA projection, the heel must be rotated:5 to 10 degrees laterally5 to 10 degrees medially10 to 15 degrees laterally

10 to 15 degrees medially

5 to 10 degrees laterally

For an AP oblique projection of the knee, the limb is rotated:25 degrees30 degrees45 degrees

30 to 40 degrees

The two flat, superior surfaces of the tibia are called the:tuberclesmalleolicondyles

tibial plateaus

The proximal end of the tibia presents two prominent processes called the:tuberclescondylesmalleoli

tuberosities

How many tarsal bones are in the foot?456

Which of the following methods are used to demonstrate the intercondylar fossa?1 Holmblad (PA axial)2 CampCoventry (PA axial)3 Settegast (tangential)1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

For a lateral projection of the ankle, the central ray must enter the:naviculartibiofibular jointmedial malleolus

lateral malleolus

What is the centralray angulation for the axial (plantodorsal) projection of the calcaneus?25 degrees30 degrees35 degrees

40 degrees

How much should the leg be flexed for a lateral projection of the knee?10 degrees45 degrees10 to 20 degrees

20 to 30 degrees

The essential projections of the calcaneus are:1 axial (plantodorsal)2 axial (dorsoplantar)3 lateral (mediolateral)1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

The central-ray angulation for a lateral projection of the knee is:0 degrees5 to 7 degrees caudad dependent upon the ASIS to tabletop measure

5 to 7 degrees cephalad

Which of the following is clearly demonstrated on an AP oblique projection of the knee in medialrotation?distal fibulatibiotalar articulationpatellofemoral joint space

tibiofibular articulation

Which position is the patient placed in for a PA projection of the patella?supinepronelateral

upright

The area between the two lungs is termed the:carinathoraxmediastinum

pleural space

What is the most optimal position of the patient for examinations of the heart and lungs?pronesupineupright

decubitus

Which of the following are advantages of using an SID of 72 inches for chest radiography?(1) Decreased magnification of the heart(2) Sharper outlines of the delicate lung structures(3) Greater penetration of the mediastinum1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

Which plane must be accurately parallel with the IR to prevent distortion of the thoracic structures during a lateral chest radiograph?coronal planehorizontal planetransverse plane

midsagittal plane

How far above the top of the shoulders should the IR be positioned for any decubitus position of the chest?at the level of the shoulders1 1/2 to 2 inches above the shoulders2 to 3 inches above the shoulders

3 to 4 inches above the shoulders

1 1/2 to 2 inches above the shoulders

How long should the patient remain in position before making the exposure when performing a projection in the lateral or dorsal decubitus position?1 minute2 minutes5 minutes

10 minutes

Which positioning maneuver moves the scapulae out of the lateral aspects of the lungs?placing the backs of the hands low on the hipsrolling the shoulders forwarddepressing the shoulders to lie in the same transverse plane

placing the patient in an upright position

rolling the shoulders forward

Which of the following exposure techniques is required to penetrate all of the thoracic anatomy?low kVphigh kVpshort exposure time

long exposure time

The AP oblique projection, RPO position of the chest corresponds to and essentially produces the same image as the:AP oblique projection, LPOPA oblique projection, RAO

PA oblique projection, LAO

Where does the trachea lie in relation to the esophagus?posterioranteriorto the left

to the right

For PA oblique projections of the chest, the side of interest is generally:the side closer to the IR

the side farther from the IR

What is the central-rayangulation for an AP or PA oblique projection of the chest?0 degrees10 degrees caudad15 to 20 degrees caudad for PA

15 to 20 degrees cephalad for AP

If the lateral decubitus position is used to demonstrate free air in the pleural cavity, which side must the patient lie on?affected sideunaffected side

either side

Which of the following best describes the position of the thymus gland?in the mediastinumin the anterior neckbehind the heart

behind the manubrium

The part of the lung that extends above the clavicle is termed the:apexbasehilum

lingula

How far above the shoulders should the IR be positioned for PA and lateral chest radiographs?1 inch2 inches3 inches

1 1/2 to 2 inches

The thoracic viscera consists of the:(1) Lungs(2) Mediastinum(3) Diaphragm1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

What is the recommended SID for a PA chest radiograph?40 inches48 inches72 inches

120 inches

How many ribs should be visible above the diaphragm on a PA chest radiograph?91011

If the lateral decubitus position is used to demonstrate fluid in the pleural cavity, which side must the patient lie on?affected sideunaffected side

either side

The respiratory system proper consists of the:(1) Larynx(2) Trachea and bronchi(3) Both lungs1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

What is the optimal respiration phase for a PA or lateral chest radiograph?full inspiration—first breathfull expiration—first breathfull inspiration—second breath

full expiration—second breath

full inspiration—second breath

Which of the following must be clearly demonstrated on xrayprojections done using a decubitusposition?(1) Entire lung fields(2) Patient's arms not visible in the image(3) Identification to indicate which decubitus1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

A chronic condition with persistent obstruction of the bronchial airflow is termed:bronchitisbronchotomybronchiectasis

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

The presence of gas or air in the pleural cavity is termed:pneumoniaspneumothoraxpneumomediastinum

pneumopericardium

The radiographic projections performed using the decubitus positions are:(1) Oblique(2) Lateral(3) AP/PA1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

Inflammation of the bronchi would be termed:branchiomabronchitisbronchotomy

bronchiectasis

Why is the left lateral chest position the most commonly used for lateral radiographs of the chest?less chance of body rotationpatient's heart is closer to the IRthere is greater magnification of the heart

easier to visualize interlobar fissures

patient's heart is closer to the IR

Which of the following are a part of the mediastinum?(1) Lungs(2) Heart(3) Esophagus1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

According to the text, where are the hands placed for a PA projection of the chest?back of the hands on the hipspalm of the hands on the hipsback of the hands on the lateral thighs

palm of the hands on the lateral thighs

back of the hands on the hips

After entering the hilum, each primary bronchus divides. How many primary branches are in the rightlung?234

Fluid that collects in the pleural cavity is termed:pneumoniapneumoconiosispleural effusion

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

What is the centralrayangle for a PA chest radiograph?5 degrees caudad5 degrees cephalad5 to 7 degrees caudad

perpendicular

What is the name of the double-walled serous membrane sac that encloses the lung?lingulapleurapleural cavity

costodiaphragmatic recess

When fluid replaces air in the lung interstitium and alveoli, the patient is said to have:pulmonary edemapneumoniapleural effusion

pneumothorax

Which of the following would not be included in the mediastinum?(1) Thymus(2) Larynx(3) Diaphragm1 and 21 and 32 and 3

1, 2, and 3

Majority of FB's in the lungs occur _____. Why?

More commonly, the FB is found in the bronchial tree, and most frequently in the right main stem bronchus, which is larger and more in line with the trachea.

Where does the exchange of air and carbon dioxide occur?

Each lung contains millions of alveoli. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion within the walls of the alveoli.

Where is the coracoid?

Where is the coronoid?

Coracoid = shoulder

Coronoid = elbow

What makes up the AC joint

prevents engorgement of the pulmonary vessels and to allow gravity to depress diaphragm

air-fluid levels for chest?

must be upright position

recumbent compresses abdominal viscera

What is included in the shoulder girdle